Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering.pdf

Materials Science & Engineering: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING College of Engineering CTU - Danao Campus  ๏ Choosing the Right Materials for Industry Use Applications Industrial  Industrial Applic...

Materials Science & Engineering: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING College of Engineering CTU - Danao Campus  ๏ Choosing the Right Materials for Industry Use Applications Industrial  Industrial Applications ROBOTIC ARM  WHY Applications Industrial CHOOSE THESE DESIGNS? ROBOTIC ARM  ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING Applications Industrial WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF THE TWO?? ELECTRICAL NON-METALLIC TUBING  “Without materials there is no engineering” - Anonymous Materials Science and Engineering  ๏Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Materials Science and Engineering Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production — virtually every segment is influenced to one degree or another by materials Materials Science and Engineering Materials Science and Engineering From this… Materials Science and Engineering TO this…  Three of the Greatest “Cultural” Revolutions occurred in antiquity, and they are named for the material use associated with these revolutions Historical Stone Bronze Timeline Iron Advanced materials  Beginning of the Materials Science ‣ people began to make tools from stone ‣ Start of the Stone Age about 2 million Historical Timeline years ago ‣ stone tools ‣ Natural materials ‣ such as stone, wood, ‣ clay, skins, etc.  Beginning of the Materials Science ‣Neolithic Age - beginning of settled human lifestyle ‣ anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens, Historical Timeline with same mindset) ‣ invention of agriculture in the middle East ‣ pottery/glass in Mesopotamia ‣ 4000-2000 BC: Copper Age  The Bronze Age ‣ Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with ‣ Bronze is an alloy (copper + 25% tin + other elements) Historical Timeline ‣ Since bronze can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms. ‣ Urban Age  The Iron Age ‣ began about 3000 years ago and continues today ‣ uses iron and steel, a stronger and Historical Timeline cheaper material that changed drastically the daily life of a common person  Age of Advanced Materials ‣ throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites, Historical superconductors, etc.) Timeline ‣ an understanding of the relationship of structure-composition-properties leads to a remarkable progress in properties of materials (e.g. the strength, density ratio of materials) ‣ emergence of intelligent design of new materials  Age of Advanced Materials ‣1650 Classical physics — Mechanics ‣1800 Metallography/ Crystallography ‣1900 Physical Metallurgy, Crystal Physics, Historical Timeline Statistical Physics, Modern Physics, Solid State Physics ‣1947 invention of transistor at Bell Labs ‣1950 Materials Science and Engineering ‣1955 Silicon Age (electronic materials, information technology) st ‣21 century: Nanoscience and Technology Evolution of Materials Evolution of Materials  ➡ With time people discovered techniques for producing materials that are superior to natural ones ‣ from natural clay to pottery, from metal ore to alloys ➡ It was also discovered that a material can be Historical Timeline altered by heat treatments and by addition of other substances ➡ The development of many technologies makes our existence so comfortable associated with the accessibility of suitable materials ‣ Biodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, “Smart” materials  Throughout history, material advancement has gone hand-in-hand with societal advancements: The Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age were all Historical Timeline significant materials and societal periods in humankind’s development. Different materials age has passed by. Today, many considered it is the time for “digital age”. Regardless of the age that we are in, it is clear that the materials and the capability of the materials underlying these technologies are integral to the current and future capabilities in these areas. Historical Timeline  What is Materials Science & Engineering? Materials Science - is the study and understanding of the relationships that exist Definition of between structure and properties of materials (the emphasis is on the fundamentals, Ex. thermodynamics, Terms structural evolution, etc.) - investigating relationships between structures and properties of materials, and concern with the design/development of new materials  What is Materials Science & Engineering? Materials Engineering - it is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to Definition of produce a predetermined set of properties. Terms ➡ creation of products that shows how to apply knowledge from existing materials in the development of new materials and making things better Engineering Materials - is a subject which deals with the manufacturing, properties and uses of material used in applied engineering. ➡ refers to the group of materials that are used in the construction of manmade structures and components, with the primary function is to withstand applied loading without breaking and without exhibiting excessive deflection  Materials Scientist ‣ study materials and create new materials Materials Engineer Roles ‣ u s e m a t e r i a l s a n d c re a t e n e w processes ‣ they create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials Note: Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers.  Why Study Materials Science & Engineering? For example, when buying a carbonated beverages a person’s choice would come to play. One may consider beverages that are in glass, metal, or plastic Relevance containers. These factors drives manufacturers of carbonated beverages to offer their products in a range of different materials. When selecting a material for a product there are many factors that must be taken into account, including properties, performance, and lifetime of the material; availability of raw materials; cost and energy usage in all steps of the processing; sustainability; waste disposal, etc.  Why Study Materials Science & Engineering? Since many applied scientist or engineer s (mechanical, civil, electrical, or chemical) will be exposed at one time or another to a design Relevance problem involving materials. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be in making good judgement in materials choices.  Why Study Materials Science & Engineering? It drives innovation in both research and industry in everything from aerospace to medicine Relevance It is fundamental to ALL other science and engineering disciplines As materials scientist and engineers, we integrate chemistry, physics, maths and biology with engineering to address global challenges relevant to technology, society and the environment  Why Study Materials Science & Engineering? Main problem in materials is selecting the right material from the thousands that are available. On only rare occasions does a material possess the Relevance maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus consider the ff. conditions: First, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material Second, consideration to any deterioration of material properties Finally, the most important consideration is that of economics. It answers to this question: ➡ What will the finished product cost?  ๏ The Four Components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their interrelationship: Materials Science Tetrahedron  ๏ The Four Components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their interrelationship: When utilizing a material, one needs to Materials Science understand that the structure, properties, Tetrahedron processing, and performance of the material are interrelated (represented by the materials science tetrahedron). Adjusting any one of the factors will have varying degrees of impact on the other three factors. Characterization is the heart of the tetrahedron, signifying its role in monitoring the four components.  ๏ Structure ‣ relates to the arrangement of its internal components (subatomic, atomic, microscopic, macroscopic) Components  ๏Properties ‣ are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces ‣ Important properties of solid materials Components may be grouped into six different categories: 1. Mechanical properties 2. Electrical properties 3. Magnetic properties 4. Thermal properties 5. Optical properties 6. Chemical stability (or deteriorative)  ๏Processing ‣ or processing of materials ‣ in relation to other components, Components the structure of the material will depend on how it is processed ๏Performance ‣ or performance of materials ‣ a material’s performance will be a function of its properties Classification of Materials Classification of Materials  On basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into 3 general (classical) categories: 1)Metals ‣ composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g. Classification of Materials Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, Gold, Nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (e.g., Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen) in relatively small amounts. ‣ they are usually good conductors of heat and electricity  On basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into 3 general (classical) categories: 2)Polymers ‣ it includes plastics and rubber materials Classification of Materials ‣ have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material. ‣ Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibers, composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics  On basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into 3 general (classical) categories: 3)Ceramics ‣ generally compounds between metallic and Classification of Materials nonmetallic elements chemically bonded together and include such compounds as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. ‣ they are usually insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments  Glasses ‣ Glasses and ceramics are close cousins to each other ; ceramics are crystalline, glasses are amorphous Classification ‣ a non- crystalline, often transparent of Materials amorphous solid ‣ the most familiar, and historically the oldest type of manufactured glass are “silicate glasses”  Composites ‣ consists of a mixture of two or more materials ‣ Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer ‣ Concrete and plywood Classification of Materials Classification of Materials Composites  Advanced Materials ➡ they are materials utilize in high-technology applications Classification of Materials ➡ typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and also newly developed to be high performance materials - many times with very specific tasks in mind ➡ by high-technology, it means that the material is produced by a device or product that functions using intricate and sophisticated principles ➡ Examples: electronic equipment, computers, fiber- optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, military rocketry  Advanced Materials: Semiconductors ‣ or Electronic Materials Classification of Materials ‣ have electrical properties that are intermediate between electrical conductors (generally metals) and non conductors or insulators (such as ceramics) ‣ it made possible the appearance of integrated circuits that has allowed for the electronics and computers revolution that we have experienced in the last 50 years  Advanced Materials: Biomaterials ‣ any substance (other than drugs) that are implanted into the human body to treats, Classification of Materials augments, and replace diseased or damaged body parts ‣ must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible to human tissues; ability to survive in the body (biocompatible) ‣ all of the preceding materials — metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors may be used as biomaterials  Advanced Materials: Smart Materials ‣ or “Materials of the Future” together with nano engineered materials Classification of Materials ‣ designed to mimic biological behavior ‣ materials that like biological systems, “respond to environment stimuli” in a timely manner with particular changes in some variables such as undergoing a material property change ‣ they are able to receive, transmit or process a stimulus and respond by producing reversible effect ‣ Example: a Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD), instrument used to detect minute variations on the Earth’s magnetic field (used in military equipments, aircrafts)  Advanced Materials: Smart Materials Classification of Materials Material’s Response photochromic lenses thermochromic mugs  Advanced Materials: Nanomaterials ‣ it can be any of the four Classification basic types — metals, of Materials ceramics, polymers, and composites ‣ microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties ‣ unlike other materials, they are not distinguished on the basis of their chemistry, but rather size  Modern Materials’ Needs ‣ In spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of Materials Science materials science and engineering within and Engineering the past few years, technological challenges still remain, including the development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of mater ials production.  In conclusion… Anthropologists, archeologists, and historians use the level of materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Materials Science and Engineering Age) to designate the stages of societal development. In today’s society, materials development continue to shape development and advancement.