Family Medicine Lecture 4 PDF

LECTURE (4) School health   The strategies, activities, and services offered by, in, or in association with schools that are designed to promote students' physical, emotional, and social development....

LECTURE (4) School health   The strategies, activities, and services offered by, in, or in association with schools that are designed to promote students' physical, emotional, and social development. Improving health of the community  Consequently health is highly related to educational attainment, quality of life, and economic productivity  School Health Program, which aims to promote health through schools and enhance education, is an essential means of accomplishing the goals of health for all and education for all.  The main objective of a school health program:  Provide a standard and healthy environment for all students to ensure optimal physical, emotional, and intellectual development, a comprehensive school health program is implemented to aid each child in achieving and maintaining a healthy condition  School health services encompass the practices performed by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals, including physicians, nurses, dentists, psychologists, counselors, teachers, dietitians, and others. The primary aim is to assess, enhance, and safeguard the health of every student, focusing on the holistic well-being of the child— encompassing physical, social, emotional, and intellectual dimensions  To achieve this objective, several key activities are typically implemented:  Educators are uniquely positioned to continuously observe their students in a familiar environment, allowing for valuable insights into their health.  The specialized training and objectivity of teachers enable them to identify potential health issues in children that might otherwise be overlooked by others  A planned, sequential K-12 curriculum that provides cognitive content and learning experiences in a variety of activity areas such as:  Basic movement skills; physical fitness; rhythms and; team, dual, and individual sports; tumbling and gymnastics; and aquatics.  Quality physical education should promote, through a variety of planned physical activities, each student's optimum physical, mental, emotional, and social development, and should promote activities and sports that all students enjoy and can pursue throughout their lives.  Qualified, trained teachers teach physical activity  Growing kids require scheduled health "maintenance" program-including: ① Immunizations. ② Dental checkups. ③ Physicals, eye exams (health appraisal). ④ Other types of screenings. ⑤ In certain instances, daily medication.  With the help of health professionals, schools can encourage preventive services to enable students to take proactive measures to stay healthy and get more out of school.  It might also include identification of health problems, intervention, problem solving and/or referral of specific health problem ① Qualified child nutrition professionals provide these services. ② Research indicates that children who eat breakfast learn better. ③ School breakfast programs ④ Foods available in the school  Provision of a diverse range of nutritious and visually appealing meals that meet the dietary and health requirements of all students.  This includes essential nutrients to address dental caries, endemic goiter, night blindness, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), and anemia.  The mid-day school meal serves as a supplementary source, delivering one-third of the daily energy requirements at economical cost, presented in an acceptable format.  Individual and group assessments, interventions, and referrals.  Professionals such as certified school counselors, psychologists, and social workers provide these services.  Organizational assessment and consultation skills of counselors and psychologists contribute not only to the health of students but also to the health of the school environment.  School counseling and psychological services are capable of intervening in areas of: ① Assertiveness training. ④ Self esteem. ② Life skills training. ⑤ Problem solving. ③ Peer interaction. ⑥ Conflict resolution.  The physical and aesthetic surroundings  The psychosocial climate and culture of the school.  Factors that influence the physical environment ① School building. ② Area surrounding it. ③ Any biological or chemical agents that are detrimental to health. ④ Physical conditions such as temperature, noise, and lighting.  The significance of maintaining a hygienic educational setting is crucial for promoting effective learning and ensuring the comfort and accessibility of educational resources. Inadequate sanitation adversely affects both health outcomes and health education initiatives.  Educational institutions should have specialized architectural designs tailored to their needs, as standard residential structures may not adequately meet the requirements for a conducive learning environment.  The psychological environment includes: the physical, emotional, and social conditions that affect the well-being of students and staff. ① Health assessments. ② Health education. ③ Health-related fitness activities. ① Encourage school staff to pursue a healthy lifestyle that contributes to their improved health status, and improved morale. ② Greater personal commitment to the school's overall coordinated health program ③ Positive role modeling ④ Improved productivity, decreased absenteeism, and reduced health insurance costs. ① Parents. ② Business. ③ Local health providers. ④ Other community groups interested in the health outcomes of students.  School health advisory councils, coalitions, and broadly based constituencies for school health can build support for school health program efforts.  Strives to provide a healthy environment, school health education and school health services along with school/community projects and outreach, health promotion programmes for staff, nutrition and food safety programmes, opportunities for physical education and recreation and programmes for counselling, social support and mental health promotion;  Implemens elicisteem, proctice stuttrespect an efforts und is tents as well as persoledge good achievements. ① Strengthening the ability to advocate for improved school health programmes ② Creating Networks and Alliances for the development of Health-Promoting Schools ③ Strengthening national capacities ④ Research to improve school health programmes  A minimum of four physical examinations should be conducted throughout a child's school years.  Health assessments should document the child's health history and identify any existing health issues.  These assessments serve to emphasize the significance of health examinations to the child, fostering a positive perspective towards health care professionals  Various health screening activities are implemented in elementary and middle schools.  Common screening activities include measuring height and weight, as well as conducting urine and stool tests, along with vision and hearing assessments.  Common Immunizations for School-Aged Children in EGYPT: ① BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. ② Pentavalent vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B. ③ Polio vaccine against polio. ④ MMR vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.  The management of communicable diseases is a collective obligation involving the home, educational institutions, and the broader community.  The primary duty lies with parents to ensure that an ill child remains at home.  Should promote absence from school when children exhibit even mild cold-like symptoms, as many common childhood illnesses present similar signs in their initial phases.  Have the responsibility to identify and exclude any student displaying symptoms of a communicable disease from the classroom to prevent further transmission.  Dental Services Overview: The onset of dental diseases typically occurs during childhood.  Core Components of a School Dental Health Program:  Dental Health Education: Instruction and information to promote awareness of oral health.  Preventive Measures: Strategies and practices aimed at preventing dental issues.  Referral and Follow-Up Protocols: Procedures for referring students with identified dental issues, ensuring appropriate follow-up care is provided.  Many educational institutions keep cumulative health files to effectively manage and organize all health-related information gathered for each student throughout their academic journey.  A comprehensive health record generally includes details about the individual's medical history, measurements such as height and weight at designated intervals, documentation of illnesses, outcomes from any psychological assessments, and reports from nursing staff.  First aid involves the competent application of recognized treatment protocols in response to an accident or a sudden medical condition.  The school has three key responsibilities regarding emergency care and disaster management: ① To prevent injuries from occurring within the school environment. ② To provide safety education to students and staff ③ To establish a comprehensive plan for addressing emergencies.  The school medical advisor should offer detailed guidelines to assist teachers and the school nurse in managing common medical emergencies, such as abdominal pain, menstrual disorders, and headaches, as well as less common situations like seizures or insulin reactions  SITE:  The school should be constructed in the central area it aims to serve, ensuring easy accessibility for students.  It must be located away from sources of noise, emissions, dust, and unpleasant odors, such as industrial zones.  The site should front a wide street with ample open space surrounding it. Areas with heavy traffic should be avoided to minimize the risk of accidents.  The chosen location must be dry, elevated, and have good exposure to sunlight and airflow.  SCHOOL SIZE:  The total area of the school should allow for a minimum of 10 square meters per student in primary education and 15 square meters per student in preparatory and secondary education.  At least two-thirds of the total area should be allocated for playgrounds. Some playground areas should have shade provisions for summer, while others should be paved with asphalt to accommodate physical activities.  Additionally, a portion of the playground could be designated for gardening education.  SCHOOL SHAPE:  The architectural design should consist of block configurations, either separated or connected at right angles, forming shapes such as L, F, T, etc. This design should incorporate open spaces between blocks to ensure sufficient sunlight and airflow access.  The classroom should be clean, an appropriate temperature and have suitable numbers of student as Overcrowded classrooms can lead to poor ventilation, increasing the risk of airborne infections and hindering adequate supervision of students. HEALTHY CLASSROOM UNHEALTHY CLASSROOM