Decarbonization in Mining Industries Research Paper PDF

**A RESEARCH PAPER ON:** **"DECARBONIZATION IN MINING INDUSTRIES**" ***Submitted to:*** Prof. Basanta Kr Prusty Associate Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT KGP ***Submitted by:*** Soumi Ganguly Naireeta Dey Neha Sidar **Bachelor of Technology** Department of **Mining Engin...

**A RESEARCH PAPER ON:** **"DECARBONIZATION IN MINING INDUSTRIES**" ***Submitted to:*** Prof. Basanta Kr Prusty Associate Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT KGP ***Submitted by:*** Soumi Ganguly Naireeta Dey Neha Sidar **Bachelor of Technology** Department of **Mining Engineering** At **National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal** **\ ** **TABLE OF CONTENTS** **Cover Page\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--1** **Table of Contents\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--2** **Acknowledgement\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--3** **Abstract\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--4** 1. **Introduction\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--5** **1.1. Global Net Zero Emission Goals: Challenges** **and Opportunities\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- 6** **1.2. Carbon Budgets\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--6-7** **2.0. Pathway to Net Zero...\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--8** **3.0. Sources of Carbon Emission in Mining Industry\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--8-12** **4.0. Enivronmental Impact of Carbon Emission\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--12-14** **5.0. Decarbonization Technology in Mining Industry\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--14-22** **6.0. Case Study of Successful Carbon Emission Control** **in Surface Mines\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--23-28** **6.1. Case Study 1- Tata Steel\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--23-26** **6.2. Case Study 2- Rio Tinto Mines\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--26-28** **7.0. Nature Based Solutions\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--28-30** **8.0. Innovation in Carbon Emission Control\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--30-35** **9.0. Research And Development in Carbon Emission Control\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- 35-39** **10.0. Conclusion\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--39** **List of References\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--40-44\ ** **ACKNOWLEDGEMENT** I extend my deepest gratitude to Prof. Basant Kr Prusty for providing me with the invaluable opportunity to delve into the crucial topic of decarbonization in surface mining industries. His support and encouragement have been pivotal in shaping both the direction and substance of this research paper. Prof. Prusty\'s dedication to advancing sustainable practices within the mining sector has not only inspired me but also significantly enriched my understanding of the complexities and challenges involved in decarbonization efforts. I would also like to express my profound appreciation to Prof. Anup Kr Tripathy for his exceptional guidance and mentorship throughout my internship and the course of this research. Prof. Tripathy\'s deep expertise and insightful feedback have been instrumental in refining my analytical skills and enhancing the quality of my work. His patience and willingness to share his knowledge have greatly contributed to my professional growth and deepened my commitment to pursuing solutions for environmental sustainability in the mining industry. This research paper and internship experience have been immensely rewarding, offering me a unique platform to contribute to the vital field of decarbonization. I am sincerely thankful for the mentorship, knowledge, and opportunities provided by Prof. Basant Kr Prusty and Prof. Anup Kr Tripathy, which have been fundamental to my development as a researcher and professional in this domain. **\ ** **ABSTRACT** This report delves into the pressing issue of decarbonization, a pivotal element in the global agenda to mitigate climate change and transition towards a sustainable, low-carbon economy. Through a comprehensive analysis, the document examines the current landscape of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across key Mining sectors, identifying major sources of carbon emissions and outlining the challenges and opportunities each presents for decarbonization. It highlights innovative technologies and strategies that are pivotal in reducing carbon footprints, such as renewable energy adoption, energy efficiency improvements, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and electrification of transport. Furthermore, the report evaluates the role of policy, market mechanisms, and international cooperation in facilitating the transition, showcasing successful case studies of decarbonization efforts worldwide. By synthesizing the latest research, trends, and practical examples, this report aims to provide stakeholders with actionable insights and a clear path forward for achieving global decarbonization goals and ensuring a sustainable future for all. **\ ** **1.0. Introduction** Governments around the globe have made commitments to limit global warming and reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 (or sooner) in order to deliver against the targets of the Paris Agreement. The urgency of carbon emission control is underscored by the severe consequences of climate change, including rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecological disruptions. Decarbonization emerges as a pivotal strategy in meeting international climate goals, as exemplified by agreements such as the Paris Agreement. Nations contributing to the global effort aim to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, with an aspirational target of 1.5 degrees Celsius (UNFCCC, 2015; Rogelj et al., 2016). Beyond environmental considerations, the significance of carbon emission control is intricately linked to achieving sustainable development goals. By transitioning to cleaner energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, nations can simultaneously address environmental challenges while fostering economic growth and social well-being (World Bank, 2021; Creutzig et al., 2018). Heavy machinery and equipment used in mining operations, such as excavators, loaders, and trucks, are powered by diesel engines, leading to the release of carbon dioxide(CO2), methane(CH4), and nitrous oxide(NO2). These greenhouse gases contribute to global warming and climate change. Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, can be released during the extraction of coal and other fossil fuels. Methane emissions from mining activities contribute significantly to the overall greenhouse gas emissions profile of the industry. The use of explosives in blasting operations releases nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). These gases can lead to smog formation and acid rain, impacting both the environment and human health. Thus it is Important to Adopt Decarbonisation of Mining Industry. Reducing Emissions from Mining Industry is important for several reasons- Minimizing emissions helps protect ecosystems from air and water pollution. It also reduces the carbon footprint of mining operations, contributing to global efforts to mitigate climate change. Reducing particulate matter and other pollutants improves air quality, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among workers and local communities. Emission reduction aligns with the principles of sustainable development, ensuring that mining activities do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. 1. **Global net-zero emissions goals: Challenges and opportunities** To avert the worst impacts of climate change, from extreme flooding to devastating droughts, the world will need to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to the latest United Nations *[IPCC Report](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/) o*n the Earth's climate system. Achieving that goal means that by around 2050, the planet's total greenhouse gas emissions will need to decline to *[net-zero](https://www.wri.org/insights/net-zero-ghg-emissions-questions-answered).* To that end, more and more governments and businesses are setting net-zero emissions targets 2. **Carbon Budgets** Carbon budget is "the total net amount of carbon dioxide (CO~2~) that can still be emitted by human activities while limiting global warming to a specified level." The impetus for estimating the Earth's "remaining-carbon budget" is that concentrations and growth rates of CO~2~---the main driver of long-term anthropogenic climate change---are the highest they've been in millions of years. The latest IPCC Report estimates that there's a 50% probability that we can limit global warming to 1.5°C (or 2°C) starting in 2020 with a carbon budget of about 500 gigatons (Gt) (or 1,350 Gt) of CO~2~. Another carbon budget definition quantifies exchanges and storage of carbon between and within global land, ocean and atmosphere systems. While about half of CO~2~ emissions get sequestered in land and ocean systems, the remaining half ends up in the atmosphere where it largely warms the global climate along with other, shorter-lived greenhouse gas emissions such as methane. In recent years, the ability of the land and oceans to store CO~2~ has showed signs of weakening, a trend consistent with El Nino Southern Oscillation events and evidence of climate-warming impacts from Earth-system models. To estimate a remaining-carbon budget, the IPCC considers: historical warming to date (about 1.1°C), transient climate response to cumulative emissions of CO~2~, zero-emission commitment (how much warming might still occur if emissions go to zero), projected future non-CO~2~ temperature contribution, and unrepresented Earth-system feedbacks---all accompanied by uncertainty ranges. Estimated carbon budgets determine how much CO~2 ~can still be emitted in order to align with a specified climate target. They also provide the scientific basis for net-zero targets. While many of today's announced net-zero targets are imprecise, they can be improved by providing clarification on scope, adequacy and fairness, and the long-term roadmap for achieving the target. By using cumulative emissions until net-zero to design mitigation pathways, limitations of the current scenario literature can be overcome---reducing the risk of exceeding maximum temperature limits and limiting the burden on future generations to remove large quantities of CO~2 ~from the atmosphere **2.0. Pathway To Net Zero** Decarbonization, a crucial strategy in the global battle against climate change, represents a multifaceted process aimed at systematically reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions across diverse sectors. At its core, decarbonization embodies a transformative journey toward reducing the carbon intensity of energy systems, industrial processes, and economic activities. This paradigm shift requires a departure from fossil fuels, advocating for the adoption of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies. (IPCC, 2018; UNFCCC, 2020; Helm, 2017). Decarbonization\'s core principles extend beyond emissions reduction, encompassing strategic interventions across major sectors such as energy, transportation, industry, and buildings. This holistic approach integrates renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency measures, carbon capture and storage technologies, and sector-specific electrification. These strategies aim to reshape global energy landscapes for increased sustainability and resilience (IEA, 2021; NREL, 2019; Stern, 2007). Challenges inherent in decarbonization include the need to reconfigure existing infrastructures and systems. This transition from centralized, fossil-fuel-dependent energy systems to decentralized, low-carbon alternatives demands careful planning and strategic implementation. Additionally, a just transition framework is imperative, ensuring equitable distribution of impacts and addressing potential socio-economic disparities arising during the transition (IPCC, 2019; Hepburn et al., 2020). **3.0. Sources of Carbon Emissions in Mining Industry** The mining industry, integral to global resource supply, faces environmental challenges, particularly in carbon emissions. Mining, contributes significantly to environmental concerns, particularly regarding carbon dioxide (CO~2~) emissions. **a)Mining Industry Processes:** Mining industry integral to the extraction of valuable resources, are associated with significant carbon emissions. Mining activity can broadly be classified into two types: i) open-pit mining and ii) underground mining. **Open-Pit Mining** 1\. Blasting Operations: Open-pit mining involves the use of explosives for breaking down rock formations to access valuable minerals. The detonation of explosives releases carbon emissions, primarily in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter. 2\. Heavy Machinery Usage: The operation of heavy machinery, such as excavators and haul trucks, is a substantial source of carbon emissions in open-pit mining. The combustion of fossil fuels to power these machines releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. **Underground Mining** **1. Ventilation Systems:** Underground mining necessitates extensive ventilation systems to ensure a safe working environment for miners. The energy-intensive nature of these ventilation systems, often powered by fossil fuels, contributes to carbon emissions. **2. Ore Transportation:** The transportation of extracted ore to the surface requires energy, typically sourced from diesel-powered vehicles. This transportation process contributes to carbon emissions. **b)Transportation** Transportation is a critical aspect of surface mining operations, but it often comes with a significant environmental cost, particularly in terms of carbon emissions. **1. Diesel-Powered Haul Trucks**: Research by Zhang and Li (2018) highlights the substantial contribution of diesel-powered haul trucks to carbon emissions in surface mining transportation. These heavy-duty vehicles, powered by combustion engines running on fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide (CO2) during their operations. **2. Inefficient Transportation Routes*:*** Poorly designed transportation routes are responsible for significant carbon emissions. Longer routes contribute to increased fuel consumption and, consequently, higher emissions. ### **c)Mineral Processing** #### **1.Crushing and Grinding** Crushing and grinding are fundamental processes in mineral processing, where large rocks are broken down into smaller particles to liberate valuable minerals. These operations are typically performed using heavy machinery such as jaw crushers, cone crushers, and grinding mills. The energy required for these machines is primarily sourced from fossil fuels, leading to significant carbon emissions. For example, in the gold mining industry, the process of crushing and grinding ore to fine particles for further processing can account for up to 40% of the total energy consumption of the mining operation. Smith and Johnson (2020) highlight that these processes contribute substantially to the overall carbon footprint of mineral processing operations. In copper mining, the energy-intensive nature of grinding, which often involves the use of large SAG (semi-autogenous grinding) and ball mills, can lead to substantial greenhouse gas emissions, further emphasizing the need for more energy-efficient technologies. **2*.* Smelting and Refining** Smelting and refining are critical steps in extracting pure metals from ores. These processes involve heating the ore to high temperatures, which is energy-intensive and typically relies on coal, oil, or natural gas. For instance, the production of aluminum through the Hall-Héroult process requires significant amounts of electricity, often generated from fossil fuels, resulting in considerable CO2 emissions. Chen et al. (2018) explore the carbon emissions associated with these high-temperature operations, noting that in the steel industry, the blast furnace method used for smelting iron ore emits large quantities of carbon dioxide. Similarly, the refining of copper using traditional methods such as flash smelting also generates substantial greenhouse gases. The emissions from these processes not only contribute to global warming but also necessitate the implementation of cleaner, more sustainable energy sources and technologies within the mining industry. **d) Deforestation** Deforestation, driven by the need for expansive land in surface mining, significantly impacts the environment by eliminating natural carbon sinks. According to Jones et al. (2020), deforestation accounts for approximately 15% of carbon emissions in global surface mining activities. This large-scale tree removal intensifies carbon emissions and exacerbates the mining industry\'s environmental impact, particularly in biodiverse and forested regions (Persus, 2010). Sustainable land management and reforestation efforts are essential solutions to mitigate these emissions and address the environmental concerns associated with deforestation in surface mining. **e) Power Generation from Coal** Power generation from coal has long been a cornerstone of global energy production, but its environmental impact, particularly in terms of carbon emissions, is significant, the combustion of coal for power generation releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO~2~), contributing significantly to the global carbon footprint. As coal undergoes combustion in power plants, carbon in the form of coal is oxidized, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. The efficiency of this process, influenced by the technology used in power plants, determines the amount of carbon emitted per unit of electricity produced. Research by Wang et al. (2017) emphasizes that the carbon intensity of coal-based power generation is closely linked to the efficiency of combustion technologies. Older and less efficient power plants tend to release more carbon per unit of energy produced compared to newer, more advanced facilities. The release of carbon emissions from coal power generation contributes significantly to climate change and global warming. Smith et al. (2018) underscore the role of coal power generation in exacerbating climate change. **4.0. Environmental Impact of Carbon Emissions** **a) Global Warming:** Global warming has become one of the biggest environmental challenges of our time. The phenomenon is characterized by a sustained increase in Earth\'s average surface temperature, primarily driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which serves as a central authority in synthesizing global climate data. According to latest IPCC report, Earth\'s surface temperature has risen by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Global warming is responsible for causing rising sea levels and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. Satellite measurements, indicates a global mean sea level rise of approximately 3.3 millimetres per year over the past few decades (Nerem et al., 2018). Such rise in sea levels will have implications for coastal communities, making them more vulnerable to storm surges and flooding. Knutti et al. (2017) discuss the close link between global temperature, climate response to cumulative carbon dioxide emissions. **b) Climate Change:** According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) data, the Earth\'s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This warming trend is substantiated by statistical analyses of temperature records spanning decades, with each subsequent decade being warmer than the preceding one. Meinshausen et al. (2017) discussed role of cumulative emissions in determining the extent of future warming, highlighting the urgent need to reduce emissions to mitigate climate impacts. Extreme weather events are key indicators of climate change, and statistical analyses reveal their increasing frequency and intensity. Seneviratne et al. (2018), demonstrate a significant increase in the occurrence of heatwaves, droughts, and heavy precipitation events. **c) Ocean Acidification Due to Mining Activities**: Ocean acidification, a consequence of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere, is a growing concern with profound implications for marine ecosystems. While not solely attributed to mining activities, some research papers provide valuable insights into the link between ocean acidification and the mining industry. Over the past two centuries, the pH of surface ocean waters has declined by about 0.1 units, representing a 30% increase in acidity. The correlation between anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the decrease in seawater pH is evident in long-term monitoring data from various oceanic regions (Chen et al., 2019). The mining industry\'s role in ocean acidification is discussed by research papers such as Andersson et al. (2018), Smith and Anderson (2020). A study by Mmolawa et al. (2017) correlates metal production volumes with associated CO2 emissions, emphasizing the substantial carbon footprint of the mining sector. The statistical data indicate that mining activities significantly contribute to the atmospheric CO2 pool, a major driver of ocean acidification. Gattuso et al. (2015) predict a continuing decline in seawater pH, with potentially severe consequences for marine life. **5.0. Decarbonization Technology In Mining Industry** **(Along with Mines in which it is Being Adopted)** **a) Electrification of Mining Processes** Replacing fossil fuel machines with electrical machines will result in less pollution. More pollution will be at the power plant which can be controlled more easily. Electrical machines can also work from renewable power and thus resulting lesser pollution. Companies like [Toyota Motor](https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/?cdmsid=1313230&scalar=true&utm_source=Features&utm_medium=19-646490&utm_campaign=company-profile-hyperlink-nonlgp) Corp are at the forefront of developing these new mine vehicles. In May 2023, Toyota and [Komatsu](https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/?cdmsid=1603065&scalar=true&utm_source=Features&utm_medium=19-646490&utm_campaign=company-profile-hyperlink-nonlgp) announced the launch of a joint project to develop an autonomous light vehicle (ALV) that will run on Komatsu's GPS enabled Autonomous Haulage System (AHS). The joint project seeks to alleviate one of the main drawbacks of AHS-enabled autonomous haul trucks when they work alongside manual light vehicles. **Canada providing tax credits for "clean" mine vehicles**  ----------------------------------------------------------- In Canada, the decarbonisation of mining and construction vehicles is [already well underway](https://www.mining-technology.com/features/decarbonising-mining-fleets/). From spring this year, the mining and construction industries will receive a boost for transitioning to zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles through a new tax credit from the federal government. The 30% refundable tax credit will apply to both hydrogen and electric heavy duty equipment used in those industries, as well as charging and refuelling infrastructure. However, the credits will only give short-term relief, as the government will phase them out from 2032 and end their availability from 2035.  **b) Remote Sensing and Monitoring:** Adoption of Unmanned Vehicle- Advanced remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and drones, can be employed for monitoring and managing mining operations. This allows for real-time assessment of environmental impacts and facilitates prompt corrective actions Autonomous vehicles optimize routes and reduce idle time, leading to lower fuel consumption and emissions. Electric-powered autonomous vehicles, where implemented, significantly cut down on diesel usage. **Bailadila Iron Ore Mine:** - NMDC has started using automated drills and haulage trucks to improve efficiency and safety. - The integration of these technologies helps in reducing fuel consumption and lowering emissions. **Sindesar Khurd Mine (SKM):** - HZL has implemented automated drilling and haulage systems. - The mine uses autonomous loaders and trucks to enhance operational efficiency and safety. - The technology helps in reducing the carbon footprint by optimizing fuel consumption and operational efficiency. **c) Usage of Renewable Energy sources** Various renewable energy sources like solar, biomass, wind and hydro energy, etc., are likely to play a major role in the energy scene of developing countries. **1. Solar Energy** In order to minimize the carbon footprints of mining and to progress towards the goal of Net Zero Carbon emission, Coal/Lignite companies are going for both roof top solar and ground mounted solar Projects. **a) CIL** has already installed 12 MW of Solar Power plants, of which 2 MW of is ground mounted and 10 MW rooftop plants. These plants have generated more than **4 million units** of solar energy in the FY 2022-23. **b) SCCL** planned for 300 MW solar power plants out of which 219MW solar power plants are commissioned till Dec, 2022. Remaining 81 MW solar plants got commissioned in 2023-24. Further, SCCL is exploring the possibility of setting up another 250MW Floating Solar PV Projects on the water surface area of reservoir of Telangana State. **c) NLCIL** in line with the Government of India's Initiative towards Renewable Energy, NLC India Limited has diversified its Generation portfolio from the basic conventional power generation to Renewable Energy Generation sources. NLCIL was the first Centr al Public Sector Undertaking to achieve 1000 MW Renewable Energy capacity. The total Renewable Energy installed capacity of NLCIL was 1421.1 MW as on 31.03.2022. To synergize the peer CPSUs, NLCIL has formed a Joint Venture Company with Coal India Limited, the Coal Lignite Urja Vikas Private Limited (CLUVPL) to offer technical & project consultancy services for the mining CPSUs. MoU has been signed between NLCIL & Grid Corporation of Odisha (GRIDCO) on 01.12.2022 for setting up of Ground mounted / Floating Solar Power projects, Pumped Hydro Projects, green Hydrogen Projects and other renewable projects. The company has recently commissioned a solar power plant with a 12 MW capacity at one of its zinc smelters, which is reducing HZL's carbon footprint by approximately 14,000 MT a year. Similar renewable plants have increased the company's clean energy capacity by 22 MW at its Rampura Agucha site and 4 MW at its Dariba site. Between 2017 and 2019, HZL increased its total renewable energy consumption by 48% (Figure 2) and currently consumes 100% of its self-generated renewable energy. HZL's shift towards green power generation has reduced its carbon footprint by more than 66,000 MT of CO2 equivalent a year. **2. Wind Energy** India has the second largest wind market in [Asia](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/asia) after China and fourth amongst the global cumulative installed countries of the world after [USA](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/united-states-of-america) and [Germany](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/germany) \[(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300379#bib4)\]. During this year, 4148 MW wind projects were commissioned. Wind Energy contributes the major portion of 64.09% of total renewable energy capacity of the country \[(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300379#bib5)\]. Wind energy continues to dominate renewable energy industry in India. The Indian government in its 12th five-year plan (2012--2017), had planned to add 15,000 MW of wind power in this period **d) Afforestation of Mining Areas** Planting trees on mine waste dumps and other mining areas will help hich absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere and release more oxygen, thus improving the air quality of the area. **1.Eco- Parks --** Various Eco-Parks are being developed in Various Mines across India. These are-Mudwani Dam Eco-Park of NCL, Balgangadhar Tilak Eco-Park of WCL, Chandrashekhar Azad Eco- Park of MCL, Nigahi Eco-Park of NCL, Ananya Vatika in SECL, Ananta Medicinal Garden in MCL, Saoner Park in WCL, KayakalpVatika in CCL among others. Additionally, several other eco-parks are under different stages of development. Further, approx. 30 new eco-parks are proposed to be developed by subsidiaries of CIL and take up expansion of 9 existing Eco-Parks. The sites for Eco Parks have been identified and process has already been initiated by Coal Companies. Mining Companies like SCCL has developed an eco-park/tourism sit in the reclaimed mining area of the Gautham Khani Opencast Project for recreation activities and tourism purposes in order to change the public's perception of coal mining as a polluting industry. The Eco-Park is situated adjacent to Gouthampur village in Kothagudem mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana State. The nearest railhead to the project is Bhadrachalam Road Railway Station which is at a distance of 12 Km. Railway Station is connected to the South Central Railway Dornakal junction on Chennai-New Delhi grand trunk line by a 55 Km long track which is also meant for coal transport. The park is well connected with State Capital, Hyderabad (280 Km) and the district head quarters, Bhadradri Kothagudem (10 Km) by road. **e) Carbon capture and storage** [*Carbon capture and storage*](https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-ccs-how-does-it-work#:~:text=CCS%20involves%20the%20capture%20of,deep%20underground%20in%20geological%20formations.) (CCS) technologies have emerged as a promising way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from industrial combustion processes. These technologies capture carbon dioxide (CO2) before it is released into the atmosphere and store it in underground geological formations. CCS technologies for industrial combustion typically involve [*three steps: capture, transportation, and storage*](https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/climate-change/carbon-capture-and-storage/). The capture step involves capturing CO2 from flue gas emissions using various technologies such as absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation. The transportation step involves transporting the captured CO2 to the storage site via pipelines or other means. The storage step involves storing the CO2 in underground geological formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers. CCS technologies have ability to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the [*Petra Nova CCS project in Texas, USA*](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-08/the-world-s-largest-carbon-capture-plant-gets-a-second-chance-in-texas?leadSource=uverify%20wall), captures approximately 90% of CO2 emissions from a coal-fired power plant. This has resulted in the reduction of 1.6 million tons of CO2 emissions annually. Another example is the *[Sleipner CCS project in Norway](https://www.ice.org.uk/engineering-resources/case-studies/sleipner-carbon-capture-and-storage-project#:~:text=About%20the%20Sleipner%20Carbon%20Capture,milestone%20of%20operations%20in%202016.),* which has been operating since 1996 and has captured and stored over 23 million tons of CO2. **1. Challenges associated with CCS technologies** However, there are also challenges associated with CCS technologies for industrial combustion. One of the main challenges is the [*high cost of implementing these technologies*](https://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive). CCS requires significant capital investment and development of infrastructure. The capital expenditure and operational expenses involved in transportation and storage of CO~2~, can make the CCS project financially unfeasible in some cases. Despite these challenges, there are promising developments in CCS technologies for industrial combustion. For example, the use of advanced materials in capture technologies such as [*metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and hybrid membranes*](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772656821000269) is showing potential for reducing the cost and improving the efficiency of CO2 capture. Additionally, advancements in pipeline technology and geological storage techniques are making it easier and more cost-effective to transport and store CO2. In conclusion, CCS technologies have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industrial combustion processes. While there are challenges associated with implementing these technologies, promising developments in materials, pipeline technology, and geological storage techniques are making CCS more feasible and cost-effective. **f) Carbon offsetting** **Carbon offset** is any activity that *[compensates](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/compensates) *for the emission of [*carbon dioxide*](https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-dioxide) (CO~2~) by providing for an emission reduction elsewhere. If carbon reductions are equivalent to the total *[carbon footprint](https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-footprint) *of an activity, then the activity is said to be "carbon neutral." Carbon offsets can be bought, sold, or traded as part of a carbon market. Examples of projects that produce carbon offsets include: 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon offsets can be bought and sold as part of [*compliance*](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compliance) schemes, such as the [*United Nations Framework Convention on Climate* *Change*](https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change) (UNFCCC) [*Kyoto Protocol*](https://www.britannica.com/event/Kyoto-Protocol) or the [*European Union Emission Trading Scheme*](https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Union-Emission-Trading-Scheme) (EU ETS; a regional carbon market where European countries can trade carbon allowances to meet regional emission-reduction goals). A benefit of carbon offsetting within such compliance schemes is that it enables emission reductions to occur where costs are lower, leading to greater economic [*efficiency*](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/efficiency) where emissions are regulated. The Kyoto *[Protocol](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Protocol) *requires parties in the developed world to limit greenhouse gas emissions relative to their emissions in 1990. Under the Kyoto Protocol*, [emissions trading](https://www.britannica.com/technology/emissions-trading)* in a so-called carbon market may help them meet their targeted limit: a party can sell an unused emissions allowance to a party above its limit. The protocol also allows carbon offsets to be traded. Kyoto Protocol parties can obtain offsets through a mechanism called *[joint implementation](https://www.britannica.com/topic/joint-implementation) *(JI), where one party develops an emission-reduction or emission-removal project in another country where emissions are limited. Parties can also obtain offsets through the *[Clean Development Mechanism](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Clean-Development-Mechanism) *(CDM) for projects in developing countries, where emissions are not otherwise limited. **g) Fuel Cell Technology/Green Hydrogen** While the current adoption of green hydrogen in Indian is still in its nascent stages, the National Green Hydrogen Mission holds immense potential for transformative outcomes. By 2030, Indian aims to achieve a green hydrogen production capacity of 5MMT per annum, significantly reducing the country's dependence on imported fossil fuels. This achievement is projected to save a cumulative Rs. 1 lakh crore worth of fossil fuel imports by 2030, contributing to both save a cumulative Rs.1 lakh crore worth of fossil fuel imports by 2030, contributing to both economic and environmental sustainability. The ambitious targets set by the National Green Hydrogen Mission are expected to attract a total investment of over Rs. 8 lakh crore and create more than 6 lakh jobs. This massive infusion of capital and employment opportunities will not only drive economic growth but also accelerate the energy transition towards a greener future. Adani Enterprises Limited (AEL), part of the diversified Adani portfolio of companies, on 17^th^ January 2203 Ahmedabad, signed an agreement to launch a pilot project to develop a hydrogen fuel cell electric truck (FCET) for mining logistics and transportation with Ashok Leyland, Indian, and Ballard Power, Canada. This collaboration marks Asia's first planned hydrogen powered mining truck. The demonstration project will be led by AEL, a company focused on both mining operations and developing green hydrogen projects for sourcing, transporting, and building out hydrogen refuelling infrastructure. In South [Africa](https://www.miningweekly.com/topic/africa), [mining](https://www.miningweekly.com/topic/mining) company Anglo American last year launched the large nuGen zero emissions haulage solution (ZEHS) hydrogen-powered mine haul truck -- a 220 t truck with a load capacity of 290 t, providing a total laden weight of 510 t. The London- and Johannesburg-listed Anglo is intent on decarbonising its entire global fleet of 400 [trucks](https://www.miningweekly.com/topic/trucks) in this way, as well as providing critical supporting refuelling, recharging and hydrogen production [infrastructure](https://www.miningweekly.com/topic/infrastructure). **6.0. Case Studies of Successful Carbon Emission Control in Surface Mines** #### **6.1. Case Study-1** **Tata Steel** #### Introduction Tata Steel, a global steel manufacturer, has taken significant strides in reducing carbon emissions across its operations, including its mining activities. The company has implemented a range of strategies to achieve sustainability and minimize its environmental impact. This case study delves into Tata Steel\'s initiatives and measures to control carbon emissions in the mining sector. #### Background Tata Steel operates several iron ore and coal mines to feed its steel manufacturing processes. The mining activities contribute significantly to the company's overall carbon footprint due to energy-intensive extraction and processing operations. Recognizing the environmental challenges, Tata Steel has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving energy efficiency. ### Initiatives and Measures #### 1. Energy Efficiency Improvements Tata Steel has invested in improving the energy efficiency of its mining operations. Key measures include: - **Upgrading Equipment**: Modernizing mining equipment with energy-efficient alternatives to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. - **Process Optimization**: Implementing advanced technologies to optimize mining processes and minimize energy use. - **Training Programs**: Conducting regular training programs for workers to promote energy-efficient practices and awareness. #### 2. Renewable Energy Integration One of the significant steps taken by Tata Steel is the integration of renewable energy sources into its mining operations. - **Solar Power Projects**: Installation of solar panels at mining sites to generate clean energy for operational needs. For instance, the Noamundi iron ore mine in Jharkhand has a 3 MW solar power plant, which reduces reliance on fossil fuels. - **Wind Energy**: Exploring wind energy projects in areas with high wind potential to supplement energy needs and reduce carbon emissions. #### 3. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Tata Steel is actively exploring and investing in carbon capture and storage technologies. - **Pilot Projects**: Implementing pilot CCS projects to capture CO2 emissions from mining operations and store them underground or use them in other industrial processes. - **Research and Development**: Collaborating with research institutions to develop cost-effective and scalable CCS solutions. #### 4. Sustainable Mining Practices To address deforestation and land degradation caused by mining, Tata Steel has adopted sustainable land management practices. - **Afforestation and Reforestation**: Initiatives to plant trees and restore vegetation in mining areas. The company has undertaken extensive reforestation programs in Jharkhand and Odisha. - **Biodiversity Conservation**: Implementing biodiversity management plans to protect local flora and fauna and restore natural habitats. #### 5. Water and Waste Management Efficient water and waste management are crucial components of Tata Steel's sustainability strategy. - **Water Recycling**: Advanced water recycling and rainwater harvesting systems at mining sites to reduce freshwater consumption. - **Waste Reduction**: Minimizing waste generation through efficient resource utilization and recycling waste materials wherever possible. #### 6. Digital Transformation Leveraging digital technologies to enhance operational efficiency and reduce emissions. - **IoT and Automation**: Utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) and automation to monitor and control energy usage and emissions in real-time. - **Data Analytics**: Applying data analytics to identify inefficiencies and implement corrective measures promptly. ### Impact and Outcomes Tata Steel's efforts in adopting carbon emission control measures have yielded significant results. - **Reduction in Carbon Footprint**: Substantial reduction in GHG emissions from mining operations due to energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. - **Improved Environmental Performance**: Enhanced environmental performance and compliance with international sustainability standards. - **Cost Savings**: Long-term cost savings from reduced energy consumption and operational efficiencies. ### Conclusion Tata Steel\'s comprehensive approach to controlling carbon emissions in its mining sector showcases the company\'s commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship. By integrating renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable mining practices, Tata Steel is setting a benchmark in the industry for responsible and eco-friendly mining operations. These initiatives not only help in mitigating climate change but also contribute to the company's overall goal of achieving net-zero emissions in the future. **6.2. Case Study-2** **Rio Tinto Mines-** Rio Tinto have committed to achieving net zero emissions in their operations by 2050. In their 2020 climate change report, they also set interim targets to reduce emissions intensity by 30% and absolute emissions by 15% by 2030 (relative to a 2018 baseline) \[**30**\]. This absolute emissions reduction represents a 45% reduction from 2010 levels, consistent with a 1.5 degree global warming pathway described by the IPCC \[**2**,**13**,**30**\]. In their 2021 report, they set a new, more ambitious commitment for scope 1 and 2 emissions, committing to a 15% reduction by 2025 and a 50% reduction by 2030 \[**24**\]. To address the carbon footprint of their value chain (and address their scope 3 emissions), Rio Tinto have pledged to invest in technology and steel decarbonisation pathways that deliver at least a 30% reduction in the carbon intensity of steelmaking by 2030. To meet their net zero pledge, Rio Tinto have invested in a diverse range of initiatives from site-specific energy efficiency improvements to renewable energy sourcing, and to partnering with manufacturers to re-engineer the steel production process in order to reduce emissions. This multi-faceted approach is required to make meaningful and consistent traction towards addressing climate change across an organisational profile the scale and nature of Rio Tinto's. ### **Emissions Reduction Initiatives** [Renewable Energy Investment.-] Rio Tinto are targeting 1 GW power from solar and wind in the Pilbara region, and from green repowering solutions for Boyne Island and Tomago smelters \[**24**\]. They have invested \$98 m in the Gudai-Darri solar project to deliver intermittent renewable energy through open cycle gas turbines; scheduled for completion at the end of 2021 \[**23**\]. This includes the construction of 100 000 photovoltaic cells providing 34 MW and a 45 MW/ 12 MWh lithium ion battery. Future expansion into wind energy is also being considered. This project will supply Gudai-Darri's electricity demand during peak production times and 65% of the mine's average electricity demand -- saving 90,000 tonnes CO~2~-e emissions per year \[**30**,**42**\]. In Rio Tinto's broader portfolio, 75% of electricity used at managed operations is from renewable sources, including hydro and wind power \[**24**\]. Renewable energy certificates are purchased for several other sites where direct renewable power is not accessible. Relative to industry, this investment in renewables is eight times that of Rio Tinto's peers \[**30**\]. **Boyne Smelter Efficiency Retrofit**: Retrofit projects at the Boyne Smelter in Queensland have significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 29,000 tonnes annually, involving upgrades to busbar and furnace operations, albeit at a high cost. **ELYSIS Project**: Rio Tinto\'s \$28 million commitment to the ELYSIS project aims to develop carbon-free aluminium smelting technology using inert anodes, potentially reducing GHG emissions by 7 million tonnes in Canada alone. This project is slated to scale up globally starting from 2024. **Research and Development**: An additional \$8 million investment across 25 projects focuses on renewable energies, alternative fuels, and process efficiency improvements, underscoring Rio Tinto\'s commitment to sustainability and innovation. [Electrification/ Fuel Switching-] Rio Tinto has undertaken significant efforts in electrifying their processes and transitioning their haul truck and rail fleet from diesel to electric vehicles to reduce Scope 1 emissions from fuel burning. By phasing out diesel haul trucks and locomotives by 2030, they aim to achieve up to a 100% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions from their fleet, with an overall 26% reduction in all emissions. Electric vehicles offer advantages such as higher efficiency, lower maintenance, and quicker haul cycles, though challenges like managing charging times and mitigating battery weight impact on haul weights require ongoing innovation and collaboration, as seen in partnerships with industry leaders and universities. These initiatives highlight Rio Tinto\'s commitment to sustainable mining practices and reducing carbon emissions across their operations. **7.0. Nature-based Solutions** Nature-based solutions (NBS) have potential to contribute in efforts to achieve net-zero emissions. The World Conservation Union defines nature-based solutions as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits." NBS opportunities include protecting natural ecosystems, restoring degraded ecosystems, and managing ecosystems used for food, fiber and energy production more sustainably. One NBS method such as reforestation, could deliver substantial CO~2 ~sequestration and remediate different types of environmental degradation. Agro-ecological farming, another NBS approach, may store 20-33% more soil carbon than conventional agriculture. Agroecological farming is a holistic approach to agriculture that emphasizes ecological balance, biodiversity, and sustainability. It integrates principles of ecology into agricultural production systems to optimize the use of natural resources while minimizing external inputs like synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Key practices in agroecological farming include crop diversification, polyculture (growing multiple crops together), agroforestry (integrating trees and crops), and the use of cover crops and organic amendments to improve soil health. This farming approach aims to enhance the resilience of agricultural ecosystems to environmental stresses such as climate change and pest outbreaks. By fostering healthy soils and diverse landscapes, agroecological farming promotes long-term sustainability, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, conserves water and energy, and supports biodiversity. Farmers practicing agroecology often collaborate with local communities and researchers to adapt techniques to local conditions, preserving traditional knowledge while incorporating modern scientific insights. Overall, agroecological farming represents a paradigm shift towards more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. NBS that is implemented within large-scale systems and in ways that also meet human needs can be at least as additional and "permanent" as reductions in fossil fuel extraction. To that end, there is an urgent need to act now on deforestation to avoid nearly irreversible loss. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and stored as carbon compounds in soil. This helps mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Practices such as no-till agriculture, cover cropping, and agroforestry enhance soil organic matter, promoting carbon sequestration in soils. This stored carbon contributes to soil fertility, resilience to climate change, and overall sustainability of agricultural systems. This can be used in plantation sites in the outskirts of the Mine. Beyond avoiding tropical deforestation, there is a lot of global potential for NBS carbon storage through afforestation/reforestation, and soil carbon sequestration in croplands and grasslands. NBS could contribute 29% of net reductions needed to be on a 2°C pathway in 2030. In one analysis, the global use of carbon markets with forest-based NBS could allow nearly doubling of climate ambition at the same cost, relative to current Paris Agreement pledges. **7.1Negative emission technologies** Negative emission technologies (NETs) are those that physically remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in a manner intended to be permanent, with the total quantity of stored CO~2~ exceeding the total quantity of CO~2~ emitted or leaked into the atmosphere by the NET. NETs include afforestation and reforestation, soil carbon sequestration, biochar, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). NETs are not an alternative to greenhouse gas mitigation methods, but a complementary toolset to help ensure that emissions and climate targets are met. **8.0. Innovation in Carbon Emission Control** Innovation plays a crucial role in carbon emission control in iron ore surface mines, contributing to more sustainable and environmentally friendly mining practices. Here are several ways in which innovation can be applied to reduce carbon emissions in the context of iron ore surface mining: **a) Renewable Energy Integration:** Implementing renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to supply electricity for mining operations can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Innovative hybrid power solutions and energy storage systems ensure a stable and sustainable energy supply in remote mining locations. **b) Autonomous Vehicles and Fleet Management:** The use of autonomous vehicles and advanced fleet management systems can optimize transportation routes, reduce fuel consumption, and minimize carbon emissions. Innovations in automation technology enhance the efficiency and safety of mining operations. **c)Efficient Ore Processing Technologies:** Innovations in ore processing technologies can improve efficiency, reducing the amount of energy required for extracting and processing iron ore. This includes advancements in crushing, grinding, and separation processes. **d)Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):** Implementing carbon capture and storage technologies in mining operations can capture and store carbon dioxide emissions produced during ore extraction and processing. This helps mitigate the environmental impact of mining activities.. **e) Electric Mining Equipment:** Transitioning from diesel-powered to electric mining equipment, such as haul trucks and excavators, can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Innovations in electric mining machinery and efficient battery technologies contribute to this shift. In summary, the role of innovation in carbon emission control in iron ore surface mines involves adopting and developing technologies that reduce energy consumption, transition to cleaner energy sources, and implement sustainable practices throughout the mining lifecycle. By integrating these innovations, the mining industry can contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change and minimize environmental impacts Innovation in emerging technologies, coupled with focused research and development efforts, presents a promising pathway for decarbonizing the iron ore surface mining industry. Overcoming challenges like cost barriers, infrastructure limitations, and workforce gaps requires collaborative efforts from industry stakeholders, policymakers, and research institutions. By embracing clean technologies and innovative practices, the iron ore surface mining industry can not only reduce its environmental footprint but also pave the way for a more sustainable future for mineral resource extraction. Innovation plays a crucial role in carbon emission control. Among the various sources such as nuclear and renewables (solar, wind, biomass etc.) is mentioned most often. Nuclear energy is considered an important carbon mitigation option, despite the recent committed to its use Renewables are no longer regarded immature technology; while the cost of some renewables has dropped significantly over the last decades (e.g., onshore wind, solar photovoltaic), the competition with fossil incumbents is still an uphill battle. There are a number of daunting technical and economic challenges and pitfalls associated with the expansion of the carbon-neutral energy sources in the energy market. Adding hydrogen to diesel in compression-ignition engines increased the fuel efficiency of the engine and significantly reduced emissions of carbon dioxide (CO~2~), oxides of nitrogen (NO~X~), and particulate matter. Further, the addition of hydrogen has also improved engine performance by increasing power and torque. This is because it increases brake [thermal efficiency](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/thermodynamic-efficiency) (BTE) and decreases [combustion duration](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/combustion-duration) due to the high flame spread speed of hydrogen compared to diesel ([Ahmad et al., 2021](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783123000250#bib0001)) **a) Low-carbon technologies in transportation** In contrast, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use hydrogen as a fuel source to produce electricity through a chemical reaction that takes place in a fuel cell. Regarding market dynamics, the adoption of these technologies has been steadily rising, propelled by growing consumer interest, regulatory mandates by governments, and breakthroughs in technology. Nevertheless, there remain certain challenges and considerations to be tackled. The review will explore the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating battery and hydrogen fuel cell technologies in the auto-motive sector, along with their potential consequences for consumers \[24\]. **9.0. Research and Development in Carbon Emission Control** Status of low carbon vehicles- The automotive industry is directing its research endeavors towards crafting vehicles that boast high energy efficiency and harness renewable energy sources. A plethora of potential solutions have surfaced to tackle the challenges tied to conventional vehicles. Nonetheless, pin- pointing the singular technology destined to reign over the future's low carbon vehicle market remains intricate. This complexity arises from the distinctive strengths and drawbacks associated with each alternative. Hybrid vehicles exemplify this intricate landscape. They elevate fuel efficiency and curtail emissions by harmonizing an ICE with an electric motor and battery. This amalgamation of power sources grants them a competitive edge. Similarly, biofuel vehicles traverse the path of sustainability by capitalizing on renewable resources such as ethanol and biodiesel. This endeavor results in a marked reduction in emissions. The dynamic interplay of these diverse solutions underscores the difficulty in prognosticating which technology will ultimately ascend as the dominant contender in the arena of low carbon vehicles \[136\]. Each option, laden with its unique advantages and limitations, contributes to the evolving landscape of eco-friendly mobility. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) employ stored electricity to drive an electric motor, resulting in emissions-free operation. In contrast, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) utilize hydrogen to produce electricity, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct\]. Biofuel vehicles have lower emissions than conventional vehicles, but the production of biofuels can have an impact on the environment. BEVs are emission-free, but their charging infrastructure needs significant investment, and their range is limited. FCEVs can refuel quickly and have a longer range, but hydrogen production and storage can be expensive and complicated. Due to the complexity of the issue, there is a consensus among scholars that a future sustainable transportation system is likely to incorporate a variety of feasible technologies. Consequently, continuous research and development are of paramount importance in pinpointing the most efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable solutions for the forthcoming low-carbon vehicle market. Status of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) FCEVs and BEVs have many common components, including electric motors and power controllers or inverters. However, the primary distinction lies in their energy source. BEVs rely on stored energy in batteries, whereas FCEVs employ fuel cells that convert hydrogen fuel into electricity to propel the vehicle. Fuel cells offer several advantages over batteries. They are lighter and smaller, which makes them more suitable for use in larger vehicles or those that require a longer range. Fuel cells have the added benefit of being able to generate electricity as long as a fuel supply is maintained, unlike batteries that require frequent recharging. However, fuel cells are currently more expensive to produce and require a hydrogen fueling infrastructure to be established. Consequently, it's anticipated that both FCEVs and BEVs will coexist in the future, with each technology being better suited for different types of vehicles and usage scenarios. BEVs are more **CONCLUSION:** In conclusion, decarbonization stands as a formidable yet indispensable challenge that our global society must undertake to combat climate change and secure a sustainable future. Our research has underscored the multifaceted nature of this endeavor, revealing that meaningful progress hinges on a holistic approach that spans technological innovation, policy reform, economic incentives, and societal transformation. The adoption of renewable energy sources, enhancement of energy efficiency, deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies, and the electrification of transportation emerge as critical pillars in the decarbonization framework. Furthermore, the imperative role of international collaboration and the alignment of policies and goals cannot be overstated, as climate change knows no borders. 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