NURS 1220 – Urinary System Physiology Theory Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What determines the Effective Filtration Pressure in the glomerular filtration process?

  • Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP) and Capsular Colloid Osmotic Pressure (CCOP) (correct)
  • Temperature of the blood
  • Glucose concentration in blood
  • Difference in osmotic pressure

    • What is one of the factors that can affect Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

  • Changes in blood pressure (correct)
  • Eye color
  • Smoking cigarettes
  • Body temperature

    • Which cells release renin and trigger the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

  • Dendritic cells
  • Eosinophils
  • Macula densa cells (correct)
  • Fibroblasts

    • What substances are primarily reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

    <p>Glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones control the reabsorption of water, sodium, and bicarbonate in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for creating the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney?

    <p>Countercurrent multiplier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is regulated by the Countercurrent Exchanger to maintain the medullary osmotic gradient?

    <p>$ ext{Na}^{+}$ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Renal Clearance' primarily refers to the ability of the kidneys to:

    <p>$ ext{Urea}$ excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secretion of seminal fluid components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in the neural control of the sexual response in males?

    <p>Ejaculatory duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Production of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in pregnancy maintenance and hormone production in females?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what does the term 'allele' refer to?

    <p>A specific form of a gene located on a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed, resulting in a blend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor determines an individual's blood group in multiple-allele inheritance?

    <p>'Multiple' alleles interacting to determine blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Polygenic' vs. 'complex' inheritance primarily differs in which aspect?

    <p>'Complex' traits exhibit continuous variation, while 'polygenic' traits do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'XY vs. XX' karyotypes are commonly associated with determining which genetic factor?

    <p>'Haploid' vs. 'diploid' chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating water gain by acting on the kidneys?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom associated with the activation of thirst centers in the body for regulating water gain?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of hyponatremia, a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?

    <p>Water intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones plays a crucial role in regulating potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In respiratory compensation, how does the body regulate pH during acidosis?

    <p>By hyperventilating to decrease CO2 levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these buffer systems plays a significant role in maintaining pH balance within cells?

    <p>Protein buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid imbalance is characterized by swelling due to excess fluid in the interstitial spaces?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily creates the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney?

    <p>Passive diffusion of urea and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood and can be caused by excessive water intake?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is responsible for swelling in the interstitial spaces due to excess fluid?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily regulates water gain by acting on the kidneys and promoting water reabsorption?

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with the activation of osmoreceptors in the body for regulating water balance?

    <p>Increased thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Buffer systems like protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate in the human body?

    <p>Maintaining pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main factors controlled by three hormones - renin, aldosterone, and ADH - to maintain sodium levels in the body?

    <p>Blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does respiratory compensation regulate pH during acidosis?

    <p>By retaining carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are part of the male reproductive system accessory glands?

    <p>Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is involved in pregnancy maintenance and hormone production in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype refers to inherited genes, while phenotype refers to observable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor determines an individual's blood group in multiple-allele inheritance?

    <p>ABO gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?

    <p>A new phenotype is produced that is a blend of the parental phenotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures make up the interstitial cells in males?

    <p>Testes, epididymis, vas deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a haploid cell number?

    <p>23 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does polygenic inheritance primarily involve?

    <p>Multiple genes each contributing to a different trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of the kidneys?

    <p>Afferent and efferent arteriole diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for releasing renin triggering the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Macula densa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Tubular Reabsorption processes primarily involve in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

    <p>Organic nutrients and water-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism contributes to the regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) by responding to sodium chloride levels in the distal nephron?

    <p>Tubuloglomerular Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the control of water, sodium, and bicarbonate reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct?

    <p>Tubular Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Countercurrent Exchanger in renal physiology?

    <p>Creating medullary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism contributes to the regulation of water loss in the body through sweating, exhalation, and urinary salts?

    <p>Aldosterone effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily controls the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys to regulate pH balance?

    <p>ANH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the regulation of sodium levels, what factor distinguishes hypo- from hypernatremia?

    <p>Hormonal control mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an excess of potassium in the blood, posing risks to cardiac function?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of buffer systems like protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate in the human body?

    <p>Maintenance of pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in creating the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney to facilitate water reabsorption?

    <p>Countercurrent mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secretion of a lubricating fluid for semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the male reproductive system, what is the function of the vas deferens?

    <p>Contraction to propel sperm during ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Secretion of progesterone to support early pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the female reproductive system is primarily involved in the transport of oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus?

    <p>Uterine tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neural control mechanism plays a significant role in the sexual response in both males and females?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces a significant portion of the seminal fluid in males?

    <p>Seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines Effective Filtration Pressure in the glomerular filtration process?

    <p>Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release renin, triggering the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Countercurrent Multiplier in the kidney physiology?

    <p>Creating a medullary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for controlling water reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct by promoting sodium retention?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In renal physiology, what is the primary function of the Tubuloglomerular Feedback mechanism?

    <p>Adjusting glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substances are primarily secreted in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct?

    <p>Urea and ammonium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System Physiology

    • Glomerular filtration: occurs in the renal corpuscle, filtration membrane filters substances
    • Pressure gradients: GHP, CCOP, CHP, GCOP determine Effective Filtration Pressure (EFP)
    • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): affected by EFP, afferent/efferent arteriole diameter, and blood pressure
    • Regulation of GFR: 2 autoregulatory mechanisms - Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular Feedback
    • Macula densa cells and Juxtaglomerular cells release renin, triggering RAAS, which can be blocked

    Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

    • PCT: reabsorbs water, ions, urea, organic nutrients, and water-soluble vitamins

    • Nephron loop: descending and ascending properties, reabsorbs water and ions

    • DCT and Collecting duct: reabsorbs water, sodium, and bicarbonate, controlled by ADH, aldosterone, and ANH

    • Transport maximum: a limit to the amount of substances reabsorbed

    • PCT: secretes drugs and H+

    • Nephron loop: secretes urea

    • DCT and Collecting duct: secretes H+, K+, and ammonium ions

    Regulating Urine Concentration

    • Countercurrent multiplier: creates medullary osmotic gradient
    • Recycling of urea: creates medullary osmotic gradient
    • Countercurrent exchanger: maintains medullary osmotic gradient

    Urine Composition and Renal Clearance

    • Urine composition: regulated by the kidneys
    • Renal clearance: a measure of the kidney's ability to remove substances from the blood
    • Micturition reflex: involves external and internal sphincters, and can be affected by incontinence

    Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

    • Body fluid compartments: relative volumes of extracellular and intracellular fluids
    • Fluid balance: regulated by thirst centers, dry mouth, osmoreceptors, and decreased blood pressure
    • Fluid imbalance: edema and hypovolemia
    • Sodium regulation: controlled by 3 hormones, with hypo- and hypernatremia as imbalances
    • Potassium regulation: controlled by aldosterone, with hyperkalemia as an imbalance
    • pH scale: Acidosis vs. Alkalosis
    • Buffer systems: protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate
    • Respiratory compensation: regulates pH through hyper- and hypoventilation
    • Renal compensation: regulates pH through H+ and bicarbonate ion reabsorption and secretion
    • Acid-base imbalances: metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

    Genital Systems

    • Assigned male: testes location, structure, and function, spermatogenesis, and accessory glands
    • Assigned female: ovaries location, structure, and function, oogenesis, and accessory glands
    • Perineum: urogenital and anal triangles
    • Ovaries: location, structure, and function
    • Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva: structure and function
    • Mammary glands: structure and function
    • Neural control of sexual response: regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters

    Inheritance

    • Haploid, diploid, and zygote: chromosome number and definitions
    • Inheritance, genetics, genome, and gene: definitions and concepts
    • Nucleic acid structure: DNA, nucleotides, complementary base pairing, antiparallel, and packing
    • Allele vs. mutation: PKU - dominant vs. recessive trait
    • Genotype vs. phenotype: concepts and examples
    • Incomplete dominance: sickle cell anemia
    • Multiple-allele inheritance: ABO blood groups
    • Complex inheritance: polygenic vs. complex - height
    • Karyotypes: XY vs. XX
    • Sex-linked inheritance: red/green colour blindness

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    NURS 1220 Final Theory Exam Summary PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your NURS 1220 final theory exam with a summary of new content focusing on the urinary system physiology. Topics include glomerular filtration, renal corpuscle, pressure gradients, regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and autoregulatory mechanisms.

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