Special Senses & Higher Brain Function PDF

Special Sense Higher Function of the Brain The Special Sense The visual system The Auditory and vestibular Systems The Chemical Senses Structures of Eye Similarity to automatic camera (눈동자) Automatic focus control Automatic...

Special Sense Higher Function of the Brain The Special Sense The visual system The Auditory and vestibular Systems The Chemical Senses Structures of Eye Similarity to automatic camera (눈동자) Automatic focus control Automatic exposure control Superior to automatic camera Tracking of moving objects (홍채) Automatic cleaning (결막) (공막) (각막) Retina Phototransduction Visual Transduction in the retina Dark current, light-induced hyperpolarization How do we recognize colors? - 3 types of opsins. -Blue cones(S): 430nm -Green cones(M): 530nm -Red cones(L): 560nm Color Vision 1) Trichromatic theory 2) Opponent process theory Visual Pathways 시각경로 1) Retina 망막 Retinofugal projection 2) Thalamus 시상 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 3) Primary Visual Cortex 일차시각피질 V1 4) Visual association cortex 시각연합피질 5) Others: superior colliculus Scotoma Bitemporal hemianopsia Homonymous hemianopsia Homonymous quatraanopsia Primary Visual Cortex 일차시각피질 Striate Cortex -V1 = primary visual cortex = striate cortex = Broadmann’s area 17 - I-IV layers ( A, B, C, C) Visual Association Coetrx Extrastriate Visual Cortex The Special Sense The visual system The Auditory and vestibular Systems The Chemical Senses  The Ear External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Organ of Corti How do we distinguish sounds? Determination of Sound Frequency 1. "Place" principle (Tonotopy) - the position along the basilar membrane 2. "Frequency"(or "volley) principle (Phase locking) How do we distinguish the intensity and direction of sounds? Determination of Loudness 1) More rapid rates 2) More & more of the hair cells 3) High-threshold cells Discrimination of the Sound Direction Interaural time delay Interaural intensity difference “sonic shadow",  Central Auditory Pathways 1) Auditory Pathway Bilateral pathway 2) Many collateral fibers of the auditory tracts pass directly into the reticular activating systems 3) Spatial representations of sound frequencies in the cochlear nuclei, inferior colliculi, primary auditory cortex and auditory association areas. The Special Sense The visual system The Auditory and vestibular Systems The Chemical Senses The Vestibular apparatus 전정기관 Vestibular Apparatus Utricle & Saccule; Otolith organ Semicircular canals Vestibular Transduction in the Otolith organ Macula; Small sensory organ(>2 mm in diam.) Utricle in the horizontal plane; Saccule in the vertical plane; It is these "patterns" that inform the brain of the head's orientations. Functions of the Semicircular canal and vestibuli 세반고리관 과 전정기관의 기능 Angular Acceleration Linear Acceleration The Special Sense The visual system The Auditory and vestibular Systems The Chemical Senses Taste (Gustation) Smell (Olfaction)  Taste(Gustation) 미각 Taste Receptors Primary Tastes 기본 맛감각; salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami Each taste bud(미뢰, 맛봉우리): 50~150 receptor cells -Taste bud cells are constantly recycled (life span: ~2 weeks). Pathways of Tastes 맛감각 전달경로 (1) Primary gustatory axons Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) (2) Pons; gustatory nucleus (3) Thalamus; Ventral posterior medial nucleus (4) Cerebral cortex; Brodmann’s area 36 and the insula- operculum regions of the cortex Olfaction 후각 Olfactory Receptors Olfactory Sensory Neuron; about 2month Quick Adaptation Generation of olfactory receptor potential 후각수용기압 발생 * Concentration of Cl- must be very high inside the olfactory receptor cells. Olfactory receptor proteins Over 1000 types of receptor genes in rats (the largest gene family) (humans: ~350 receptor genes) Each olfactory receptor cell seems to express only one of the 1000 types of receptor genes Temporal coding Population coding Broad tuning of single olfactory receptor cells Central pathways for olfaction 후각중추경로 New pathway: conscious perception Old pathway: olfactory reflexes (e.g. of olfaction salvation); automatic control of food intake and aversion to toxic food  How to Think, Feel, Say, Learn and Memory 신경계의 고위통합기능 Integrative Functions of the Nervous System 아주대학교 의과대학 생리학 백은주 HTTPS://WWW.FOODNAVIGATOR.COM/ARTICLE/201 2/05/21/SAT-FATS-HAMPER-BRAIN-FUNCTION-AND- [email protected] MEMORY-STUDY  학습목표 1. 대뇌피질(cerebral cortex)의 구성과 기능 2. 전두엽(frontal lobe), 두정엽 (Parietal lobe), 측두엽(temporal lobe), 후두엽 (Occipital lobe)의 기능 3. 언어(language)중추와 대뇌우위(cerebral dominance) 4. 감정(Emotion)과 동기(Motivation), 인지(cognition), Decision-Making 관여 뇌 5. 대뇌의 전기적 활동과 뇌파(electroencephalogram, EEG) 6. 학습과 기억( learning and memory) 7. 신경가소성(Neural plasticity) 대뇌피질(The Cerebral Cortex) 600 cm3 용적, 2500 cm2 surface area Highly convoluted and folded Dominant Hemisphere Central, Lateral and parieto-occipital sulcus Fontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes Insula Corpus callosum 뇌량 Limbic lobe 변연계 Hippocampal formation 해마 From Quizlet Archicortex, Paleocortex, Neocortex By phylogenetically Archicortex 10% of the human cortex, 3 layers, 해마 hippocampal formation Paleocortex 3-5 layers Mesocortex 3-6 layers Limbic system Neocortex 6 layers By Quizlet The Neocortex Neuronal Cell Types in the Neocortex Pyramidal cells Stellate cells (granule cells); interneurons Excitatory or Inhibitory Cytoarchitecture of Cortical Layers VI layers Cortical Afferent and Efferent Fibers Regional Variations  The Neocortex Brodmann’s Area Primary Motor cortex, Betz cell Primary sensory cortex Striate cortex Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Frontal Lobe(전두엽) Motor Area; Motor, premotor, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor and, frontal eye field Planning and executing Broca’s area for the generation of speech (dominant hemisphere); Motor Aphasia) Orbitofrontal lobe; olfactory cortex Anterior prefrontal cortex for personality and emotional behavior Attention deficit, problem-solving ability and lack of sociality, impulsive behavior, and motivation and emotional damage Frontal lobectomy Phineas Gage’s iron path Parietal Lobe(두정엽) Primary Sensory cortex Body awareness Parietal association cortex; Gerstmann’s syndrome ; lesions in Lt(dominant) parietal lobe Dysgraphia, dyscalculia, finger agnosia, Left-right disorientation Neglect syndrome; lesions in Rt parietal lobe (spatial context) ignoring the Lt side of their world, even of their body eat only the food on the Rt side shave/wash the Rt side problem of attention, not blindness Occipital Lobe(후두엽) Visual processing and perception V1, V2, and V3 Connection to the frontal eye field Projections to the midbrain Temporal Lobe(측두엽) Auditory and equilibrium information High-Dimensional Visual Information Processing The infratemporal cortex; recognition of face Wernicke's area; Sensory aphasia Klüver-Bucy syndrome; Bilateral temporal lobe lesion Cerebral Dominance and Language Cerebral dominance Dominant hemisphere Aphasia Cerebral Dominance and Language Cerebral dominance Dominant hemisphere Aphasia Wernicke’s area Broca’s area Aphasia Receptive aphasia Expressive aphasia Sensory aphasia Motor aphasia Fluent aphasia Non-fluent aphasia The Corpus Callosum Left and Right Hemisphere차이 Cortical neglect Anosognosia 인식불능증 Agraphesthesia 서화실인증 Astereognosis 입체인식불능 The Corpus Callosum Interhemispheric transfer of information Test in a patient with Transected corpus callosum Split brain Emotion Limbic system Papez circuit; learning and memory Interoceptive awareness (내수용 인식) Unconcious emotional brain activity - Masking stimuli by Arne Ohman, Ray Dolan, and their colleagues in Sweden - Conditioned on photos of expressionless and angry faces Motivation Nucleus accumbens Ventral tegmentum area Dopamine; common reward currency Pleasure center, Reward center Decision Making 의사결정 BCD Affecting factors; bias, reason, emotion, memory What shall I do next? How to move a muscle? (기저핵) (소뇌)  What shall I do next? Voluntary actions Object-oriented (stimulus driven) actions Perceptual and Semantic Processing in Cognitive Robots Sensing >> Analysis >> Decision >> Action Roles of Basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor control Thinking, Fast and Slow Medical agent X’s cognitive cycle Published in 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Human-like Intelligence (CIHLI) 2014  Electrical Activity of Cerebral Cortex EEG(electroencephalogram) Result from the generation of synaptic potentials in the pyramidal cells; field potential EEG frequency; alpha(8-12 Hz), beta(13-30 Hz), theta(3-7Hz), delta(0.5-2 Hz) Judgement of Brain death Epilepsy) Grand mal seizure, Petit mal seizure  Stages of Sleep EEG waves 1) Beta 2) Alpha 3) Theta 4) Delta REM and non-REM sleep Rapid eye movement, dream, Paradoxical sleep X-ray CT (computerized tomography) PET (Positron emission tomography) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Learning and memory Habituation 습관화 Sensitization Associative conditioning Learning and memory Habituation Sensitization 민감화 Presynaptic facilitation Associative conditioning Learning and memory Associative conditioning 연합조건화 Learning and memory Mechanism of Learning Learning and memory Long-term potentiation ; tetanus stimulation required Long-term depression Learning and memory Long-term potentiation Long-term depression Learning and Memory Memory processing Encoding, storage, consolidation, and retrieval Short-term memory Long-term memory Amnesia  Learning and Memory Long-term Memory Declarative memory; knowing what Procedural memory; knowing how 암묵 비서술형 외현 서술형 초기감작, 절차기억, 조건화기억 의미기억 일화기억