Psychology Module 39
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Questions and Answers

What does an internal locus of control imply about an individual's perspective on their fate?

  • Personal actions influence life's outcomes. (correct)
  • Success is solely due to luck.
  • Fate is entirely random and unpredictable.
  • Fate is determined by external forces.
  • Which of the following correctly describes the fundamental attribution error?

  • Overestimating the situation's influence on behavior.
  • Recognizing both situational and dispositional factors equally.
  • Ignoring the external factors affecting behavior.
  • Underestimating the person's disposition on behavior. (correct)
  • In what scenario are attitudes most likely to affect behavior?

  • When the individual is under extreme pressure.
  • When the attitude is negative and conflictual.
  • When external influences on the situation are minimal. (correct)
  • When friends or family strongly influence decision-making.
  • What is the primary aim of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

    <p>To secure compliance with a larger request after a small one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does learned helplessness affect physiological responses?

    <p>It can increase cortisol levels and blood pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best distinguishes the door-in-the-face technique from foot-in-the-door?

    <p>Door-in-the-face entails making the initial request very large. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods helps reduce cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Changing one's behavior to align with their beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the concept of conformity?

    <p>Adjusting behavior to match group standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general principle behind Attribution Theory?

    <p>Behavior is explained through situational or personal factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of influence involves a person's desire to gain approval?

    <p>Normative social influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor did NOT increase obedience in Milgram’s studies?

    <p>Presence of a dissenting model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social facilitation, which scenario would likely produce enhanced performance?

    <p>An expert pool player playing alone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines social loafing?

    <p>Pooling efforts but exerting less effort as a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of deindividuation?

    <p>An individual yelling in a crowd without fear of repercussion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Groupthink can lead to poor decision-making due to:

    <p>Desire for harmony overriding critical thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the biopsychosocial model from the medical model in understanding psychological disorders?

    <p>Incorporation of psychological and social factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by a false identity and a lack of memory regarding the change?

    <p>Dissociative Fugue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically distinguishes the Cluster B personality disorders?

    <p>They involve erratic, emotional, or dramatic behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

    <p>Failure to comply with social norms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Severe food intake restriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Down Syndrome relate to intellectual disability?

    <p>It can result in mild to severe intellectual disability due to cognitive delays. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive skill do individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder typically struggle with?

    <p>Theory of mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factor is associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Mutation of the DAT-1 gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an eclectic approach in psychotherapy emphasize?

    <p>The integration of various therapeutic modalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Problem-focused coping

    Trying to solve a problem by changing the situation or how you interact with it.

    Emotion-focused coping

    Trying to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring the problem and focusing on your emotions.

    Learned helplessness

    Feeling hopeless and giving up when you can't avoid repeated bad things.

    Internal locus of control

    Thinking you control your own destiny.

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    External locus of control

    Thinking outside forces control your destiny.

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    Attribution Theory

    Explaining someone's behaviour by deciding if it's due to personality or the situation.

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    Fundamental Attribution Error

    Overestimating how much a person's behaviour is due to personality and underestimating how much the situation affected them.

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    Cognitive Dissonance

    Feeling bad when your beliefs contradict your actions.

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    Conformity

    Adjusting behavior or thoughts to match group standards.

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    Social Facilitation

    Improved performance on simple tasks when others are present, but worse performance on difficult tasks.

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    Social Loafing

    Reduced effort in groups where individual contributions aren't easily seen.

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    Deindividuation

    Loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations.

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    Groupthink

    Group decision-making prioritizing harmony over realistic evaluations.

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    Medical Model (disorders)

    Physical causes for psychological disorders treatable in hospitals or other similar structured environments.

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    Biopsychosocial Model (disorders)

    Modern approach viewing disorders from biological, psychological, and social perspectives.

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    Psychological Disorder

    Significant disturbances in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

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    Dissociative Amnesia

    A type of memory loss where someone forgets personal information, typically related to a traumatic event.

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    Dissociative Fugue

    A condition where someone loses their identity and travels to a new location, creating a new life without remembering their past.

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    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    A mental disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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    Cluster B Personality Disorders

    A group of mental disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior. Includes Narcissistic, Histrionic, Borderline, and Antisocial Personality Disorders.

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    Arousal Hypothesis of Antisocial Personality Disorder

    This theory suggests that individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder have a lower baseline arousal level, causing them to seek out risky and stimulating behaviors for a sense of excitement.

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    Down Syndrome

    A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to various developmental differences, often including intellectual disability.

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    Conceptual Skills (ID)

    Skills related to understanding abstract concepts, reading, writing, and language.

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    Eclectic Psychotherapy

    A therapeutic approach that combines different forms of therapy to tailor treatment to the individual client's needs.

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    Study Notes

    Module 39

    • Problem-focused coping: Alleviating stress by changing the stressor or interaction with it.
    • Emotion-focused coping: Alleviating stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional responses.
    • Learned helplessness: Hopelessness and passive resignation learned from repeated aversive events, increasing cortisol and blood pressure.
    • Internal locus of control: Belief that one controls their fate.
    • External locus of control: Belief that outside forces control one's fate.
    • Pet ownership benefits: Increased survival rate after heart attack, lower blood pressure, reduced depression.
    • Biofeedback: System recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about physiological responses.
    • Aerobic exercise: Sustained exercise increasing heart/lung fitness, alleviating depression and anxiety (e.g., dancing, walking, running).
    • Mindfulness meditation: Reflective practice of attending to current experiences nonjudgmentally and acceptingly.

    Module 40

    • Attribution Theory: Explaining behavior by attributing it to the situation or the person's disposition.
    • Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal disposition when analyzing others' behavior.

    Module 39 - Additional Points

    • Cognitive Dissonance: Feeling discomfort due to inconsistent thoughts or actions.
    • Conformity: Adjusting behavior or thinking to match group standards (Asch's line study).
    • Normative Social Influence: Conforming to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
    • Informational Social Influence: Accepting others' opinions as reality.
    • Milgram's Obedience Studies: Studies on obedience to authority, involving participants shocking others for wrong answers.
    • Factors Increasing Obedience in Milgram's Studies
    • Distance of the person being shocked
    • Authority of the experimenter (prestige, reliability)

    Module 40 - Additional Points

    • Definition of conformity: Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to match group standards.

    Other Points

    • Social facilitation: Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
    • Social loafing: Reduced effort when pooling group efforts.
    • Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness and restraint in a group.
    • Groupthink: Decision-making process prioritized harmony over realistic appraisal.
    • Psychological Disorders: Issues related to cognition (thinking), emotion regulation, or behavior.
    • General Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Excessive worry lasting six or more months.
    • Panic attack: Intense, sudden episodes of fear.
    • Panic disorder: Recurrent panic attacks.
    • Specific phobia: Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Recurring, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
    • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Enduring response to a traumatic event, involving extreme fear or helplessness.
    • Somatic symptom disorder: Bodily symptoms without physical cause.
    • Illness anxiety disorder: Interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of illness.
    • Depressive episode: Significant sadness, loss of interest and other symptoms that last for a significant time.
    • Bipolar disorder: Fluctuations between manic and depressive states.
    • Mania: Excessive excitement and energy.
    • Hypomania: Less severe form of mania.
    • Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder with self-starvation.
    • Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder with cycles of binge eating and compensatory behaviors.
    • Binge eating disorder: Recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behavior.
    • Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss without a physical cause.
    • Dissociative fugue: Dissociative amnesia with a new identity.
    • Dissociative identity disorder (DID): Multiple identities or personalities.
    • Down syndrome: Genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to intellectual disability.
    • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communication and social interaction challenges.
    • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Cognitive Disorder causing difficulty concentrating and/or hyperactivity.
    • Systematic Desensitization: Gradual elimination of anxieties by repeatedly relaxing while facing anxiety-provoking stimuli.
    • Cognitive Therapy: Therapy helping people change negative thought patterns and behaviors.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various coping mechanisms, including problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies, as well as concepts like learned helplessness and loci of control. It also covers the benefits of pet ownership, biofeedback, aerobic exercise, and mindfulness meditation. Test your understanding of these psychological concepts and their applications in stress management.

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