Psych 280 Final Exam Review PDF

Psych 280 Final Exam Review By: GSIs :) Chapter 14: Altruism Motives for Helping Other-focused: Altruism Goal to increase another’s welfare, regardless of other consequences brought about by goal pursuit behavior (including benefits to oneself) Self-focused: Egoism Goal...

Psych 280 Final Exam Review By: GSIs :) Chapter 14: Altruism Motives for Helping Other-focused: Altruism Goal to increase another’s welfare, regardless of other consequences brought about by goal pursuit behavior (including benefits to oneself) Self-focused: Egoism Goal to increase one’s own welfare, regardless of other consequences brought about by goal pursuit behavior (including benefits to others) Other-focused Helping Empathic concern: Identifying with another person, feeling and understanding that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person in need. Self-focused Helping Kin selection: We help those who share high proportion of genes Reciprocity: We help those that help us back Social exchange theory: We calculate costs & benefits of helping Negative state relief: We help others to make ourselves feel better (others in distress causes negative affect in us) Why Don’t We Help? Bystander Intervention Model (Latane & Darley) Applied Chapters- Education  Mindset Incremental (Growth): Intelligence can change through effort and experiences. It is malleable and can be improved. ○ Helps people persist when they face challenges Entity (Fixed): Genetics determine intelligence. You’re either born with it or not. Applied Chapters- Health What predicts health?? Genetic Factors Socioeconomic Status (SES) What country you live in Quality of Healthcare Nutrition  Psychological Stress Stress and Stressors Anxiety “Fight or Flight” Physical Stress Relationship Difficulties Loneliness Malnutrition Pressure to succeed Sleep Deprivation Intense Exercise Injury/Illness Dehydration Climate Stress and Stressors Psychological Responses Emotional ○ Being irritable, short-tempered, restless, nervous/anxious Behavioral ○ Changes in how people look, talk or act ○ Escape and avoidance responses ○ Aggression Cognitive ○ Ruminative thinking Intrusive & repetitive thoughts about stressful events ○ Catastrophizing Overemphasizing negative consequences of an event Stress Mediators Coping with Stress Predictability Problem focused ○ Predictable stressors are less harmful than ○ Attempting to alter or eliminate the unpredictable stressors source of a stress Sense of Control Emotion focused ○ A feeling of mastery in influencing ○ Attempting to control the negative important life outcomes benefits overall emotional consequences of a stress health and well being Self-distancing Optimism ○ Thinking about the situation from the 3rd ○ Can improve health and well-being person can give you perspective and help Social Support you see the big picture ○ Inadequate support can be as dangerous as smoking, obesity, or lack of exercise De-stressing Construal of stressors ○ Stressors are less taxing when perceived as challenges rather than as threats Construal of stress ○ Seeing stress as good/helpful mitigates its negative impact on health Applied Chapters- Law  The U.S. Legal System Identifying perpetrators Eyewitness testimony and confidence of eyewitness Encoding, storage, retrieval - Problems with memory often lead to problems with eyewitness testimony. Think about when verbs are changed around – “crash,” vs. “smash”, vs. “hit”, etc.) Framing of questions Police Lineups Confidence ≠ accuracy Bad at id’ing people of different races Disguise makes ID harder Faster IDs → better/more accurate! Priming and subconscious impact of investigating officers in the room  The U.S. Legal System Guilt and innocence Jury selection “Voir dire” - the process used to exclude jurors based on their potential bias ◦ Rules about not removing jurors based on race, or who have too personal a connection to the trial Theories of Punishment Retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, incapacitation False Confessions They happen! False memories, recovered memories, or police coercion in interrogation (which includes lying to suspects, keeping them in a room for hours, offering plea deals if you confess, etc)  The U.S. Legal System Trial process Expert witnesses Can testify on a variety of topics: Psychological history, Medical diagnosis, DNA evidence, Handwriting analysis, Cars (hello, Mona Lisa Vito), Common practice in the field (engineering, product design, etc) Weight of Expert Authority Experts may be more or less persuasive based on speaker, message, and audience effects (who they are, what they look like, how complicated their testimony is, whether the jury or individual jurors are receptive to their testimony, etc)  The U.S. Legal System The US Supreme Court & Federal Government Evidence of discrimination may be weighted differently based on how you frame it (“disparate impact” vs “disparate treatment”) “De facto” segregation can often be a reflection of not just individual discrimination, but institutional effects like municipal zoning, or federal grant provisions The result of a Supreme Court case often depends on the framing: what question are we asking? Is it the narrowest version of a right? (“Were guns taken away from domestic abusers?” (No)) Or a broader conception of the right? (“Were legal restrictions placed on dangerous people?” (Yes)) The result of a Supreme Court case often depends on whose opinions you weight: is it “The Framers” and “historical tradition” of laws in the 1700s that matters? Or is it the public today, and laws from the last century that matter? One result of the recent emphasis on “history and tradition” tests: confirmation bias: “looking across a crowd and picking out your friends” from a vast historical record