Music of Southeast Asia - MAPEH Music 8 Quarter 1 PDF

# Music of Southeast Asia - MAPEH Music 8 Quarter 1 ## Music of: - Cambodia - Indonesia - Laos - Malaysia - Myanmar - Philippines - Singapore - Thailand - Vietnam ## 01 Cambodia - Cambodia is one of the most beautiful countries in Southeast Asia. - It is also known as Kâmpŭchéa. - It was the ce...

# Music of Southeast Asia - MAPEH Music 8 Quarter 1 ## Music of: - Cambodia - Indonesia - Laos - Malaysia - Myanmar - Philippines - Singapore - Thailand - Vietnam ## 01 Cambodia - Cambodia is one of the most beautiful countries in Southeast Asia. - It is also known as Kâmpŭchéa. - It was the center of the Khmer (Cambodian) kingdom of Angkor, a great empire that dominated Southeast Asia for 600 years. - Their music gained a worldwide reputation in the 1960s until the dramatic political problems in Cambodia. - Art music is highly influenced by ancient forms as well as Hindu forms. - Cambodian court music is roughly similar to that of Java, Indonesia. They feature choruses with large orchestras based on struck keys and gongs. - Cambodian people also absorbed and adopted Indian, Chinese, European, and other cultures to suit their own traditions and tastes that resulted in a distinct Cambodian culture. ### The Pinpeat - The Pinpeat is a Cambodian musical ensemble or an orchestra that usually accompanies ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples. - Music is always part of their court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious ceremonies. - This group is similar to the Piphat ensemble of Thailand and usually consists of nine or ten instruments. #### The PINPEAT Ensemble: | Instrument | Type | |---|---| | SAMPHOR | double-headed drum played with hands (membranophone) | | ONEAT | xylophones (idiophone) | | CHHING | finger cymbals (idiophone) | | KONGVONG | gong circles (idiophone) | | SKORTHOM | two big drums similar to Japanese (membranophone) | ## 02 Indonesia - Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia comprising approximately 17,500 islands. - With over 238 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country and is the fourth biggest nation of the world. - Through interaction with other cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese and European, a wide range of musical styles has been developed. - Today the contemporary music of Indonesia is popular not only in the region but also in the neighbouring countries. - There are two basic kinds of Indonesian music scale: 1. Slendro - five (5) equidistant tones in octave 2. Peloq - heptatonic (7) tone scale with semi tone - Both vocal and instrumental music in Indonesia use slendro and peloq scales. - Polyphonic stratification kind of melody is a result of hocket/Interlock. - Interlocking is a common technique used in gong ensembles. - Irama - is an Indonesian term for tempo. ### Gamelan - The Gamelan or Gamelan orchestra is the most popular form of music in Indonesia. - There are many types of Gamelan, but the famous Javanese and Balinese Gamelan are the most famous. - It contains a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, kendang and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings. #### Gamelan Orchestras: - are used to accompany dances, songs, and Wayang Kulit; - are believed to possess supernatural powers; - consider their instruments sacred, therefore stepping over the instrument is a sign of disrespect; - musicians bow before playing the instruments to show respect. #### Javanese Gamelan: - Used for court music - Percussion dominated - Style of playing gives solemn character #### Balinese Gamelan: - Used for sacred music - Consist of metallophone and mostly gongs - Sudden change of tempo and dynamics are the basic characteristic. - Sounds are very bright and brilliant - Use of fast and rattling sounds of cymbals makes distinctive characters - Vocal music is used as ornamentation of the Gamelan. It is as important as gamelan. 1. Pesindhen is a female soloist singer who sings with a Gamelan. 2. Gerong refers to the unison male chorus that sings with the gamelan. - Karawitan is the term for every kind of gamelan music in Java. ## 03 Myanmar - Myanmar was known as Burma until 1989. - When the country's name was officially changed by the military government that took over in 1988. - Early civilization in Myanmar dates back to the 1st century with archaeological evidences of the Pyu Kingdoms of Thayekhittaya (Sri Ksetra), Beithano (Visnu), and Hanlin. - The music of Myanmar (or Burma) has similarities with many other musical traditions in the region, including Chinese music and Thai music, probably because its longest land border is shared with China. - The Hsaing Waing is Myanmar’s traditional folk music ensemble. - It is made up mainly of different gongs and drums as well as other instruments depending on the nature of the performance. - Myanmar’s musical instruments are categorized into 2 types: the loud sounding and soft sounding. - The loud sounding instruments are performed in open-air ensembles at ceremonies and festivals. - Most of the Hsaing Waing instruments belong to the loud sounding category. #### Other Instruments in the Hsaing Waing are the: | Instrument | Description | |---|---| | hne | a double reed pipe | | chauk lon pat | a set of 8 tuned drums | | maung hsaing | larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame | | pat waing | a set of 21 drums in a circle | | kyi waing | small bronze gongs in a circular frame | | siand wa | (bell and clapper) | - For more formal and classical performances that are performed indoors, the ensemble may be accompanied by the Saung Gauk the national instrument of (13-string angular harp with soft sound) Myanmar, the pattala (Burmese xylophone), or the piano and violin, both introduced during colonial rule. - Myanmar not only has musical ensembles but also an extensive collection of classical songs called the Mahagita. These songs are divided into different types like the oldest repertoires, royal court music, songs of longing, horses' dance songs, worship songs for Burmese spirits, and songs of sorrow and music adapted from Ayutthaya and the Mon people. The saung gauk usually accompanies these songs. ## 04 Malaysia - Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. - It is divided into two regions: 1. West Malaysia - also known as Peninsular Malaysia 2. East Malaysia consists of thirteen states and three federal territories. - Chinese and Indian cultural influences made their mark when trade began in the country. Trading also increased when immigrants flocked to Malaysia. - The country is multiethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in developing their culture. - The constitution declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedom of religion. - Multi-racial groups that influenced Malaysia’s music genre: 1. Malay 2. Chinese 3. Indian 4. Iban 5. Dayak 6. Kadazandusun 7. Eurasians - Malaysian music is largely based around percussion instruments. - It has multicultural influence and is believed to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with a mixture of Indian, Chinese, Thai, and Indonesian influences. - The music of Malaysia may be categorized into two types: 1. Classical and Folk music emerged during the pre-colonial period and still exists in the form of vocal, dance, and theatrical music. 2. Syncretic or Acculturated music developed during the post-Portuguese period (16th century). It contains elements from both local music and foreign elements of Arabian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, and Western musical and theatrical sources. ### Malaysian Musical Instruments: - Musical instruments of Malaysia are greatly associated with their culture and roots. - Due to colonization, the stages of development of Malaysian instruments are great. - They share some common features with Indian musical instruments. - After the colonization of Malaysia by the British, the musical development was influenced by Western music. ### Musical Ensembles and Types of Performances in Malaysia: 1. Agung and Kulintang This is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East Malaysia. - This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang of the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia. 2. Kertok - This is a musical ensemble from the Malay Peninsula that consists of xylophones played swiftly and rhythmically in traditional Malay functions. 3. Dikir Barat -This is a type of musical form that is important to Malaysia’s national culture. - It is performed by singing in groups and often in a competitive manner usually with percussion instrumental accompaniment or sometimes without instruments at all. 4. Silat Melayu This is a form of martial art that is similar to t'ai chi. - It originated in the Malay Peninsula since the Christian Era and is a mixture of martial arts, dance, and music usually accompanied by gongs, drums, and Indian oboes. ## Thank You for Listening!