Review on Egyptian Architecture PDF

✏️ Review on Egyptian Architecture Created @October 9, 2024 8:12 PM Egyptian Architecture 01 Facts about Egypt: 💡 Egypt is a place that is also situated in the Fertile Crescent (specifically...

✏️ Review on Egyptian Architecture Created @October 9, 2024 8:12 PM Egyptian Architecture 01 Facts about Egypt: 💡 Egypt is a place that is also situated in the Fertile Crescent (specifically by the Nile River) alongside Mesopotamia. 💡 Egypt is known for its pyramids with the famous being one of the world’s seven ancient wonders. Civilization during ancient times were typically situated near river banks, where there is a saying that “where there is water, there is life.” The desert for the Egyptians was known as “KEMI” or “The Black Land.” Egyptian Geography Egypt was divided into two parts: the Upper and Lower side. All ancient cities of Egypt were situated along the River Nile’s flooding zones. Review on Egyptian Architecture 1  Egyptian Geology Soft stones → Limestone, sandstone, alabster Hard stones → Granite, Basalt, Quarzite, and Pophyry Stone was the chief material employed, both in construction and decoration because of being poor in metal. 💡 Egyptian architecture’s gigantic scale was made possible not just by the materials but the methods they employed in quarrying enormous blocks of stone and transporting & raising them into position. It is known for Egypt to capitalize on slavery to build the gigantic structures that we all know today. Egyptian Materials Acacia for Boats Sycamore for Mummy Cases System to carry alabaster stones up a steep slope: Review on Egyptian Architecture 2  Indigenous date palm → Fruit was a staple food; sometimes used in roofing Climate in Egypt were warm, with storm and rain being rare. Such conditions contributed to the preservation of the structures. 💡 Climate with continuous sunshine conduced to simplicity of design. Review on Egyptian Architecture 3  There was no need for windows, thus unbroken massive walls. Which protected the interior from the sun’s heat Provided uninterrupted surfaces for Heirogplyphics Hieroglyphics = Record of History (Culture, Daily life, etc.) In the Absence of Rain roof drainage was not considered. Egyptians would sleep on roofs at night because of the cooling provided by the stone. Ancient Egypt Canopic Jar → Storage for your heart which is to be weighed by Anubis to determine your goodness. Water meant life; the desert was considered death. For Egyptians: Life was just a passage way and the other side of death was an external extension of worldly joys. Death was seen as a passage to another life, made possible only with an intact body, hence mummification. Mummification → Permanent habitation for the soul through mutilation, making the dead harmless. For added security: the form of the body was duplicated in several shells of the mummy case, sculptural effigies and wall reliefs. Review on Egyptian Architecture 4  “Ka”/”Ba” → The Vessel which the spirit inhabits, also representing the heart. Pyramids = served to preserve the bodies Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian Structures. Group of Gods Theban Triad Sun god Ammon; Mut, Wife of Ammon; Moon god Khons/ Khonshu Memphis Triad The Creator, Ptah; War Goddess Sekhmet; Nepertem, son Other Important Gods Osiris, god of the dead; Isis, wife of Osiris Sky god Horus; Love goddess Hathor; Set, God of Evil; Serapis, the Bull god Papyrus (Papyra)/ Tablets = Record of History and Literature. A block of stone where it is customary to record the history of temples and domestic & social interests on the tombs. Stelae = where the dead’s name is inscribed Pharaohs = are the Kings or called The Great House Review on Egyptian Architecture 5  ⏰ Egyptian Timeline is divided into three eras: Old → Middle → New History in Egypt Old Kingdom Menes: 1st dynastic King Founded Memphis in Lower Egypt which was the new capital till the “New Empire” United Upper and Lower Egypt Mastaba = First type of egyptian tomb. Tomb Houses Middle Kingdom Notable structures: Rock-cut Tombs Pharaoh’s began to care for their public Review on Egyptian Architecture 6  ⭐ 1st Obelisk was created, named “Obelisk at Heliopolis” built by Semirset I ⭐ Construction of the “Great Temple at Karnak” built by Amenemhat I New Kingdom Egypt became the most powerful empire in the world Tomb of Tutankhamun ⭐ Construction of the mountained-side terraced funerary “Temple of De’r- el Bahari” by Queen Hatsheput Review on Egyptian Architecture 7  ⭐ Amenophis III built the Temple at Luxor Rameses I = The most brilliant epoch of Egyptian art, began the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak Rameses II = Constructed the Rock-Cut Temple at Abu Simbel Ptolemaic Period Creation of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Egyptian Architecture 02 💡 General characteristics of Egyptian Architecture: Simplicity, Solidity, Grandeur Materials Sun-baked bricks → Usually used for houses Stone → For grand structures Granite → For grand structures Egyptian monumental Architecture, which is essentially a Columnar & Trabeated. Review on Egyptian Architecture 8  Ornamentation Egyptian Temples were approached by impressive avenues of Sphinxes. ⭐ Dominant element in their structure is Religion. Plans Symmetry is the most important Walls Usually thick, solid, and unbroken by windows Interior - Heiroglypics Exterior - Battered Walls Openings Windows were not used Roofs Flat Columns Simplest forms of support, used to record events Seven Types of Egyptian Columns: Review on Egyptian Architecture 9  Square Pillar Polygonal Palm-type Bud and Bell Fiolated capital Hathor headed Osiris pillars Ornaments Symbolical Types of Egyptian Ornaments: Solar Disc Vulture - protection Scarab - resurrection Papyrus - Lotus, Palm, fertility Grapes - eternity Spiral and Feathers - eternity Sphinx - mythical creature eith a body of a lion and head of a man, woman, or ram 3 Main Types of Tomb Architecture Mastabas rectangular; flat roofed with sliping sides about 75 degrees Features 2 doors: Review on Egyptian Architecture 10  True Door → used by followers for offerings False Door → used by the spirit Made of sun-dried bricks and stone Structure consists of 3 parts: Serdab Inner secret chamber Contains statues of deceased family Outer Chamber with Stele also known as offering chamber “Stele” - upright stone slab inscribed with the name of the dead Sarcophagus chamber containing the Egyptian coffin Rock-Hewn Tombs meant to offer the same levels of comfort the dead person enjoyed in his former life Sacrificial chambers were invariably built on hillsides on the high west bank of the Nile Entire rooms (house))were replicated around the burial chamber, cut deep in the rock Used by Nobility The Royal Pyramids Built by Pharaohs to secure the preservation of the body until the time that their soul returns back to the body. Review on Egyptian Architecture 11  Massive burial structures made of stone with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the top (apex). Entrance normally on the north side Sides were oriented at the four cardinal points Different parts of a Pyramid: (1) Offering Chapel; (2) Mortuary Temple; (3) Valley Building ⭐ 3 Types of Pyramids: Step; Slipe; Bent Stepped Pyramid of Djoser Conceived as a replica of the pharaoh’s palace in Memphis Prominent structure was most probably to defeat tomb Structure finished in stepped limestone blocks and brick walls Built by Imhotep, pyramid shows no less than 5 changes in plan Made of layers inclines against a steep-sided core, enlarged further Usually underground chambers were finished prior to the super structure Great Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu four sides face the cardinal points and are equilateral triangles there are 3 separate internal chambers due to change of plan the subterranean and queen’s chambers are discarded projects original entrance was a descending corridor that was modified when an ascending one was cut in its ceiling Review on Egyptian Architecture 12  when the queen’s chamber was discarded, it was extended to the “Grand Gallery” covered by ramped corbelled vault of seven great courses Temples were sanctuaries where ONLY pharoahs and priests can enter 2 Types of Temples Mortuary Temple → Worship of pharaohs or built in honor of pharaohs. Typically has faces in the Heiroglyphics. Cult Temple → Worship of gods or built in honor of gods and deities. Has animal faces depicting gods. Entrance Pylon → massive sloping towers fronting an obelisk Hypatheral Court → a large outer court open to the sky surrounded on 3 sides by double collonades Hypostyle Hall → a pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns to which was admitted a clerestory The Sanctuary → surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with the temple service Temple of Menuhotep, Deir El Bahari, Thebes a mortuary temple connected to a corrridor tomb terraced in two levels at the base of steep cliffs lower part has a tree planted forecourt with an inclined walkway connecting to the upper terrace Review on Egyptian Architecture 13  on the latter, double colonades on a small completely solid pyramid, raised on a podium and surrounded by wa walked hypostyle hall with more double colonades Great Temple of Abu Simbel example of a rock-cut temple by Rameses II imposing facade of 36m wide x 32m tall with 4 rock-cut seated collosal statues of Rameses II over 20m high Review on Egyptian Architecture 14 Review on Egyptian Architecture 15