Biologia - Sprawdzian Notes PDF

Biologia - sprawdzian Standard deviation - A measure of how dispersed the data is in the relation to the mean (low or small standard deviation indicates data are clustered tightly around the mean, and high or large standard deviation indicates data is more spread out) Metabolism -...

Biologia - sprawdzian Standard deviation - A measure of how dispersed the data is in the relation to the mean (low or small standard deviation indicates data are clustered tightly around the mean, and high or large standard deviation indicates data is more spread out) Metabolism - A set of all chemical reactions in organisms Three main functions are: 1. Conversion of energy in food to energy 2. Conversion of food to building blocks (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) 3. Elimination of metabolic wastes - Metabolic reactions can be divided into catabolic and anabolic a) Catabolic - destruction, provides energy b) Anabolic - building, requires energy Enzymes - Most of metabolic reactions are enzyme-catalyzed - Enzymes are proteins that help to speed up (catalyze) metabolism or chemical reactions in our body Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants and other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy - Plants convert light energy into oxygen and glucose, using water and carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration - The process of breaking down glucose through a series of chemical reactions to produce ATP, which is used as energy to power various functions in the body. - Cellular respirations occurs in the cells of all living organisms, including plants - Respiration can be aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (not requiring oxygen) Fermentation - This metabolic process converts chemical energy from carbohydrates into ATP without the need for oxygen (different from anaerobic respiration). It occurs in certain microorganisms, skeletal muscles when oxygen is lacking, red blood cells, and internal parasites. Though less efficient than respiration, it includes processes like ethanol and lactic acid fermentation and is widely used in industrial applications Energy from the Sun fuels life on Earth - Input of energy mostly from sunlight sustains the process of life  - Sunlight allows plants to use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds such as carbohydrates, which are used as a source for energy for consumers (e.g. animals) - Organisms are connected with each other into food chains and food webs. A food web is all of the food chains in an ecosystem. System - A set of things working together as a part of a mechanism or an interconnecting network Ecosystem - An ecosystem is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction - Biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows - We divide systems into closed, open and isolated systems Food chain - A food chain refers to the order of events in an ecosystem, where one organism eats another, and later that organism is consumed by another one Food web - A complex network of interconnecting and overlapping food chains showing feeding relationships within an ecosystem Energy flow in a food chain - To show the flow of energy in food chains, they are often drawn as energy pyramids. Only 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the other, rest is used for respiration or lost as heat.