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Questions and Answers
What determines the Effective Filtration Pressure in the glomerular filtration process?
What determines the Effective Filtration Pressure in the glomerular filtration process?
- Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP) and Capsular Colloid Osmotic Pressure (CCOP) (correct)
- Temperature of the blood
- Glucose concentration in blood
- Difference in osmotic pressure
What is one of the factors that can affect Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
What is one of the factors that can affect Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
- Changes in blood pressure (correct)
- Eye color
- Smoking cigarettes
- Body temperature
Which cells release renin and trigger the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
Which cells release renin and trigger the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
- Dendritic cells
- Eosinophils
- Macula densa cells (correct)
- Fibroblasts
What substances are primarily reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
What substances are primarily reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
Which hormones control the reabsorption of water, sodium, and bicarbonate in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct?
Which hormones control the reabsorption of water, sodium, and bicarbonate in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct?
Which mechanism is responsible for creating the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney?
Which mechanism is responsible for creating the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney?
What is regulated by the Countercurrent Exchanger to maintain the medullary osmotic gradient?
What is regulated by the Countercurrent Exchanger to maintain the medullary osmotic gradient?
'Renal Clearance' primarily refers to the ability of the kidneys to:
'Renal Clearance' primarily refers to the ability of the kidneys to:
What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
Which structure is involved in the neural control of the sexual response in males?
Which structure is involved in the neural control of the sexual response in males?
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
Which structure is involved in pregnancy maintenance and hormone production in females?
Which structure is involved in pregnancy maintenance and hormone production in females?
In genetics, what does the term 'allele' refer to?
In genetics, what does the term 'allele' refer to?
What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?
What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?
Which factor determines an individual's blood group in multiple-allele inheritance?
Which factor determines an individual's blood group in multiple-allele inheritance?
'Polygenic' vs. 'complex' inheritance primarily differs in which aspect?
'Polygenic' vs. 'complex' inheritance primarily differs in which aspect?
'XY vs. XX' karyotypes are commonly associated with determining which genetic factor?
'XY vs. XX' karyotypes are commonly associated with determining which genetic factor?
What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating water gain by acting on the kidneys?
What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating water gain by acting on the kidneys?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with the activation of thirst centers in the body for regulating water gain?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with the activation of thirst centers in the body for regulating water gain?
What is a possible cause of hyponatremia, a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?
What is a possible cause of hyponatremia, a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?
Which of the following hormones plays a crucial role in regulating potassium levels in the body?
Which of the following hormones plays a crucial role in regulating potassium levels in the body?
In respiratory compensation, how does the body regulate pH during acidosis?
In respiratory compensation, how does the body regulate pH during acidosis?
Which of these buffer systems plays a significant role in maintaining pH balance within cells?
Which of these buffer systems plays a significant role in maintaining pH balance within cells?
What type of fluid imbalance is characterized by swelling due to excess fluid in the interstitial spaces?
What type of fluid imbalance is characterized by swelling due to excess fluid in the interstitial spaces?
Which mechanism primarily creates the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney?
Which mechanism primarily creates the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney?
What condition is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood and can be caused by excessive water intake?
What condition is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood and can be caused by excessive water intake?
What process is responsible for swelling in the interstitial spaces due to excess fluid?
What process is responsible for swelling in the interstitial spaces due to excess fluid?
Which hormone primarily regulates water gain by acting on the kidneys and promoting water reabsorption?
Which hormone primarily regulates water gain by acting on the kidneys and promoting water reabsorption?
What is a common symptom associated with the activation of osmoreceptors in the body for regulating water balance?
What is a common symptom associated with the activation of osmoreceptors in the body for regulating water balance?
What is the primary function of Buffer systems like protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate in the human body?
What is the primary function of Buffer systems like protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate in the human body?
What is one of the main factors controlled by three hormones - renin, aldosterone, and ADH - to maintain sodium levels in the body?
What is one of the main factors controlled by three hormones - renin, aldosterone, and ADH - to maintain sodium levels in the body?
How does respiratory compensation regulate pH during acidosis?
How does respiratory compensation regulate pH during acidosis?
What structures are part of the male reproductive system accessory glands?
What structures are part of the male reproductive system accessory glands?
What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating potassium levels in the body?
What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating potassium levels in the body?
Which of the following structures is involved in pregnancy maintenance and hormone production in females?
Which of the following structures is involved in pregnancy maintenance and hormone production in females?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Which factor determines an individual's blood group in multiple-allele inheritance?
Which factor determines an individual's blood group in multiple-allele inheritance?
What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?
What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?
Which structures make up the interstitial cells in males?
Which structures make up the interstitial cells in males?
What represents a haploid cell number?
What represents a haploid cell number?
What does polygenic inheritance primarily involve?
What does polygenic inheritance primarily involve?
What determines the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of the kidneys?
What determines the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of the kidneys?
Which cells are responsible for releasing renin triggering the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
Which cells are responsible for releasing renin triggering the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
What do the Tubular Reabsorption processes primarily involve in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
What do the Tubular Reabsorption processes primarily involve in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
Which mechanism contributes to the regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) by responding to sodium chloride levels in the distal nephron?
Which mechanism contributes to the regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) by responding to sodium chloride levels in the distal nephron?
Which process involves the control of water, sodium, and bicarbonate reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct?
Which process involves the control of water, sodium, and bicarbonate reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct?
What is the primary function of the Countercurrent Exchanger in renal physiology?
What is the primary function of the Countercurrent Exchanger in renal physiology?
What mechanism contributes to the regulation of water loss in the body through sweating, exhalation, and urinary salts?
What mechanism contributes to the regulation of water loss in the body through sweating, exhalation, and urinary salts?
Which hormone primarily controls the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys to regulate pH balance?
Which hormone primarily controls the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys to regulate pH balance?
In the regulation of sodium levels, what factor distinguishes hypo- from hypernatremia?
In the regulation of sodium levels, what factor distinguishes hypo- from hypernatremia?
Which condition is characterized by an excess of potassium in the blood, posing risks to cardiac function?
Which condition is characterized by an excess of potassium in the blood, posing risks to cardiac function?
What is the primary role of buffer systems like protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate in the human body?
What is the primary role of buffer systems like protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate in the human body?
What plays a significant role in creating the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney to facilitate water reabsorption?
What plays a significant role in creating the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney to facilitate water reabsorption?
What is the primary function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
In the male reproductive system, what is the function of the vas deferens?
In the male reproductive system, what is the function of the vas deferens?
What is the role of corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
What is the role of corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
Which structure in the female reproductive system is primarily involved in the transport of oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus?
Which structure in the female reproductive system is primarily involved in the transport of oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus?
What neural control mechanism plays a significant role in the sexual response in both males and females?
What neural control mechanism plays a significant role in the sexual response in both males and females?
Which gland produces a significant portion of the seminal fluid in males?
Which gland produces a significant portion of the seminal fluid in males?
What is the main factor that determines Effective Filtration Pressure in the glomerular filtration process?
What is the main factor that determines Effective Filtration Pressure in the glomerular filtration process?
Which cells release renin, triggering the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in response to low blood pressure?
Which cells release renin, triggering the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in response to low blood pressure?
What is the primary role of the Countercurrent Multiplier in the kidney physiology?
What is the primary role of the Countercurrent Multiplier in the kidney physiology?
Which hormone is responsible for controlling water reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct by promoting sodium retention?
Which hormone is responsible for controlling water reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct by promoting sodium retention?
In renal physiology, what is the primary function of the Tubuloglomerular Feedback mechanism?
In renal physiology, what is the primary function of the Tubuloglomerular Feedback mechanism?
What type of substances are primarily secreted in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct?
What type of substances are primarily secreted in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct?
Study Notes
Urinary System Physiology
- Glomerular filtration: occurs in the renal corpuscle, filtration membrane filters substances
- Pressure gradients: GHP, CCOP, CHP, GCOP determine Effective Filtration Pressure (EFP)
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): affected by EFP, afferent/efferent arteriole diameter, and blood pressure
- Regulation of GFR: 2 autoregulatory mechanisms - Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular Feedback
- Macula densa cells and Juxtaglomerular cells release renin, triggering RAAS, which can be blocked
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
-
PCT: reabsorbs water, ions, urea, organic nutrients, and water-soluble vitamins
-
Nephron loop: descending and ascending properties, reabsorbs water and ions
-
DCT and Collecting duct: reabsorbs water, sodium, and bicarbonate, controlled by ADH, aldosterone, and ANH
-
Transport maximum: a limit to the amount of substances reabsorbed
-
PCT: secretes drugs and H+
-
Nephron loop: secretes urea
-
DCT and Collecting duct: secretes H+, K+, and ammonium ions
Regulating Urine Concentration
- Countercurrent multiplier: creates medullary osmotic gradient
- Recycling of urea: creates medullary osmotic gradient
- Countercurrent exchanger: maintains medullary osmotic gradient
Urine Composition and Renal Clearance
- Urine composition: regulated by the kidneys
- Renal clearance: a measure of the kidney's ability to remove substances from the blood
- Micturition reflex: involves external and internal sphincters, and can be affected by incontinence
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
- Body fluid compartments: relative volumes of extracellular and intracellular fluids
- Fluid balance: regulated by thirst centers, dry mouth, osmoreceptors, and decreased blood pressure
- Fluid imbalance: edema and hypovolemia
- Sodium regulation: controlled by 3 hormones, with hypo- and hypernatremia as imbalances
- Potassium regulation: controlled by aldosterone, with hyperkalemia as an imbalance
- pH scale: Acidosis vs. Alkalosis
- Buffer systems: protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid/bicarbonate
- Respiratory compensation: regulates pH through hyper- and hypoventilation
- Renal compensation: regulates pH through H+ and bicarbonate ion reabsorption and secretion
- Acid-base imbalances: metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, respiratory acidosis/alkalosis
Genital Systems
- Assigned male: testes location, structure, and function, spermatogenesis, and accessory glands
- Assigned female: ovaries location, structure, and function, oogenesis, and accessory glands
- Perineum: urogenital and anal triangles
- Ovaries: location, structure, and function
- Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva: structure and function
- Mammary glands: structure and function
- Neural control of sexual response: regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters
Inheritance
- Haploid, diploid, and zygote: chromosome number and definitions
- Inheritance, genetics, genome, and gene: definitions and concepts
- Nucleic acid structure: DNA, nucleotides, complementary base pairing, antiparallel, and packing
- Allele vs. mutation: PKU - dominant vs. recessive trait
- Genotype vs. phenotype: concepts and examples
- Incomplete dominance: sickle cell anemia
- Multiple-allele inheritance: ABO blood groups
- Complex inheritance: polygenic vs. complex - height
- Karyotypes: XY vs. XX
- Sex-linked inheritance: red/green colour blindness
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Description
Prepare for your NURS 1220 final theory exam with a summary of new content focusing on the urinary system physiology. Topics include glomerular filtration, renal corpuscle, pressure gradients, regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and autoregulatory mechanisms.
