Female reproductive system part 2 .pdf

Female reproductive system Part 2 Female reproductive system Genital tract: Oviduct Uterus Cervix and vagina All of these have the same basic structures : A wall of smooth muscle, an inner mucosal lining and an outer layer of loose CT Oviduct (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes) : Conduct ova from sur...

Female reproductive system Part 2 Female reproductive system Genital tract: Oviduct Uterus Cervix and vagina All of these have the same basic structures : A wall of smooth muscle, an inner mucosal lining and an outer layer of loose CT Oviduct (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes) : Conduct ova from surface of ovaries to uterine cavity Oviduct an atomically divided onto: Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus Female reproductive system Genital tract: Oviduct (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes) : Infundibulum over lie the site of rupture of graffian follicle at ovulation, finger like projections called fimbriae extending from end of tube The ampulla is the longest part of tube and is normally the site of fertilization Female reproductive system Genital tract: The mucosa of uterine tube consists of simple columnar ciliated and non ciliated epithelium that over lies the loose connective tissue lamina propria The muscular is consist of 2 smooth muscle layers an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer The interstitial connective tissue is abundant between the muscle layer (numerous venules and arterioles are visible in CT) The serosa of visceral peritoneum from the outer layer on uterine tube Female reproductive system Uterus : Is flattened pear-shaped organ approximately 7cm long in non-pregnant women An atomically uterus divided into: Body (corpus) which form the major portion of uterus The rounded upper portion of the uterus located above the entrance of uterine tube is called fundus The lower terminated portion of uterus located below the body is the cervix Female reproductive system Uterus : The wall of uterus is composed of 3 layers : Outer perimetrium lined by serosa or adventitia Middle myometrium (thick smooth muscle) layer Inner endometrium lined by simple epithelium that descends into a lamina propria to form numerous uterine gland Female reproductive system Uterus : Endometrial lining consist of simple column ciliated epithelium supported by highly cellular CT stroma containing many simple tubular glands The endometrium is divided into 3 histologically and functionally distinct layers : The deepest layer or basal layer (adjacent to myometrium)undergo the least changes during menstrual cycle and not shed during menstruation The broad intermediate layer is characterized by a stroma with spongy appearance called stratum spongiosum The thinner superficial layer which has compact stromal appearance is known as stratum compactum Female reproductive system Uterus : The compact and spongy layer exhibit dramatic changes throughout the cycle and are both shed during menstruation and are jointly called stratum functionals The arrangement of arterial supply of endometrium has important influence on the menstrual cycle, Branches of uterine arteries pass through the myometrium and immediately divided into 2 different types of arteries straight and spiral arteries Female reproductive system Uterus : Straight arteries are short and pass small distance into endometrium then bifurcate to form a rich plexus supplying stratum basalis Spiral arteries are long, coiled and thick walled and pass to the surface of endometrium giving numerous branches which give rise to a rich capillary plexus around glands In stratum compactum Spiral arteries are increase responsive to hormonal changes of menstrual cycle The withdrawal of progesterone, secretion at end of cycle causes spiral arteries to constrict and precipitates an ischemic phase which immediately precedes menstruation Female reproductive system The human menstrual cycle : Unless implantation of fertilized ovum occurs the continuing of progesterone production is inhibited by negative feedback via the anterior pituitary Thus suppressing LH release lead to involution of CL In the absence of progesterone lead to endometrium unable to be maintained and shed during a period of bleeding known as menstruation Activation of FSH secretion initiates a new cycle of follicular development and oestrogen secretion (which in turn initiate a new cycle of proliferation of uterine mucosa Female reproductive system The human menstrual cycle : Female reproductive system The human menstrual cycle : The first day of menstruation is usually taken to mark the 1st day of 28 days of menstrual cycle Menstruation is usually completed by 5th day , after which the proliferative phase continues until about 14th day of ovulation (which usually occurs at 15th days) Marks The beginning of secretory phase which culminates about 28th day of menstruation Female reproductive system The human menstrual cycle : The cycle of changes in endometrium seen in 3 phases : Menstrual phase : phase of endometrial shedding (when there is NO fertilization) decrease LH lead to involution of CL, its usually consider 1 day of menstruation lead to 1 day of menstrual cycle The proliferative phase: Endometrial stroma will become thicker and richly vascularization with numerous long coiled uterine glands This phase initiated and sustained until ovulation by increase production of oestrogen from developing ovarian follicle. The secretory phase: Release of progesterone from CL after ovulation leads to production of glycogen rich secretion by endometrial gland