Housing 2024-2025 PDF

Prof. Dr./ Nagwa Adel Hassan Professor of Housing and Environment. Home Economics Department Faculty of Agriculture - Alexandria University.  Dwelling related concepts  House concept: The house is defined as the building in w...

Prof. Dr./ Nagwa Adel Hassan Professor of Housing and Environment. Home Economics Department Faculty of Agriculture - Alexandria University.  Dwelling related concepts  House concept: The house is defined as the building in which a  Shelter concept: person lives, and this building includes all the It is one of the necessities, facilities, equipment, tools, and devices traditional concepts that an individual needs or desires to ensure health used to define and social happiness for him and the family. housing, which has In the past, the concept of house was very narrow, been associated with as it expressed the tangible environment, including it for a long time. the walls, the floor, and the ceiling above them, but Shelter expresses with the development and complexity of life, the the place where concept expanded to include any space defined by physical needs are any of the structural or physical determinants in fulfilled. which a person stays, even for a period of time, to practice any kind of human activity..  Dwelling related concepts  Housing concept:  Occupancy concept: Housing is the process of It is the process of setting  Building concept: providing a group of up individuals in equipped It is an proper houses that housing units. enclosed structure contains various residential The state may succeed with a roof and walls, elements in addition to the in providing housing usually standing community services and with all its permanently in one facilities provided by the requirements, and it place, such as state to facilitate the lives may not succeed in a house or factory. of individuals in a attracting individuals Buildings come in a particular community such to live in it, and this may variety as hospitals, schools, be due to the lack of of sizes, shapes, and government departments, consideration of the functions. police, public utilities, psychological and social transportation. aspects of the population.  Classification of building types According to Urban buildings - Rural buildings - Bedouin buildings environment: According to Family buildings - Disabled buildings - Elderly buildings category of - Children's buildings their occupants According to load-bearing walls buildings - Structural buildings - construction Vacuum buildings method According to Residential buildings - Educational buildings - Industrial purpose of buildings - Commercial buildings - Recreational buildings - construction Health buildings According to Random buildings - Economic buildings - Lux buildings - level of income Super Lux buildings  Urban housing levels: Housing levels are determined according to many factors, including: 1- The area of the residential flat 2- The income level of the population 3- Services and facilities provided by the state in the residential area.4- The final finishing quality of the housing. 5- Periodic of maintenance of housing Popular Economic Medium Premium housing housing housing housing  Urban housing levels: Popular housing (flat housing unit ranges from 50-70 square meters)  This level lacks the means and requirements for life and living in a healthy environment, where: 4.80 m 1. The individual personal space in a home has decreased, and many families are now 9.15 m sharing the housing unit together. 2. Low quality building and finishing 2.60 m materials. 3. Neglecting the periodic maintenance of 1.5 m housing, services and community facilities. 1.20 m 1.62 m 1.20 m 4. Poor planning of the residential 4.25 m neighborhood.  Urban housing levels: Economic housing (flat housing unit ranges from 70-90 square meters)  Economic housing constitutes 50% of the total housing levels in Egyptian cities  It is inhabited by low-income families.  This category constitutes a great burden on the housing problem.  Urban housing levels: Medium housing (flat housing unit ranges from 90-120 square meters  At this level, there are basic services such as sanitation, water supply, electricity, and paved streets.  The most important factors affecting this level are location, costs and level of finishing  Urban housing levels: Premium housing (flat housing unit more than 120 square meters)  It is available to limited neighborhoods in Egyptian cities.  It is characterized by the high level of: finishing, the location of the neighborhood, community services, and internal and external spaces.  It depends on individuals or private contracting companies to finance it.  Housing (Residential) Environment The housing environment, in its simplest definition, is: that framework in which a person lives , practices deferent activities and gets the basic needs of life such as food, clothing and drink. Therefore, it affects his physical and psychological health In general, it is the set of Factores that surround a person affects him and affected by him. The housing (residential) environment can be divided into: 3- Infrastructure 2- Physical Facilities and 4- Furniture and 1- Architectural Environment: services: Furnishing: Environment: Ventilation. lowest point of Furniture. Floors. Humidity. the building. Home Walls. Lighting Top of the furnishings. Ceilings Temperature building. Decoration Noise. Middle of the supplements. building. Architectural Environment - Floors: Basic requirements to be met: The job - the beauty - the economy aspects Types of flooring: Basic floors (cement) - secondary floors (wood - ceramic). Considerations to be had when choosing flooring: 1- It should be compatible with the design and achieve its goal, as well as the function performed by the space and the activity practiced within it. 2- It should be made of a material that does not require much time and effort when cleaning and caring for it. 3- It should be easy to maintain, non-slip and highly resistant to friction and scratching. 4- It has the ability to withstand heavy traffic and move huge objects, while keeping its attractiveness and elegant appearance. 5- To provide thermal insulation for the space to provide the required environment.  Architectural environment - walls: its types: External walls: Interior walls: It separates the outer It divides the space Considerations to be taken borders of the dwelling inside the housing unit into account when choosing from the surrounding into living spaces walls: external environment Its width is less than 1.It should be in line with the Has the function of the external walls general plan of the interior protecting against It provides internal design in terms of type, color weather factors and the privacy for family and style of implementation. surrounding environment members as well. 2.To be in line with the Providing insulation The interior and external environment of the for the dwelling exterior walls of the building. Providing privacy for dwelling can be 3.To suit the sound and the dwelling as a unit treated with different thermal needs of residential independent of the paints or coatings such occupants neighbor, as wallpaper, leather, 4.To be easy to maintain, care, Its thickness is greater fabric or wood, clean and durable. than the thickness of the according to the type of 5.To be economical in costs interior walls, and it has rooms , its interior over its life span. different ventilation and design, furnishing style, lighting holes etc. Architectural Environment - Ceilings: Ceiling types Ordinary Ceiling Fallen, or secondary Ceiling Factors that must be considered when choosing ceiling treatments:- 1. Ceiling area. 2. Ceiling height. 3. Costs. 4. The noise.  Physical Environment - Ventilation: Definition: It is the process of renewing the air naturally or artificially inside the building by replacing clean air instead of polluted air through architectural openings or artificial means and at a rate that varies according to the type of activity practiced. The ventilation rate inside the dwelling is equal to: the ratio between the area of windows for each room to the floor area, and the ratio should not be less than 10%. Types of ventilation:- Natural (architectural openings) Artificial (fans 0 air conditioners)  Physical Environment - Humidity: Humidity reaches buildings through: 1- Rainwater absorbed by building materials to the external walls of the dwelling. 2- Moisture resulting from condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of internal materials. 3- Moisture resulting from groundwater in basements and ground floors. In normal cases, a person feels physiological comfort if the humidity is 50%, and the higher the humidity is, the less comfortable the person feels. The effect of humidity and temperature on humans -1- If the humidity increases with the increase in temperature, individual sweats more. 2- If the humidity decreases with the increase in temperature, individual feels dryness of body tissues. 3- If the humidity increases with a decrease in temperature, individual feels increase in coldness and a decrease in the body's resistance. Physical Environment - Lighting: Types of lighting: natural - artificial lighting functions: 1. Allows the eye to see blocks and colors 2. Achieving optimal lighting according to function of the place used. 3. Achieving the required eye comfort on a regular basis while avoiding dazzling. 4. Emphasize aesthetic concepts that complement the concept of comfort. The main patterns for using of lighting units: 1. Work surface lighting 2. directional lighting 3. general lighting.  Physical environment - temperature: The optimum temperature for human life in a balanced manner should not exceed 21-25°C The lowest temperature that a person can tolerate is 15 and the highest temperature is 42 Factors affecting the thermal performance of residential buildings are: building direction - architectural openings (windows, doors and balconies) - ventilation - building materials - shades Methods to avoid high temperature: 1. Prevent the sun's rays using outdoor umbrellas. 2. The use of tight wooden frames to prevent the leakage of external heat into the dwelling. 3. The use of means of artificial ventilation. 4. The use of heat-insulating building materials. 5. The use of finishing materials with a cold effect, light and cold colors. 6. Cultivation of green plants on windows and external wall openings. 7. Take advantage of the air envelopes systems to cool the internal distraction of the dwellings.  Physical Environment - Noise: Concept: Noise is a group of heterogeneous sounds in quality and quantity that cause a physiological, neurological and psychological effect that harms human health. Effect: Noise leads to anxiety, lack of focus in performing tasks, disturbance, high blood pressure, increased heart rate, ear pain, nausea, exhaustion, and an increase in breathing rate. It also distract communication process and reduces the rate of productive efficiency of the individual. Its limits: The human ear can hear to a range of 130 decibels (the unit of measurement of noise level), but the maximum permissible level of noise is 45 decibels and the degree of danger starts from 90 decibels Its sources: internal ( television - cassette) - external (cars - shops - factories). Control: through the use of sound-resistant or sound-absorbing building materials such as wood, textiles, and cork  Infrastructure facilities and services: The performance of the building is affected by the efficiency of those services and utilities, including Electricity, water supply, sanitation, heating, cooling and telephones, in addition to means of firefighting and garbage collection. An area must be available in each building for these services, estimated at 6.5% to 8.5% of the total area of the building From a design point of view, it is necessary to identify the spaces for infrastructure services from the early stages of design  Furniture and furnishing: Furniture: Home furnishings: Decoration accessories: Furniture is Home furnishings is The aim of the decorative considered as a one of the most supplements is to add beauty and tangible intermediate important factors that artistic touches throughout the between the can be used in the residential space, which leads to joy architectural space and interior decoration of and a sense of elegance. individuals residential spaces, They include mirrors, paintings, Furniture must be because of pictures and green plants. practical and serve the 1. the beauty and These supplements are used for purpose of use, comfort it brings to different purposes, including: especially in the the residential space 1. Attracting attention to the beauty narrow spaces of the 2. It works to assemble the points and distracting it from the apartments nowadays elements of the weaknesses and defects of the On the other hand, its space and connect residential space. size must fit with the its parts together. 2. Diversity and breaking the boring person who actually Home furnishings residential void design. uses it and fit with the include covers for walls, 3. Direct practical benefit. living style, habits, furniture and floors 4. Reflecting personal distinction temperament and (carpets and curtains) and individuality activities Family needs of the housing unit  Residential Unit Elements Residential units can be classified according to: 1. Basic human needs (sleeping area - living area - service area). 2. Usage time (night for “sleep - bathroom” - day for “living kitchen”). 3. Flexibility of design.(flexible "living - sleeping" - inflexible "services"). 4.The method of occupancy (area occupied with furniture - movement area). The relationship between individual and space Space concept: It is a part of the surrounding total volume, limited by determinants of movement that may be tangible or intangible, architectural or visual, vertical or horizontal, This part of the surrounding space must be available for use, that is, it must have a function. The concept of motor activity: It is the sequence of movement and stopping of the individual to achieve a specific purpose for the human being. The concept of Ergonomics : It is the science of studying the relationship between humans and the surrounding environment. It is based on the study of human physical and mental performance in any work site and human requirements in designing this site according to human movement mechanisms. The main determinants of the human relationship with housing space 1. Measuring the human body (dimensions of the human body - fields of movement). 2. Study of horizontal areas (length and width - horizontal areas such as floors and ceilings). 3. Study of vertical spaces (heights - vertical planes such as walls).