Exam 3 Study Guide Fall 24 PDF

**Chapter 8: Metabolism** - Define and be able to relate these terms: catabolic process, anabolic process, kinetic energy, heat, potential energy, chemical energy, Gibbs free energy, exergonic process, endergonic process, spontaneous process, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ATP cycle....

**Chapter 8: Metabolism** - Define and be able to relate these terms: catabolic process, anabolic process, kinetic energy, heat, potential energy, chemical energy, Gibbs free energy, exergonic process, endergonic process, spontaneous process, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ATP cycle. - Be able to explain how the second law of thermodynamics determines which kinds of reactions are "spontaneous" - Use the **sign** of Gibbs free energy to distinguish between spontaneous processes and distinguish them from non-spontaneous processes - Show how paired endergonic and exergonic reactions define the ATP cycle. Explain how ATP is regenerated from outside energy and how it relates to the topics of chapter 9, cellular respiration. - What does it mean to \'couple\' an endergonic and an exergonic reaction? How does this relate to the ability of a cell to carry out necessary endergonic reactions. - Describe the role of ATP in carrying out endergonic processes in the cell. - Explain the mechanisms used by enzymes to increase reaction rates represented by the MODS acronym - Define these terms: enzyme, substrate, products, reaction rate, activation energy (EA), transition state, enzyme-substrate (ES) complex, active site, catalysis - Identify the reactants, transition state, activation energy, and products on a reaction energy diagram. - Interpret a reaction energy diagram to decide whether a reaction is endergonic or exergonic. **Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration ** - Identify and sequence the four steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.  - Identify major inputs and outputs of each of these four steps, including both the organic molecules that are being broken down (glucose, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, CO2) and the energy outputs (ATP, NADH, and FADH2)  - Identify where each step within cell respiration occurs (which organelle, which substructures of organelles. - Explain the role of oxygen as the \"terminal electron acceptor\" in oxidative phosphorylation and tell what happens to these oxygen molecules. - Explain why the breakdown of organic molecules releases energy and correctly describe reactions in cellular respiration as endergonic or exergonic. - Describe what occurs during the electron transport chain in terms of the movement of electrical current and the action of ion pumps. - Describe chemiosmosis in terms of the role of the ATP Synthase molecule and where the energy for creating ATP comes from - Describe the different roles of substrate level vs oxidative phosphorylation, the relative contribution to the total ATP produced by each, and know which one occurs in which step(s) of cellular respiration.  **Chapter 41: Nutrition and Digestion** ** ** - List and explain the two primary reasons that heterotrophs must consume food. - Understand the catabolic pathways that go from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into cellular respiration. You do not need to know details of the biochemical processes occurring, but you should understand how each macromolecule can be \"fed into\" cellular respiration. For example, fats are broken into glycerol (which feeds into glycolysis) and fatty acids (which are made into acetyl CoA and feed into the Citric Acid Cycle). - Understand the concept of "essential" minerals, vitamins, and amino acids, and how these relate to diet. Know the difference between macro- and micro-nutrients. You do **not** need to memorize the list of macro- and micro-nutrients or the list of essential amino acids. - Know the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion, and how each of these are utilized by single-cellular and multi-cellular animals. - Describe how surface area, volume, and diffusion are related to nutrient absorption (and waste removal). How does this relationship change as the size of an organism changes? How is the surface area to volume relationship related to the structure of the human small intestine? - Understand the digestive enzymes involved in the breakdown of macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats). Know where these enzymes are produced, and where they function. Here are the specific enzymes you need to know: pancreatic amylase, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase, \"brush border enzymes.\" Note: you do not need to know all the names of the individual brush border enzymes. - Understand the \"tube within a tube\" layout of the alimentary canal. - Be able to name and identify the structures of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) in humans. Describe the core functions (e.g. mechanical breakdown, propulsion, absorption, etc.) of each part of the canal. - Know the following accessory digestive structures/glands: salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. Where do each of these structures connect to the alimentary canal? What do each of these structures produce, and how do these products aid in digestion? - Understand, in simple terms, the origin and role of bile. - Know the structure of the stomach and the small intestine that are covered in the lecture slides. Know how these structures relate to function (why are they there?). How does Celiac disease affect the structure of the small intestine? - How do herbivores and carnivores differ in the overall structure of their digestive system? **Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange ** - Describe how the size of an animal is related to surface area and volume, and how surface area and volume are in turn related to gas exchange. Use these concepts to explain the benefits/necessity of circulatory systems. - Identify the three components shared by all circulatory systems. Describe how these differ between an open and a closed circulatory system.  - Compare the structures and functions of open and closed circulatory systems.  - List the components of the vertebrate circulatory system. How do these components vary between fish, amphibians, and mammals? - Define \"artery\" and \"vein.\" - Describe a generalized single circulation pathway. What are some advantages of this setup? Limitations? Contrast this with the double circulation pathway found in mammals. - Trace the circulatory path in humans. Relate this to the chambers and valves of the heart. For a list of heart structures you need to be able to name and identify, see Figure 42.5. Also, relate the circulation pathway to breathing and gas exchange in the lungs. Where does gas exchange happen, and in which directions are the gases moving (see Figure 42.29)? - Outline the cardiac cycle in humans. Use the terms \"systole\" and \"diastole.\" Be sure to include the opening and closing of the valves. Indicate which steps happen at the same time (which valves open or close together, which chambers contract together, etc.). - Identify the types of blood vessels and their functions in maintaining and regulating blood flow. - Describe the function of capillary beds and the role of precapillary sphincters. How do capillary beds influence the surface area, velocity, and pressure of blood?  - What are the major components of blood and what are their function? - Describe how gas exchange occurs in the lungs of humans. Explain how gases are exchanged across specialized respiratory surfaces. - Describe the pressure gradients and muscles involved in inhalation and exhalation. - Outline the negative feedback loop involved in regulating blood CO2/blood pH. - Explain how hemoglobin\'s affinity for Oxygen changes with the partial pressure of Oxygen. How does this relate to the unloading of Oxygen throughout the body\'s tissues?