Zoology Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2024 PDF

Zoology Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2024 Know A representative organism from each of the Arthropod Classes. - Class Insecta (Insects):- Examples: Housefly (Musca domestica), Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus), Honeybee (Apis mellifera), Grasshopper (Acrididae) - Class Arachnida (Spiders, Scorpio...

Zoology Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2024 Know A representative organism from each of the Arthropod Classes. - Class Insecta (Insects):- Examples: Housefly (Musca domestica), Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus), Honeybee (Apis mellifera), Grasshopper (Acrididae) - Class Arachnida (Spiders, Scorpions, Mites): Examples: Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus mactans), Scorpion (Scorpionidae), Tick (Ixodidae) - Class Crustacea (Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp): Examples: American Lobster (Homarus americanus), Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus), Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) - Class Myriapoda (Centipedes, Millipedes): Examples: House Centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata), Giant Millipede (Archispirostreptus gigas) - Class Chelicerata (Horseshoe Crabs, Sea Spiders): - Examples: Atlantic Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus), Sea Spider (Pycnogonida) Know your insect orders. 1. Coleoptera - Beetles 2. Diptera - Flies, mosquitoes, gnats 3. Lepidoptera - Butterflies and moths 4. Hymenoptera - Bees, wasps, ants, sawflies 5. Orthoptera - Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids 6. Hemiptera - True bugs, cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers 7. Odonata - Dragonflies and damselflies 8. Blattodea - Cockroaches. Isoptera - Termites 9. Mantodea - Praying mantises Define:, alimentary canal, parthenogenic, incurrent/excurrent siphon, septa, setae, nephridium, crop, gizzard, monoecious, and dioecious. - Alimentary canal: The continuous tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus in animals, including humans, through which food passes, is digested, and waste is eliminated. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated structures. - Parthenogenic: A form of asexual reproduction in which an organism develops from an unfertilized egg. It occurs in some plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, such as certain insects, reptiles, and fish. - Incurrent Siphon: A structure in aquatic animals, such as bivalves and tunicates, that allows water to enter the body for feeding and respiration. - Excurrent Siphon: A structure that allows water to exit after it has been used for processes like filtering food and respiration. - Septa: Thin walls or partitions that divide structures into sections. In biology, septa are found in organisms such as fungi (dividing hyphae) or earthworms (separating coelomic compartments). - Setae: Bristle-like structures made of chitin found in many invertebrates, such as annelids and arthropods, used for locomotion, sensation, or anchoring. - Nephridium: An excretory organ found in many invertebrates, like annelids and mollusks, that removes metabolic waste and maintains osmoregulation. It functions similarly to kidneys in higher organisms. - Crop: A part of the digestive system in certain animals, such as birds and annelids, that serves as a storage chamber for food before it moves to the stomach or gizzard. - Gizzard: A muscular part of the digestive tract in some animals, such as birds and earthworms, that grinds food, often with the help of ingested stones or grit. - Monoecious: An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, allowing it to produce both eggs and sperm. Examples include many plants and some invertebrates, like earthworms. - Dioecious: An organism where individuals are distinctly male or female, with separate reproductive organs. This system ensures that reproduction occurs between two separate individuals, as in humans, most animals, and many plants. Echinoderms and Hemichordates What is the difference between a protostome and deuterostome? - Protostomes, first opening that forms during embryonic development becomes the mouth. Cleavage patterns: spiral cleavage Fate of blastopore: becomes mouth Development of coelom: schizocoelous coelom - Deuterostomes, the second opening that forms during embryonic development becomes the mouth (anus first) Cleavage patterns: radial cleavage Fate of blastopore: becomes anus Development of coelom: enterocoelous coelom. Which phyla are protostomes and which are deuterostomes? - protostome phyla include arthropods, molluscs, annelids, and nematodes. - deuterostome phyla include chordates (including vertebrates), echinoderms, and hemichordates. What are some general characteristics of Echinoderms and Hemichordates. What are specific classes in each group. - Echinoderms- Radially symmetrical marine invertebrates, water vascular system with tube feet, calcareous endoskeleton covered in spines, radial cleavage during development, major classes: Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea - Hemichordates- marine invertebrates with some chordate-like features, proboscis, collar, and trunk body plan, dorsal nerve chord and pharyngeal gill slits, Radial cleavage during development, Major classes, Enteropneusta (acorn worms), Pterobranchia (graptolotes) Chordates and Chondrichthyes What characteristics do organisms in the phyla Chordates share in common? - Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic organisms with a well-developed coelom and a complete digestive system What is the dorsal hollow nerve cord and how is it formed during development? - The dorsal hollow nerve cord is a key chordate characteristic. It forms from the ectoderm folding inward during embryonic development to create a hollow, dorsal nerve tube. What is notochord? How is it used? How is it related to the spinal cord and how is it different? - The notochord is a flexible, rod-like structure that runs along the dorsal side of the body. It provides structural support and allows for undulating movement. In vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column during development, with remnants found in the intervertebral discs. Why are lancets and tunicates called invertebrate chordates? - Lancets (Cephalochordata) and tunicates (Urochordata) are called invertebrate chordates because they possess the five key chordate characteristics (notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, endostyle, and postanal tail) but lack a true vertebral column. How are the subphyla Cephalochordata and Urochordata similar? How are they different? What are some of the types of species (again general) found in each subphylum? - Cephalochordates (lancets) and Urochordates (tunicates) are similar in that they both possess the basic chordate features, especially during the larval stage. They differ in that adult tunicates lose many chordate characteristics as they undergo metamorphosis. What is the significance of the finding that tunicates have genes associated with heart, thyroid and other organs in their genome? - The finding that tunicates have genes associated with the heart, thyroid, and other organs is significant because it suggests these key vertebrate features may have evolutionary origins in the invertebrate chordates. What characteristics do organisms in the subphyla Vertebrata share in common? - Vertebrates (subphylum Vertebrata) share characteristics like a true vertebral column, a well- developed head with a bony or cartilaginous cranium, and a chambered heart. What is the relationship between notochord and vertebrae? How are they different from each other? Which is present in vertebrates (be careful)? - The notochord is replaced by the vertebral column in vertebrates, providing more structural support. The vertebrae develop around the notochord remnants. How do gene duplication events lead to increased diversity? - Gene duplication events allow for increased diversity by providing raw genetic material for new functions to evolve What organisms belong to the classes Mynini and Petromyzontida? Why are the considered vertebrates? What characteristics do they share that make them “primitive vertebrates?” - Hagfish (Myxini) and lampreys (Petromyzontida) are considered "primitive" vertebrates because they lack jaws and have a cartilaginous skeleton, but possess a notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord. What characteristics do organisms in the class Condrichthyes share in common? - Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) are characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, gill slits, and placoid scales. How do organisms in the class Condricthyes maintain buoyancy? - Chondrichthyes maintain buoyancy through the use of low-density liver oils. What types of sensory systems do organisms in the class Chondrichthyes utilize? - Chondrichthyes have acute senses like electroreception and vision to detect prey. What are the different modes of reproduction used by organisms in the class Chondrichthyes? - Chondrichthyes exhibit diverse reproductive strategies including oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity. Define: pharyngeal clefts, somites, myotomes, hox genes, vertebrae, neural crest cells, dorsal fin, pectoral fin - Pharyngeal clefts/slits: openings in the pharynx used for filter feeding in invertebrate chordates - Somites: blocks of mesoderm that develop into muscle segments (myotomes) - Hox genes: master regulatory genes that pattern the body plan - Vertebrae: bony or cartilaginous segments that make up the vertebral column - Neural crest cells: embryonic cells that give rise to many structures - Dorsal/pectoral fins: fins used for stability and maneuvering in fish Osteichthyes What characteristics do organisms in the class Osteichthyes share in common? - Osteichthyes share key characteristics like a bony skeleton, operculum, swim bladder, and lateral line system How do organisms in the class Osteichthyes maintain buoyancy? - Some bony fishes also store oils in their livers, which helps provide buoyancy. Others use a swim bladder, which is an air-filled sac that can be inflated or deflated to control buoyancy. This allows them to maintain their position in the water column without expending much energy. What is a lateral line and what is it used for? - The lateral line is a series of sensory pores along the sides of bony fishes.- It is used to detect movement, vibrations, and pressure changes in the surrounding water. This helps the fish orient itself, avoid predators, and locate prey. What is difference between ray finned and lobed fin fish? - Ray-finned fish (subclass Actinopterygii) have fins supported by bony spines or rays. This includes most common bony fishes like trout, bass, and tuna. - Lobe-finned fish (subclass Sarcopterygii) have fleshy, lobed fins with a central core of bone. This includes the coelacanth and lungfishes, which are considered the closest living relatives to tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates like amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) Amphibians, and Reptiles What characteristics do organisms in the superclass Tetrapoda share in common? - Four limbs - Adapted for life on land - Possess a bony endoskeleton with vertebral column - Breathe through lungs What characteristics does the Tiktaalik fossil have in common with fish and which with tetrapods? - Scales(fish) - Gills(fish) - Fins(fish) - Limb-like appendages with digits (tetrapods) - Neck (tetrapods) - Flattened head (tetrapods) What characteristics do organisms in the class Amphibia share in common? - Ectothermic (cold-blood) - Moist, permeable skin used for gas exchange - Larval stage (tadpole) with gills, followed by metamorphosis to adult form - Lack scales, feathers, or hair- Typically have four limbs and a tail Why do amphibians need to stay close to water? - Their skin is moist and permeable, so they are prone to desiccation out of water - Breathe through their skin and need to keep it moist - Reproduce by laying eggs in water, and their larval stage (tadpoles) are aquatic What is the process of metamorphosis in Amphibia? - Dramatic transformation from the larval tadpole stage to the adult frog/salamander form - Involves changes in body shape, loss of tail, development of limbs, and transition from gills to lungs What is the basal lineage of Chordates, of Vertebrates and of Tetrapods? - Chordates: Cephalochordata (lancelets) - Vertebrates: Agnatha (jawless fish) - Tetrapods: Amphibia What are some of the types of species (again general) found in each class and subclass of vertebrate that we discussed? - Agnatha (jawless fish): Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontida (lampreys) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish): Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays), Holocephali (chimaeras) - Osteichthyes (bony fish): Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) - Amphibia: Anura (frogs/toads), Caudata (salamanders), Gymnophiona (caecilians) - Reptilia: Squamata (lizards, snakes), Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators), Testudines (turtles) - Aves (birds) - Mammalia The largest number of species belongs to which class or subclass of vertebrates? - Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Which animal groups belong to the clade Amniotes? - Amniotes: Reptiles, birds, and mammals. What adaptations do amniotes have to reduce their dependency on water? - They have adaptations to reduce water loss, such as scales, feathers, or fur. What are the 4 extra-embryonic membranes found in all amniote embryos and what does each one do? - Amnion: Fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo - Chorion: Outermost membrane that encloses the embryo and other membranes - Allantois: Stores waste products - Yolk sac: Provides nutrients to the developing embryo What characteristics do organisms in the class Reptilia share in common? - Ectothermic - Dry, scaly skin - Breathe through lungs - Lay soft-shelled, leathery eggs on land What is the difference between ectothermic and endothermic? What are the benefits and costs of each? Which classes of vertebrate are ectothermic and which are endothermic? - Ectotherms (e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles) rely on external sources to regulate body temperature.- Endotherms (e.g. birds, mammals) can internally regulate their body temperature.- Ectotherms are more energy efficient but less able to maintain constant body temperature. Endotherms require more energy but can maintain a stable body temperature. Define: operculum, swim bladder, lobe fin, amplexus, carapace, plastron, articulated jawbone - Operculum: Bony flap covering the gills in bony fish - Swim Bladder: Gas-filled sac in bony fish that helps with buoyancy - Lobe fin: Fleshy, lobed fins of sarcopterygian fish - Amplexus: Mating embrace in frogs and salamanders - Carapace: Dorsal shell of turtles - Plastron: Ventral shell of turtles - Articulated Jawbones: Jaws with movable joints, allowing for more complex feeding mechanisms