Female Reproductive System PDF

Female Reproductive System By Tarali Fincke  Structures *Female Urethra: tube that urethra is allows urine to significantly leave bladder shorter than...

Female Reproductive System By Tarali Fincke  Structures *Female Urethra: tube that urethra is allows urine to significantly leave bladder shorter than male urethra, Bladder: balloon- making it shaped organ that more likely for stores urine. females to Muscular wall develop a UTI. allows it to expand for Bacteria trave storage a shorter distance to the bladder to cause infection  Structures (continued) Fallopian tubes: two slender tubes connecting ovaries to uterus Cervix: connects Vagina: uterus to elastic vagina. muscular Allows fluids tube (menstrual connecting blood) to pass uterus to from uterus outside body. to vagina  External Structures Clitoris = erectile tissue (plexus of veins) Labia Majora = outer skin that has hair Hair No Hair Labia Minora = inside skin that has no hair Separate openings for urethra and vagina Vagina = elastic muscular tube Mammary Glands Found within pectoral fat Nipple surrounded by areola Nipple contains lactiferous duct openings Mammary glands are made of secretory lobules that produce milk Milk drains into these lactiferous ducts Oxytocin triggers secretion of milk  POP QUIZ 01 When do oogonia undergo mitosis to produce oocytes? a) During puberty b) After menopause c) Never d) Before birth  POP QUIZ 01 When do oogonia undergo mitosis to produce oocytes? a) During puberty b) After menopause c) Never d) Before birth  POP QUIZ 02 Which hormone controls milk secretion (lactation) a) Oxytocin b) Serotonin c) Melatonin d) Luteinizing hormone  POP QUIZ 02 Which hormone controls milk secretion (lactation) a) Oxytocin b) Serotonin c) Melatonin d) Luteinizing hormone  POP QUIZ 03 Which external structure has hair? a) Labia majora b) Labia minora  POP QUIZ 03 Which external structure has hair? a) Labia majora b) Labia minora The Ovaries Ovaries = small almond shaped structures at the end of fallopian tubes Outer Cortex = contains the follicles - Oocyte (female germ cell) wrapped in epithelium layer Inner Medulla = contains blood vessels Oogenesis: formation of female gametes Oogonia = Stem cells in ovaries Oogonia undergoes mitosis, produces oocytes before birth Mitosis Meiosis 1 occurs at ovulation - results in larger secondary oocyte and non-functional polar body Meiosis 1 -one cell gets a lot of the cellular material while rest gets little -unequal cytoplasm division Meiosis 2 Meiosis 2 occurs before fertilization - results in mature egg cell and another polar body  More about Oocytes Females are born with 1-2 million oocytes, but gradually waste away By puberty only around 300,000 oocytes remain Only a small % will become mature eggs while the rest degenerate (including polar bodies with their lack of cytoplasm)  1) Perimetrium: thin protective envelope made of epithelial cells. Outermost layer. Uterus Layers 2) Myometrium: (M = middle) Smooth muscle layer that expands during pregnancy to create space during pregnancy and push baby out in labor. 3) Endometrium: innermost layer. Glandular and vascular. When estrogen and progesterone are produced from ovaries, glands and blood vessels grow (happens during pregnancy). During menstruation (no fertilization of eggs). Endometrium sheds from body during menses (period). Deposited in small pieces with blood. The Ovarian Cycle Follicular Phase, Ovulation, Luteal phase  The Follicular Phase Primordial Follicle: In ovaries from birth until puberty Has an oocyte and a simple squamous layer of epithelium Stuck in prophase 1 in meiosis 1, does not move until ovulation ○ This can be up to 50 years for some oocytes Once Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted, it starts to transition  The Follicular Phase Primary Follicle: 12 primordial cells mature at each month starting from puberty into primary follicles Oocyte is surrounded by single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells From primordial to primary, oocyte enlarges and follicular cells divide Divides to start forming stratified epithelium Begin Estrogen production Secondary Follicle: Even bigger follicles The granulosa cells continue estrogen production Fluid secreted by its epithelial cells starts to accumulate in small cavities within This fluid make a space around the primary oocyte  The Follicular Phase Tertiary Follicle: 1 of the 12 maturing follicle becomes a tertiary follicle per month (follicular hunger games) Remaining 11 degenerate The fluid cavities merge into one single large fluid cavity: the antrum Oocyte bulges into antrum All of a sudden, the granulosa cells start producing tons of estrogen (estrogen surge) Ovulation Final step in follicular phase Estrogen surge -> LH surge Oocyte is released from follicle  The Luteal Phase Corpus Luteum Emptied out tertiary follicle with yellow body Just epithelium cell bundle leftover To prepare the body for pregnancy, produces progesterone If fertilization does not happen, it becomes corpus albicans ○ Fills with scar tissue leaving a white body after 12 days  Hormone Summary FSH = leads to follicle maturation LH = leads to ovulation and corpus luteum formation Corpus luteum secretes a lot of progesterone FELP FSH → Estrogen → LH → Progesterone Put it all together The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Menses, Proliferative Phase, Secretory Phase  Menstrual Cycle Overview Repeating series of Lasts 21-35 days, the Response to the changes in average cycle is 28 hormones of ovarian endometrium days cycle  Menses Stimulated once progesterone levels decrease Most superficial layer of endometrium is destroyed Blood and tissues released Proliferative Phase Stimulated by estrogen secretion Endometrium starts to be repaired and regenerated Secretory Phase Begins upon ovulation and upon progesterone secretion Rapid growth occurs in arteries Starts to prepare for embryo ○ Glands secrete nourishment ○ Vessels prepare to provide blood and oxygen If fertilization doesn’t occur, cycle repeats Summary  POP QUIZ 04 Which is the outermost layer of the uterine wall? a) Endometrium b) Perimetrium c) Myometrium  POP QUIZ 04 Which is the outermost layer of the uterine wall? a) Endometrium b) Perimetrium c) Myometrium  POP QUIZ 05luteal phase in the ovarian cycle The corresponds to which phase in the uterine cycle? a) Menstrual b) Follicular c) Proliferative d) Menses e) Secretory  POP QUIZ 05luteal phase in the ovarian cycle The corresponds to which phase in the uterine cycle? a) Menstrual b) Follicular c) Proliferative d) Menses e) Secretory