Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

Module 39: Problem-focused coping: attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (p. 453) emotion-focused coping: attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress re...

Module 39: Problem-focused coping: attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (p. 453) emotion-focused coping: attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. (p. 453) Learned helplessness and its relationship to cortisol and blood pressure: the hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. This can increase cortisol and blood pressure. Internal locus of control: the perception that we control our own fate external locus of control: the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. Advantages of pet ownership/pet support: greater survival rate after heart attack, lower blood pressure, reduce depression among people with AIDS Definition of biofeedback: a system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses, many controlled by the autonomic nervous system Aerobic exercise: sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety, dancing, walking, running Mindfulness meditation: a reflective practice of attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner Module 40: Definitions of Attribution Theory and Fundamental Attribution Error Attribution Theory: Theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition. Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Circumstances in which attitudes are more likely to affect actions Attitudes are especially likely to affect behavior when external influences are minimal, and when the attitude is stable, specific to the behavior, and easily recalled. Definitions of/differences between foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face Foot-in-Door: Getting someone to agree to a small request then building up to a larger one. Door-in-Face: Asking for something big at first (with the intention of it being rejected) then asking for something smaller as a way to settle (usually the settlement is the true goal of the request) Definition/examples of cognitive dissonance Definition: we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Ex: You may love animals but eat meat, so your actions don’t line up with your beliefs. 41: Definition of conformity: adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Asch’s line study: One participant was in a room of decoy participants, and was tested To see if they would pretend a short line was longer to conform normative social influence: influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. informational social influence: influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality. Basics of Milgram’s obedience studies – Participant is tested on whether they will shock someone who answers something wrong because the experimenter told them to. Results- 65% consistently obeyed up until the last shock Factors increasing obedience in Milgram’s studies: -Distance of the person being shocked - authority of the “experimenter” (prestige, reliability) -no models for defiance Definition/examples of social facilitation: in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks Ex: expert pool players who made 71 percent of their shots when alone, and 80 percent when four people came to watch them, Poor shooters, who made 36 percent of their shots when alone, made only 25 percent when watched. Definition/examples of social loafing: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Ex: group projects, someone does none of the work Definition/examples of deindividuation: the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Ex: online people use hate speech they would never use in person Basic definition of groupthink: the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. 47 How the medical and biopsychosocial models view psychological disorders Medical Model: Concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated, often in a hospital. Biopsychosocial: More modern way of looking at disorders. The use of the DSM-5 in diagnosing disorders so people can get treatment Definition of psychological disorder a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior. 48 General definition/symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Is marked by excessive worry lasting for 6 months or more have muscle tensions Symptoms of a panic attack/panic disorder Is marked by unpredictable minutes of panic attacks brings on intense dread and worry General description of specific phobia Is marked by a persistent irrational fear of something General symptoms associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions are unwanted recurring thoughts and compulsions are the actions or thoughts due to an obsession General definition of PTSD Is enduring distressing emotional disorder where you feel extreme fear or anxiety or helplessness. Differences between Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder Somatic- symptoms take a bodily form without any physical cause Illness- a person interprets normal sensations as symptoms of a disease Relationship between stimulus generalization and specific phobias Stimulus generalization- a single event can lead to a general specific phobia General symptoms of depressive episode/Major Depressive Disorder Anhedonia- is the loss of ability to experience pleasure. You also experience loss of sleep and worthlessness Difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Bipolar 1- You alternate between full manic episodes and major depressive episodes Bipolar 2- consists of alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes. Symptoms/definition of manic episode A manic episode is more severe than hypomanic symptoms are milder and behavior is less risky Definition of rumination and how it relates to depression Is thinking the same event negative event or behavior over and over again. These thoughts give way for depression. Brain activity in depression Your brain reward centers are less active Relationship between learned helplessness theory and depression Learned helplessness theory- is a lack of perceived control over life events this can attribute a depressive symptom. 50 Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (including terms/definitions) Positive symptoms- symptoms around distorted reality. Includes hallucinations and delusions. Negative symptoms- deficits in “normal” behavior. Lacks pleasure, apathy, and social interactions Common types of delusions The most common delusions are grandeur- you believe you have some sort of power or others and persecution- you are being persecuted Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia Dopamine becomes overactive ventricles enlarge. 51 Basic premise of dissociative amnesia and fugue Is a form of memory loss. Dissociative fugue is where a person takes on a new identity. They don’t remember how or why they got there. Basic definition of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Is where you have several new identities and can be fragments of personality How psychodynamic and learning perspectives view DID symptoms Ways of dealing with anxiety Basic definitions of/differences between the Cluster B personality disorders Cluster B is the erratic, emotional, or dramatic cluster- typically people are narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, or antisocial. Basic idea of the arousal hypothesis of antisocial personality disorder (apd) APD is the failure to comply with social norms. You violate others rights and lack empathy and remorse. Difference between anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder Anorexia- is characterized by restriction of food intake includes binging or purging. Bulimia- is uncontrollable eating. Binge eating disorder- is binging without associated compensatory behavior 52 Definition of Down syndrome and its relationship to intellectual disability (ID) Down Syndrome: Genetic condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21. Is closely associated with intellectual disability, as individuals with the condition typically experience delays in cognitive development and learning. The severity of intellectual disability can vary, ranging from mild to moderate. Examples of the three skill domains with deficits in those with ID Conceptual skills- reading, writing, and language Social skills- self-esteem interpersonal and conversational skills Practical skills- daily activities Basic characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Consists of restricted, receptive, patterns of behavior, interests or behaviors. Relationship between ASD and theory of mind Theory of mind is a skill that those who have ASD lack. They might not be able to understand their or other people’s emotions. Basic characteristics associated with ADHD It does run in families and DAT-1 as well as other genes contribute to ADHD. Cannot sit still for very long. Common medications used to treat ADHD Adderall 53 Definition of eclectic (in terms of psychotherapy approaches) Is approach to therapy that uses various forms of therapy. This combines different kinds of therapy to create a treatment plan. The three tenets of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: focusing on solutions, highlighting client strengths and resources, and creating a vision of a preferred future The main goals of psychoanalysis/psychoanalytic psychotherapy: give insight into Patient’s disorders, bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness, reduce growth-impending inner conflicts Basic process of systematic desensitization: If you can repeatedly relax when facing anxiety-provoking stimuli, you can gradually eliminate your anxiety. Basic idea of cognitive therapy (and its relationship to Aaron Beck): Is a form of therapy that helps people change negative behaviors and patterns of thinking. Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy