Item 20 female reproductive.pdf

SPECIAL HISTOLOGY Female Reproductive System Dra. Sabina Sanegre Dept. Ciencias Biomédicas [email protected] FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2 Internal Organs OVARIES - Exocrine function: gamete, and endocrine: sex hormones (est...

SPECIAL HISTOLOGY Female Reproductive System Dra. Sabina Sanegre Dept. Ciencias Biomédicas [email protected] FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2 Internal Organs OVARIES - Exocrine function: gamete, and endocrine: sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone). - Development and storage of female germ cells (oocytes). - Covered by a simple cubic epithelium. - Tunica albuginea, with irregular dense CT with a predominance of collagenous fibers, and poorly vascularized (imp. because it isolates the growing follicles and oocytes from the outside). - Ovarian cortex is composed of a network of CT scans and two main cell types: stromal cells (similar to fibroblasts) and ovarian follicles in their different stages of development. Also the corpora luteum, albicans and atresics. - Ovarian medulla, central region. It is loose areolar CT with muscle fibers and fibroblasts, highly vascularized (wide lumens), lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers. There are also few interstitial cells responsible for secreting estrogen, and hilar cells that secrete androgens. 3 Follicular maturation They will remain in the form of primary oocytes (immature egg stopped in prophase of Meiosis I) until the time of ovulation at puberty. Depending on the morphology of the follicular cells and other factors, the stage of the follicle can be recognized: Follicular maturation 8 Follicular maturation 9 Follicular maturation 10 Follicular maturation 11 Follicular maturation 12 13 14 Internal Organs UTERINE TUBES 26 Internal Organs UTERINE TUBES MUCOSA - Simple columnar ciliated and none cililiated cells + lamina propria (loose CT) MUSCULARIS - internal circular and external longitudinal SUBSEROSA- SEROSA - loose CT + mesotelium (simple squamous ep.) http://wzar.unizar.es/ 28 Internal Organs UTERINE TUBES 29 Internal Organs UTERUS The body consist of three layers, as does the fallopian tube, but they are given different names: A mucous layer = endometrium, muscle layer = myometrium, and adventitious or serous layer = perimetrium. Arterias helicoidales. Arterias rectas y las bases de las glds. 30 Internal Organs UTERUS ENDOMETRIUM (MUCOSA) Simple cylindrical epithelium of the lining, tubular glands and its own lamina (loose areolar CT). Same two types of cells as the fallopian tubes. Two layers: 1- Functional: It is a thick superficial layer that peels off during menstruation. A distinction is made between the compact layer (with many cells and arteries in a spiral shape) and the spongy layer (loose CT predominates). 2- Basal: it is deep and is responsible for regenerating the functional layer after each menstruation. It remains intact. 31 Internal Organs UTERUS MIOMETRIUM (MUSCLE) Very thick (up to 2 cm) and composed of three layers of smooth muscle: an internal longitudinal, a middle circular (the thickest, highly vascularized by arcuate arteries, for which it is called the vascular stratum) and an external longitudinal layer, although difficult to differentiate because they intermingle. Towards the cervix it decreases and is replaced by irregular dense CT. Number of muscle cells and size undergo changes during menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause,... PERIMETRIUM (ADVENTITIA) Serous only at the bottom of the uterus, in the rest only adventitia. 32 Internal Organs UTERUS ENDOMETRIUM (MUCOSA) There are two phases during the menstrual cycle (cyclical changes): 35 4x ¿¿ ?? Internal Organs CERVIX: The terminal end of the uterus that empties into the vaginal lumen. It consists of two parts: The endocervix is the part closest to the body and the uterine fundus, and is lined by simple cylindrical epithelium that secretes mucus. This epithelium invaginates and forms branching secretory glands (cervical) of a serous fluid that facilitates or prevents James S. Lowe, Peter G. sperm from entering, depending on the stage Anderson y Susan I. of the menstrual cycle and the influence of Anderson., 2020 progesterone. Ectocervix is the part that is closest to the vagina and is covered by stratified flat epithelium with no stratum corneum. The area of epithelial transformation (abrupt change of the epithelium) is important 43 44 Internal Organs VAGINA 8-9 cm long fibromuscular tubular structure James S. Lowe, Peter G. Anderson y Susan I. Anderson., 2020 Mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium without stratum corneum that synthesizes and deposits large amounts of glycogen and lipids (characteristic appearance). It undergoes transformations with age and hormonal activity, becoming thinner before puberty and after menopause. Lamina propria/submucosa loose CT, rich in elastic fibers and vascularized. There are no vaginal glands. Smooth muscle, in disordered longitudinal and circular bundles (responsible for its elasticity and great transient distension necessary during childbirth). At the outermost end of the vagina is a skeletal muscle sphincter. Adventitia of dense CT that fixes the vagina to neighboring structures and is richly innervated. The hymen can be thought of as the junction between the internal and external genitalia. 49 External Organs EXTERNAL GENITALIA (VULVA) Labia majora, labia minora and clitoris. Labia majora: Skin structure + adipose tissue + small layer of smooth muscle. Coarse hairs on its outer surface sebaceous and sweat glands. Labia minora: skin, without hair or adipose tissue. Center formed by connective tissue and elastic fibers. They contain abundant vessels, nerve endings, and sebaceous glands. Vestibule:Cleft formed by the labia majora and labia minora. It receives secretions from accessory glands (e.g. Bartholin's glands = acinia covered by high cylindrical mucus-secreting cells). The urethral opening and vaginal introitus are located. Clitoris: At the top of the vestibule, at the junction of the labia majora and minora, skin (foreskin) covers the clitoris. Like the penis, it is made up of erectile bodies (= large number of blood vessels and free nerve endings). 50  MAMMARY GLANDS Sweat glands HEAVILY modified Compound tubuloalveolar glands, 15-20 lobes formed by lobules, which flow into the nipple through the lactiferous/milk ducts. These tubes dilate before they reach the nipple (lactiferous sinus, which stores milk). Alveoli (=developed intralobular ducts) covered by cuboid cells (containing vesicles that form milk = secretion composed of lipids (apocrine secretion) and proteins (merocrine secretion)) surrounded by a network of myoepithelial cells. Areola: skin pigmented with sweat and sebaceous glands, and areolar or Montgomery glands. Nipple: covered by stratified flat epithelium containing openings for the lactiferous sinuses. Nucleus formed by dense elastic CT and smooth muscle arranged longitudinally and circularly (its contraction produces the erection of the nipple). 52 53 54  MAMMARY GLANDS Resting or non-lactating mammary glands: their alveoli are not developed. The sinus and lactiferous ducts have a stratified cubic epithelium to simple cubic epithelium coating. Lactating or active mammary glands: branching of the terminal ducts and alveoli become hypertrophy and mature. 56 MAMMARY GLANDS 57 MAMMARY GLANDS 58 http://wzar.unizar.es/ 60 61 Key Ideas Organization of the ovary Characteristics of the different types of follicles according to maturation Organization and characteristics of the fallopian tubes Organization and characteristics of the uterus and cervix Organization of the vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands BIBLIOGRAFÍA: Ross, M. H., & Pawlina, W. (2010). Histology: A text and atlas: With correlated cell and molecular biology. Kierszenbaum y Tres. Histología y biología celular. Elsevier Limited (UK), 2020. [ClinicalKey Student]. James S. Lowe, Peter G. Anderson y Susan I. Anderson. Histología humana. Elsevier Limited (UK), 2020. [ClinicalKey Student]. Rodríguez, M. L. (2015). Compendio de histología médica y biología celular. [ClinicalKey Student].