Materials Introduction PowerPoint PDF

Materials Science Dr Lennart Ljungberg professor University of Skövde  MATERIALS SCIENCE The importance of materials and the possibilities to produce various products of them in the society can be understood from the historical pe...

Materials Science Dr Lennart Ljungberg professor University of Skövde  MATERIALS SCIENCE The importance of materials and the possibilities to produce various products of them in the society can be understood from the historical periods like stone age, bronze age and iron age. Material products are typically produced of 1. METALS  Common examples: Steel (Fe + C), Aluminum (Al), Bronze (e.g. Cu + Sn)  History: > 6000 years  Typical areas of use: Bridges, buildings, cars, engines  Typical properties: Electric and thermal conductive, shining surface, high strength, plastic and elastic  Typical advantages: Durable and strong, often plastic formable, often cheap  Typical disadvantages: High cost for machining, mostly corrosion sensitive  Classification of the sustainability: Easy recyclable (remeltable) Metals Metals  2. CERAMICS  Synthetic non-metallic materials made by high temperature chemical reactions (typically > 1000oC) or low temperature reactions (typically < 500 oC) -Traditional: porcelain (clay), mineral glass, brick, cement,… (Various compositions with typically low strength) -Advanced ceramics: Al2O3, Si3N4, SiC, etc (Typically high purity with high strength)  History: Traditional (> 6000 years). Advanced ceramics (about 150 years)  Typical areas of use: Traditional ceramics: buildings, insulators,… Advanced ceramics: parts in engines, abrasives,…  Typical properties: High hardness, low density compared to many metals, high electric resistance  Typical advantages: Non toxic, light, hard and durable, corrosion resistant, high temp. resistant  Typical disadvantages: Brittle, high cost for machining when, burnt, not suitable for load in tension  Classification of the sustainability: easy to deposit (often non toxic), possible but expensive to re-melt Ceramics Ceramics 3. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS  Common examples: - Thermoplastics (e.g. PE, PS, PC, PP). Meltable, soft, soluble,… - Thermosetting resins (e.g. epoxy), Rubber (e.g. Isopren). Non meltable, strong 3D-bonded atomic structure, non soluble,…  History: about 150 years  Plastics = Polymer chain + additives  Typical areas of use: Tubes, Hoses, Clothes, tires, packaging materials, toys, electric equipment,…  Typical properties: Low density, high electric resistivity, viscoelastic behaviour  Typical advantages: Generally non toxic, light, cheap and easy forming,…  Typical disadvantages: Sometimes very toxic when burnt, sensitive to high temperatures Synthetic polymers Some important areas for polymers today: Synthetic polymers 4. NATURAL ORGANIC MATERIALS  Common examples: Wood, cotton, silk  Organic = based on C (carbon)  History: Since the beginning of history  Typical areas of use: Textiles, buildings, furnitures,…  Typical properties: Low density, hygroscopic, often toxic when impregnated,…  Typical advantages: Low density, cheap and easy machining (forming),  Typical disadvantages: Decomposes easily, toxic when impregnated  Classification of the sustainability: Recyclable by e.g. burning, Natural organic materials Natural organic materials Natural organic materials 5. NATURAL NON METALLIC INORGANIC MATERIALS  Common examples: Stone, minerals  Inorganic = Not based on C (Carbon)  History: Since the beginning of history  Typical areas of use: Buildings  Typical properties: See ceramics above!  Typical advantages: See ceramics above!  Typical disadvantages: See ceramics above!  Classification of the sustainability: See ceramics above! Natural inorganic materials Natural inorganic materials Natural inorganic materials 6. COMPOSITES  Common examples: mixed materials (e.g. PS+glassfibres, Cu+W-fıbres, Rubber+textilfıbres, asphalt (oil+stone), Wood Polymer Composites (WPC), Sunburnt brick with straws  History: Since the beginning of history. (No strict definition).  Typical areas of use: Flight and space industry, sport equipment,…  Typical properties: Very various due to the used materials  Typical advantages: Optimized use of the used materials, often very strong and light  Typical disadvantages: Often expensive to produce,…  Classification of the sustainability: Typically low sustainability due to separation problems for the mixed materials Composites Composites Questions: Give examples of non material technical products. How can more sustainable products be developed? Give examples of products where the material can be substituted with another material with the desired functions maintained. How is the design related to the material? Give examples!