Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

Chapter 8 – Consciousness & Sleep Key concepts: ● What is consciousness? All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant. ● How does being asleep differ from being unconscious (there are four reasons) - Our brain continues to process external information when...

Chapter 8 – Consciousness & Sleep Key concepts: ● What is consciousness? All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant. ● How does being asleep differ from being unconscious (there are four reasons) - Our brain continues to process external information when we are asleep. - Our brain continues to process internally generated information. - Our body remains active while you sleep. - In general, you can be easily awakened from sleep. ● Circadian rhythms (what is it, how long does it last) Cycles of activity and inactivity generally last about one day. Most people’s circadian rhythms, when allowed to occur in an environment free of familiar time cues, stabilize at a little over _24___ hours. ● Morning vs. evening people (how does this differ by age) Most young adults are night owls, or neutral. Most people over the age of 65 are morning people. ● Theories of why we sleep Repair & restoration theory - proposed that the reason that we sleep is to allow the body time to recover from the exertions of the day. Evolutionary theory (also called energy-conservation theory) - proposes that evolution has equipped all animals with a regular pattern of sleep and wakefulness to help us conserve and avoid dangers. ● REM or paradoxical sleep (what is it, what purpose does it serve) REM stands for rapid-eye movement. Also called paradoxical sleep because there is physiological and brain wave activity almost indistinguishable from the waking state. Yet the large muscles of the sleeper are so relaxed that the person is effectively paralyzed. ● EEG & stages of sleep EEG - At different times during the night your brain is more or less active. These times have been divided into different stages of sleep. ● Content of our dreams Activation-synthesis theory of dreams - proposes that input from the brainstem (the pons) activates the brain during REM sleep. Neurocognitive theory - assumes that dream are a form of thinking, occurring under special conditions. Sleep abnormalities (know the different kinds) ● Chapter 7 – Memory Key people: ● Ebbinghaus Key concepts: ● Memory Storage, retention, and recall (retrieval) of events, information, and procedures. ● Ebbinghaus’ pioneering studies of memory Hermann Ebbinghaus studied his own ability to memorize new material - He invented over 2300 nonsense syllables and organized them into random lists. - Over 6 years he memorized thousands of lists of nonsense syllables. - The delay between memorization and recall caused him to forget many of them. ● Interference (be prepared to differentiate b/n proactive and retroactive) Proactive interference – Old info makes it harder to recall new info Retroactive interference – Methods of memory testing 4 general approaches to testing memory: - Free recall - Cued recall - Recognition - Savings ● ● information-processing view of memory ● capacity of STM 7 (+/- 2) pieces of information Chunking Dividing into larger, meaningful units working memory view (which component of the traditional model has WM replaced?) - Storage - A system for working with current information - Temporary storage ● ● ● levels of processing principle Superficial processing – repeating the material you’re trying to memorize. Deeper processing – think about each item or each part of the material. Still deeper processing – note the associations between the items or parts of the material. ● SPAR method Survey- scan readings to understand organization Process meaningfully- relate ideas to other things you know Ask questions- write questions and answer them yourself Review- retest your knowledge ● Serial-order effect Primacy effect: Tendency to remember beginning of list Recency effect: Tendency to remember items at end of list ● retrieval cues stimuli that help people retrieve memories ● *Amnesia* Chapter 9 – Emotion, Stress & Health PSY Key concepts: ● What is emotion? Emotions powerfully inform our _decisions____, and are closely related to __motivation____. ● How do we measure emotion? Self-reports Behavioral observations Physiological measures ● ● - Autonomic nervous system o Sympathetic Activates body for “_fight or flight___” response o Parasympathetic Decreases____ heart rate. Supports ___non – emergency____ functions Two theories for what causes emotion o James-Lange Interpretation of stimuli = autonomic changes BUT, not type of emotion Psychological experience of emotion is the person’s perception of the changes - o Schachter-Singer Intensity of arousal = intensity of emotion But, not type of emotion Cognitive appraisal of a situation tells us which emotion we are experiencing ● How do emotions impact decision making? The broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions states that happy moods increase receptiveness to new ideas and opportunities. Mildly sad moods increase accuracy of judgment and decision-making. ● Emotional Intelligence The ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions ● Positive Psychology Developed by Seligman. A study of factors that enrich life - hope, creativity, courage, spirituality and responsibility. These factors vary cross-culturally ● Three category definition of stress Stress as stimulus- an event external to the human body that provokes a response Stress as response- a physical or emotional reaction by an individual to the external stimulus Stress as interaction- between stressor and response ● ● Selye’s concept of stress: (definition, know and define the three stages the body goes through) Alarm - The body initially responds to a stressor with changes that lower resistance Resistance - If the stressor continues, the body mobilizes to withstand the stress and return to normal Exhaustion - On going, extreme stressors eventually deplete the body’s resources so that it functions at less than normal. Coping strategies & examples of each Positive/adaptive responses to cope with stress can include: Exercise, Music, Humor, Spirituality/ religion, Utilization of friends and networks Problem-focused - Find a workable solution to the problem by seeking information, generating solutions, etc. Emotion-focused - Find a solace and emotional support, seek comfort, share distress, etc Reappraisal - Primary appraisal (our initial interpretation of an event) Is this a threat, harm, or challenge? - Secondary appraisal (taking into account the resources available) How can I cope with or manage this stressor? ● What is health psychology and why do we study it? What are different factors that impact health