Psych Exam 1 Review PDF

Dopamine: Reward/Motivation/Pleasure Serotonin: Mood/Sleep/Digestion Cortisol: Stress/Metabolism/Immune System Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Flight or fight GABA: Inhibitor Norepinephrine: Alertness/Arousal Acetylcholine: Muscle/Action/Memory Glutamate: Memory Endorphins: Pain/Pleasure Frontal...

Dopamine: Reward/Motivation/Pleasure Serotonin: Mood/Sleep/Digestion Cortisol: Stress/Metabolism/Immune System Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Flight or fight GABA: Inhibitor Norepinephrine: Alertness/Arousal Acetylcholine: Muscle/Action/Memory Glutamate: Memory Endorphins: Pain/Pleasure Frontal Lobe: Decisions/Problem Solving/Motor Function Parietal Lobe: Sensory Occipital Lobe: Visual Processing Temporal Lobe: Audio Processing/Memory 4 Stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory: ​ 1. Sensorimotor ​ 2. Preoperational ​ 3. Concrete Operational ​ 4. Formal Operational Experimental Study Components: ​ 1. Theory ​ 2. Hypothesis ​ 3. Operational Definition ​ 4. Replication Individualistic Cultures: Personal/Self Reliant Collectivistic Cultures: Unity/Harmony/Interdependence Sleep Stages and Order: ​ N1 - Light sleep ​ N2 - Slowed bodily functions (Heart rate/Body Temp) ​ N3 - Deep Sleep ​ REM - Dreams/High Brain Activity 1. Naturalistic Observation Question: James, a graduate student, is observing parents as they interact with their children on a playground. He is not trying to change or manipulate the situation. Rather, he is recording their interactions without interruption or influence. This is referred to as: Correct Answer: Naturalistic observation. 2. Positive Psychology Question: Research on human flourishing is the major focus of: Correct Answer: Positive psychology. 3. Mode Question: The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the: Correct Answer: Mode. 4. Control Group Question: Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group? Correct Answer: The experimental treatment is absent. 5. Mean Question: The mean of a distribution of scores is the: Correct Answer: Arithmetic average of all the scores. 6. Scientific Inquiry Attitudes Question: Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are: Correct Answer: Curiosity, skepticism, and humility. 7. Case Study Question: The case study is a research method in which: Correct Answer: A single individual or group is studied in great depth. 8. Mary Whiton Calkins Question: Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? Correct Answer: Mary Whiton Calkins. 9. Biological Influences on Behavior Question: Which of the following is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial approach? Correct Answer: Cognitive processing. 10. Hindsight Bias Question: The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to: Correct Answer: Exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome. 11. Consciousness Question: Most psychologists define consciousness as: Correct Answer: Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. 12. Parasympathetic Nervous System Question: The parasympathetic nervous system: Correct Answer: Stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat. 13. REM Sleep Question: Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with: Correct Answer: REM sleep. 14. Agonist Question: A drug molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action is called a(n): Correct Answer: Agonist. 15. Occipital Lobe Damage Question: The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of: Correct Answer: Visual perception. 16. EEG Question: A device that records waves of electrical activity sweeping across the surface of the brain is called a(n): Correct Answer: EEG. 17. Withdrawal Question: The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior are called: Correct Answer: Withdrawal. 18. Somatosensory Cortex Question: Which part of the brain specializes in receiving information from the skin senses and from the movement of body parts? Correct Answer: Somatosensory cortex. 19. Circadian Rhythm Question: Circadian rhythm refers to: Correct Answer: A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. 20. Inattentional Blindness Question: Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called: Correct Answer: Inattentional blindness. 21. Erikson’s Late Adulthood Stage Question: According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to: Correct Answer: Integrity. 22. Information-Processing Speed Question: Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in: Correct Answer: Information-processing speed. 23. Teratogen Question: A teratogen is a(n): Correct Answer: Substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child. 24. Stranger Anxiety Question: After about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers by crying and reaching for familiar caregivers. This best illustrates: Correct Answer: Stranger anxiety. 25. Zygotic Stage Question: Cell division and differentiation begin during the ________ stage of prenatal development: Correct Answer: Zygotic. 26. Conservation Principle Question: If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to: Correct Answer: Recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. 27. Early Adulthood Physical Peak Question: Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during: Correct Answer: Early adulthood. 28. Emerging Adulthood Question: A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties when many in Western cultures have not yet achieved full independence as adults is called: Correct Answer: Emerging adulthood. 29. Puberty Question: The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing, is called: Correct Answer: Puberty. 30. Attachment  Question: The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called: Correct Answer: Attachment. 31. Heredity Question: Characteristics that are genetically transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of: Correct Answer: Heredity. 32. Pruning Process Question: By puberty, ________ results in a massive loss of unused neural connections: Correct Answer: The pruning process. 33. Synapse Connections Question: As compared with rats in an impoverished environment, rats in an enriched environment experienced a dramatic increase in: Correct Answer: Synapse connections. 34. Individualism vs. Collectivism Question: Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________: Correct Answer: Independence; interdependence. 35. Human Sperm Chromosomes Question: A human sperm cell contains: Correct Answer: 23 chromosomes. 36. Aggression Definition Question: Aggression is defined in psychology as: Correct Answer: Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally. 37. Attraction in Heterosexual Men Question: Heterosexual men are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who: Correct Answer: Have a youthful shape. 38. Mutation Question: A random error in gene replication is known as a(n): Correct Answer: Mutation. 39. X Chromosome Question: The sex chromosome found in both males and females is called the ________ chromosome: Correct Answer: X. 40. Intersex  Question: Those who ________ may be born with unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy: Correct Answer: Are intersex.