Final Exam (new content) Summary W24.pdf

NURS 1220 – FINAL THEORY EXAM - SUMMARY OF NEW CONTENT URINARY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY (18 QUESTIONS) Glomerular filtration × Renal corpuscle, filtration membrane – substances filtered vs. not filtered × Pressure gradients – GHP, CCOP, CHP, GCOP – determines Effective Filtration Pressure × Glomerular Filt...

NURS 1220 – FINAL THEORY EXAM - SUMMARY OF NEW CONTENT URINARY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY (18 QUESTIONS) Glomerular filtration × Renal corpuscle, filtration membrane – substances filtered vs. not filtered × Pressure gradients – GHP, CCOP, CHP, GCOP – determines Effective Filtration Pressure × Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) – affected by EFP, afferent/efferent arteriole diameter, BP Regulation of GFR (2 autoregulatory mechanisms) 1. Myogenic mechanism 2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback × Macula densa cells × Juxtaglomerular cells – release renin à triggers RAAS – blocking RAAS Tubular Reabsorption × PCT – water, ions, urea, organic nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids), water-soluble vitamins × Nephron loop – descending vs. ascending properties, water, ions × DCT and Collecting duct – water, sodium, bicarbonate – control by ADH, aldosterone, ANH × Transport maximum Tubular Secretion × PCT – drugs, H+ × Nephron loop – urea × DCT and Collecting duct – H+, K+, ammonium ions Regulating Urine Concentration × Countercurrent multiplier – creating medullary osmotic gradient × Recycling of urea – creating medullary osmotic gradient × Countercurrent exchanger – maintaining medullary osmotic gradient Urine Composition Renal Clearance Micturition reflex – external and internal sphincters, incontinence FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID/BASE HOMEOSTASIS (18 QUESTIONS) Balance vs. imbalance Body Fluid Compartments – relative volumes Extracellular and intracellular fluids × Differences in plasma vs. interstitial fluid × Differences in ECF vs. ICF (cations, anions, proteins) Sources of water gain and loss Regulating water gain – thirst centres - dry mouth, osmoreceptors, decreased BP (renin) Regulating water loss – sweating, exhalation, urinary salts (effects of ADH, aldosterone, ANH) Water intoxication – hyponatremia Bulk fluid and electrolyte movement under pressure – BHP, BCOP, IFHP, IFCOP Fluid imbalances – edema, hypovolemia Regulation of sodium × Distribution across plasma membrane, levels controlled by 3 hormones, hypo- vs. hypernatremia Regulation of potassium × Distribution across plasma membrane, levels controlled by aldosterone, hyperkalemia pH scale – Acidosis vs. Alkalosis Buffer systems – protein, phosphate and carbonic acid/bicarbonate Respiratory compensation – regulating pH by hyper- and hypoventilation Renal compensation – H+ ion and bicarbonate ion reabsorption and secretion Acid-Base Imbalances – metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, respiratory acidosis/alkalosis GENITAL SYSTEMS (15 QUESTIONS) Essential organs vs. accessory organs ASSIGNED MALE Testes – location, structure, function × spermatogenesis – hormones, parts of spermatozoa, Sertoli vs. interstitial cells Scrotum – muscle layers Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory duct Accessory glands – seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland Composition and course of seminal fluid Penis – structure Neural control of sexual response ASSIGNED FEMALE Perineum – urogenital and anal triangles Ovaries – location, structure, function × oogenesis – hormones, Graafian follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum × pregnancy vs. no pregnancy Uterine tubes, Uterus – structure, function Vagina – structure, function Vulva – 5 structures and functions Mammary glands Neural control of sexual response INHERITANCE (9 QUESTIONS) Haploid, diploid, zygote – chromosome number Definitions – inheritance, genetics, genome, gene Nucleic acid structure – DNA, nucleotides (5), complementary base pairing, antiparallel, packing DNA Allele vs. mutation PKU – dominant vs. recessive trait Genotype vs. phenotype Incomplete dominance – sickle cell anemia Multiple-allele inheritance – ABO blood groups Complex inheritance – polygenic vs. complex – height Karyotypes – XY vs. XX Sex-linked inheritance – red/green colour blindness MID-TERM #1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY ( 7 QUESTIONS) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY ( 7 QUESTIONS) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY ( 6 QUESTIONS) MID-TERM #2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ( 7 QUESTIONS) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ( 8 QUESTIONS) URINARY ANATOMY (5 QUESTIONS)