FBBC Comprehensive Notes.pdf

9/26 Behaviors: Levels of Analysis (What we are going to talk about): - Social Level - Organ level - Neural level (even specific regions of the brain) - Circuit level - Cellular level - Synaptic level - Molecular level In this class: we must learn concepts, the bigger picture,...

9/26 Behaviors: Levels of Analysis (What we are going to talk about): - Social Level - Organ level - Neural level (even specific regions of the brain) - Circuit level - Cellular level - Synaptic level - Molecular level In this class: we must learn concepts, the bigger picture, not necessarily individual facts Behavior can be split into two different things: ➔ Overt (i.e. movements) ➔ Covert (i.e. sensory systems, cognitive function) Operational definition: - Behavior is a physiological response Main types of behaviors: 1. Automatic (body temperature, breathing) 2. Homeostatic (sleeping, consumption, puberty) 3. Higher order cognition (memory, language) Class structure: - 5 Modules - 5 exams Anatomy and Neural Communication (modules 1 & 2) Sensation and Perception (module 3) Hormones (module 4) Cognition (and cognitive disorders) (module 5) Nervous system controls behavior (this process is reciprocal) Neuroplasticity - the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment. NS changes in response to behavior -> NS changes behaviors so that you can adapt to the environment Basic Functions of the Nervous system: Receives Processes Stores information  Produces physiological responses (behaviors) Why does this happen? - Behavior will keep us alive and propagate the species. EXAM CONTENT - Notes 9/29 Functional Neuroanatomy: Goals for this module: Brain basics: - Invertebrate vs Vertebrate NS - Divisions of the NS - Central NS Brain Spinal Cord - Peripheral NS Somatic NS Autonomic NS Invertebrate NS - Features of invertebrate NS Do not possess a spinal cord or any bony structures Ganglia = groups of neurons (also found in vertebrates, just typically smaller) Some invertebrates have “primitive brains” Invertebrate “brains” have free but larger neurons than vertebrates Work done on certain invertebrates: Sea anemone, Sea starts, Earthworms and very importantly, Aplysia. Large ganglia Common features of Vertebrate Nervous System: Development from a hollow dorsal tube - (Ectodermal layer) Bilateral symmetry (if on the left, on the right as well, structurally NOT functionally) (there are some exceptions) Segmentation - nervous system is segmented (central, peripheral) Separate systems - visual, memory, language, for example (interaction irregardless) (collection of different parts of NS that work together to accomplish some goal)  Localization of function - Specific regions of the brain that have different functions (regions supports function/cognitive goal) Hierarchical control - higher order of control within the brain, more forward more important and functional parts of the brain Central NS - Brain, spinal cord Peripheral NS - Everything else Divisions of the NS: Afferents - nerves that carry messages into the CNS from the sense organs (A for approach) Efferents - nevers that bring messages out of the CNS to the rest of the body (E for exit) CNS - a lot of control and processing, gets info from PNS PNS - everything but the bony skull and spine (both afferent and efferent) Brain structure: 4 main lobes 1. Frontal - Central sulcus separates 1. & 2. 2. Parietal 3. Temporal - Sylvian separates temp from front and parietal 4. Occipital CNS: Brain (Cerebral Cortex) Sulcus = small grove Fissure = large groove (big sulcus) Gyrus = bulges or convolutions General functions of the 4 lobes Occipital lobe = visual information (color in foods) Temporal lobe = auditory info, object recognition (memory, hippocampus) Parietal lobe = sensory information; spatial information (integrate sensory motor functions (integrate functions with senses)) (parietal cortex) Frontal lobe = integration of movement information; processing high level cognitive function Comparison of Cerebral Cortex: Lissencephalic - absence of sulcus and gyrus The folds in our brain = more space for neurons (more processing power, big think, big actions) (higher order of function) CNS: Spine (Vertebral Column) Spine consists of 33 vertebrae with an intervertebral disks between them. Vertebrae are grouped based on location: - Cervical (7); Thoracic (12); Lumbar (5); Sacral (5 - fused); Coccyx (4 -fused) - Fused to provides extra support and mobility Cervical - neck support and movement (C1-C7) Thoracic - protects our torso (T1-T12) Lumbar - Massive plates (L1-L5) Sacrum - hip bones Spinal Cord Visual: Meninges (3 layers) - Dura Mater (outer) - protection - Arachnoid mater (middle) - Pia mater (inner) Spinal Cord Cont. Gray matter - cell bodies and dendrites White matter - neurons and their signals Dorsal root (spine) - sensory information Ventral root (stomach) - motor information No ventral root ganglion The NS Continued: PNS: Somatic nervous system (SNS) The somatic nervous system is a voluntary system - it contains nervous that innervate skeletal muscle Controls movements in and receives sensory information form the body and head SNS nerves are efferent and afferents SNS releases acetylcholine (Ach) Spinal Nerves  - Spinal nerves through the intervertebral foramen; Except C1 - exists between C1 and occipital lobe - Each nerve innervates (connects to nerves in) a specific dermatome (area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve): Except C1 (has no dermatome); Co1 innervates around tailbone near spine Cranial Nerves - memorize 12 cranial nerves - EXTREMELY IMPORTANT Cranial nevres (12 pairs) serve the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck - 3 CNs are pure sensory - 5 CNs are pure motor - 4 CNs are mixed (both) Cranial nerves 1. Olfactory smell - sensory 2. Optic vision - sensory 3. Ocular 4. Trochlear 5. Abducens (3-5 are eye movements all are also motor) 6. Trigeminal - both (jaw muscles, face, teeth) 7. Facial - both (tongue, facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands 8. Vestibulocochlear - sensory (hearing) 9. Glossopharyngeal - both (taste, throat muscles) 10. Vagus - internal organs (both) 11. Spinal accessory - motor - neck muscles 12. Hypoglossal - motor - tongue muscles PNS: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - efference -exit Divisions of the NAS release different neurotransmitters (chemical neurons use to communicate) to their target Sympathetic releases norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline) Parasympathetic releases acetylcholine Sympathetic Division - Fight or Flight system - Some sympathetic ganglia are located in the sympathetic trunk or chain - Other ganglia pass through the sympathetic chain to connect the collateral ganglia Cell bodies of the sympathetic divisions lie in the thoracic and lumbar regions Axons of the preganglionic cells are short Postganglionic connections tend to be long PNS: ANS: Parasympathetic Division Rest and Digest system Cell bodies of the parasympathetic divisions lie in the brainstem and sacral regions PNS: ANS: Enteric NS ENS: extensive network of connected ganglia; controls the gastrointestinal system (Gi system to maintain fluid and nutrient balance) Autonomic Innervation of the Gi Tract Interacts with the CNS via the sympathetic nervous (via ganglia) and parasympathetic systems (via vagus nerve, pelvic nerve) Performs some behaviors without any input from autonomic system. Including: motor functions, local blood flow, mucosal transport and secretions, and modulation of immune and endocrine functions consists of 400-600 million nervous within two major networks. - Myenteric plexus - found mostly in the smooth muscle along the entire length of the Gi tract. Regulating the musculature of the gut, such as the tone of the gut and the velocity and intensity of contractions. - Submucosal plexus - lies just beneath the mucosal layer of the gut. In small and large intestines. Involved with local conditions and controls local secretion, absorption, and muscle movements.