Introduction To Neuroscience PDF

Introduction to Neuroscience Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. 1  What is Neuroscience? Neuroscience Study of the nervous system Neuroscience considers various aspects of human nature. Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory,...

Introduction to Neuroscience Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. 1  What is Neuroscience? Neuroscience Study of the nervous system Neuroscience considers various aspects of human nature. Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion. The Society for Neuroscience https://www.sfn.org/ 2  What is Neuroscience? Levels of analysis Molecular neuroscience…. Cellular neuroscience….. Systems neuroscience…... Behavioral neuroscience….. Cognitive neuroscience…. 3  Neuroscience Motor behaviour Area of study stressing primarily the principles of human skilled movement generated at a behavioural level of analysis. Physical/mechanical behaviour. Sitting, walking, running, brushing teeth. Baseball pitch Concerned with the….. Wind-up phase. Arm cocking phase. Arm acceleration phase. Stride phase. 4  Neuroscience Motor control Study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physiological, and behavioural aspects of movement. The “how” of……. Neural activation patterns……. State of the “motors” (i.e., muscles)….. Baseball pitch Frontal cortex of brain….. 5  Neuroscience Motor development Field of study concerning the changes in motor behaviour occurring as a result of growth, maturation, and experience. Practice makes perfect?......sort of. Motor memory The memory for movement or motor information. Ability to recall information. 2 aspects: 6  Neuroscience Why focus on the Neuroscience of things? Schizophrenia….. Alzheimer’s disease….. Parkinson’s disease…... Huntington’s disease……. ALS……. Sports-related “stingers”……. 7  History of Neuroscience KEY MOMENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE Hippocrates (460-379 BCE) Father of Western medicine Brain….. 8  History of Neuroscience KEY MOMENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Greek philosopher Heart….. Brain….. 9  History of Neuroscience KEY MOMENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE Galen (130-200 CE) Greek physician to Roman gladiators (first sports medicine physician). Deduced function FROM structure….. 10  History of Neuroscience KEY MOMENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE Galen (130-200 CE) Cerebrum Cerebellum 11  History of Neuroscience Andreas Vesalius 1514 - 1564 Anatomist Medical training, University of Padua, graduate magna cum laude, 1537 Produced dissection manual for medical students De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Fabric of the Human Body), published 1555 12 History of Neuroscience 13 History of Neuroscience 1596 – 1650 Established a mechanical approach to the study of nature 1637 Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sceinces (Discourse on the Method of Reasoning Well and Seeking Truth in the Sciences) Appendix: La géométrie 14 History of Neuroscience Identified the pineal gland as the seat of the human “mind” and soul. 15 History of Neuroscience 17th to 18th centuries Brain structures revealed/identified Gray matter White matter 16  History of Neuroscience Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896) Produced muscle twitches with electrical stimulation. 17  History of Neuroscience Sir Charles Bell (1737-1798) Francois Magendie (1783-1855) Nerves attached to the spinal cord. 18  History of Neuroscience Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) Identified different regions of brain to different functions. Cerebrum….. Cerebellum….. Brain stem (medulla oblongata)….. 19  Nervous system divisions Mode of communication? Bioelectric energy. Generated at the…. 20  Nervous system divisions NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Peripheral Brain Spinal cord Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic 21  Cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex Lobes named after cranial bones. Gyri. Sulci Fissures 22 Cerebral cortex 23 Nerve roots 24 Nervous system 25 Anatomical references 26 Anatomical references 27 The nervous system 28  The nervous system Central nervous system……7 main parts. 1) Spinal cord Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral. Relay between brain and the body.. 2) Cerebellum Contains several major tracts (peduncles).. Brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain) 3) Medulla oblongata. 4) Pons Conveys information about movement from cerebrum to cerebellum.. 29  The nervous system 5) Midbrain Regulates eye movements, visual and auditory reflexes. 6) Diencephalon……... Thalamus – processes sensory information to the cerebral cortex (e.g., proprioception). Hypothalamus –. 7) Cerebrum…….. Cerebral cortex –. 3 deep structures: Basal ganglia – Hippocampus –. Amygdaloid nuclei – 30  The nervous system Basal ganglia 31  Neurons Basic functional unit of the nervous system Number of neurons in brain: 1011 (thousand different types) Examples of neurons  - motor neurons  - motor neurons cutaneous sensory neurons pyramidal neurons 3 main components: 1) Cell body (soma)……. Nucleus…... 2) Dendrites…... 3) Axon…… 32  Neurons Neuron 33 Neurons 34 Neurons 35 Neuron classification 36 Neuron classification Fig. 1.1 37  Neuron classification Functional categories 1) Sensory neurons Carries information from body periphery into the nervous system. Afferent –. 2) Interneurons Relay (projection) interneurons: long axons, conveys signals over large distance (one part of brain to another). Local interneurons: short axons, connections with nearby neurons. 3) Motor neurons Efferent –. 38  NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System 39  Glial cells Glial cells Not neurons…... 2-10x more numerous than neurons. Do not have neurites. Not. Types: Astrocytes. Microglia. Oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells. 40  Astrocytes Star-shaped cells 1) Separates neurons 2) Regulates extracellular K+…..how? 3) Improves signaling efficiency 4) Releases growth factors Fig. 1.4 41  Microglia Function with astrocytes to protect neurons from toxic substances. Protect the CNS from foreign matter through phagocytosis. Fig. 1.4 42 Schwann cells Effects of myelination? Insulates the axon. Prevents the length dependent decay of the action potential. How? Induces Na+ channel clustering at nodes. 43  Oligodendrocyte Central nervous system. Branches to 1-30 neurons. Axons larger than 0.2 microns. Signal for myelination? Axonal activity (action potentials)…… http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/introductionneuropathology/Response%20_to_Injury/Oligodendroglia.htm