Exam 3 EXP3604 PDF

Chapter 9: Language What is the difference between morphology and syntax in language? How does the concept of pragmatics influence how we communicate based on the listener's perspective? What is the surface structure of a sentence, and how does it differ from its deep structure? According to Cho...

Chapter 9: Language What is the difference between morphology and syntax in language? How does the concept of pragmatics influence how we communicate based on the listener's perspective? What is the surface structure of a sentence, and how does it differ from its deep structure? According to Chomsky’s approach, what causes ambiguity in sentence structures? What does the cognitive-functional approach emphasize about how speakers use language to guide listeners’ attention? How does context influence the activation of meanings for ambiguous words? What is the good-enough processing approach, and how does it relate to sentence comprehension? What is Broca’s aphasia, and how does it affect language production? How does the right hemisphere of the brain contribute to interpreting emotional tone in communication? What differences exist between reading and comprehending spoken language? How do eye movements during reading differ from how people perceive their eye movements? What are the direct and indirect routes to word recognition, and how do they depend on the reader’s skill? What are the key principles of the whole-language approach to teaching reading? Basic unit of meaning is a language known as? - morphemes In the sentence “Chris called up the psychology professor,” what is the surface structure? - “Chris called up the psychology professor.” According to Chomsky’s approach to language – ambiguity arises when a surface structyre arises when a surface has two different deep structures. According to the cognitive-functional approach to language – the purpose of language is to convey meaning to other people According to the good-enough approach- we frequently process only part of a sentence Suppose you ask a stranger what time it is, and he produces several wordy sentences that don’t seem to make sense. Without additional information, you would suspect that he has – Wernicke's Aphasia In contrast to written language, spoken language is especially likely to – require use of working memory The series of little jumps made by your eyes as they move across a page during reading is called – saccadic eye movements. When readers use the direct-access route to recognize written words they recognize a word from the visual stimulus without having to translate first into sound The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that readers directly connect a written word with word meaning Chapter 10: Language Production and Writing Why is research on language comprehension easier to conduct than on language production? What can we conclude about the accuracy of speech production in everyday communication? How does the gist of a sentence help in planning speech? What defines a narrative, and how does it differ from other forms of discourse? What is a deictic gesture, and how does it assist in communication? Why is speaking more likely than writing to use simpler syntax? Why does writing place individuals in a state of full-time cognitive overload? How do writing errors differ from slips-of-the-tongue in speaking? How do expert writers differ from nonexperts in terms of revisions and transitions between ideas? What is the relationship between attitudes and proficiency in learning a second language? What challenges might a bilingual child face compared to a monolingual child? How does the age of acquisition of a second language impact grammar proficiency? Saying “inclycled information” when you mean to say “recycled information” is an example of –morpheme error How is the concept of gist relevant when you are planning to speak a sentence? - the gist is the overall meaning of a message that we want to convey If you give a friend a lengthy description about how you studied for your last exam, you are producing - discourse Compared to writing, speaking is more likely to – use relatively syntanx According to the discussion about the cognitive approach to writing – people often use “visual” part of the visuospatial sketchpad when trying to define a concrete word When revising their papers, first year college students are more likely than expert writers to – approach the revision phase one sentence at a time What can we conclude about the comparison between expert's vs nonexperts, with respect to writing- expert writers pay more attention to transitions between ideas. What can we conclude about the relationship between attitudes about proficiency in a second language? - People who are positive towards speakers of another language are likely to learn that language and more quickly than those who are neutral or negative about that group Which of the following is true about bilingual people? - the increased experience that bilinguals have with selective attention may facilitate the development of the executive attention network in the frontal lobe Which of the following is true about bilinguals? - They perform better on concept-formation task than monolinguals Chapter 11: Problem Solving and Creativity How do psychologists define thinking, and what does it involve? What is the role of understanding in solving algebra or other story problems? Why is working memory critical for solving complex problems like story problems in math? How do diagrams assist in problem solving, and what types are most effective? What does the situated-cognition approach suggest about problem-solving in specific contexts? How does the embodied cognition approach explain the role of gestures in problem solving? What are heuristics, and why are they essential in problem solving despite not guaranteeing solutions? Why is focusing on structural features of a problem more effective than surface features? How does the means-ends heuristic work in problem-solving tasks? How do experts differ from novices in their approach to problem solving? What is the difference between functional fixedness and mental set? What causes stereotype threat, and how does it impact problem solving? How do insight problems differ from noninsight problems in terms of solution processes? Cognition is the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge compared to the more basic cognitive processes such as working memory, problem solving makes more use of which of the four processes? - Transformation of knowledge. Working memory is important when people are trying to solve an algebra “story problem” because? - You need to keep the important part of the problem in your mind while working the problem An important potential problem with using symbols to represent a problem is that – people have trouble translating words into appropriate symbols. Psychologist who supports the situated-cognition approach to problem solving would be the most likely to emphasize – that people learn to solve a problem in specific context, and then they can transfer it to other situations. Why is the embodied cognitive approach important when people are trying to solve certain kinds of problems? - You gesture often encourage you to express abstract thoughts and terms. Trying to solve an anagram by writing down every combination is a strategy called – an algorithm When people try to solve problems, which feature of the problem should they emphasize the most? - structural features. In which of the following areas are expert problem solvers and novices likely to be the most similar? - general memory skills If you want to bake a cake and you have a step-by-step process, and you just bought a mixer that would make it more efficient, but instead you do the familiar way, the strategy you are using is – mental set According to the discussion of creativity – creative solutions must be novel and useful Chapter 12: Reasoning and Decision Making What is deductive reasoning, and how does it differ from other types of reasoning? How does a syllogism work, and what logical conclusions can be drawn from them? How are heuristics used when solving reasoning problems, and why do they sometimes lead to errors? What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 processing in decision making? What is the belief-bias effect, and how does it influence logical reasoning? How does confirmation bias manifest in reasoning and hypothesis testing? How does reasoning differ from decision making, especially in terms of rules and ambiguity? What is the representativeness heuristic, and how does it influence judgments of randomness? How does the availability heuristic affect judgments based on memory? What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, and how can it bias decision making? How does the framing effect impact decision making based on question wording and context? What is the hindsight bias, and how does it distort judgments of past events? Suppose you are given several pieces of information you must infer whether the logical consequence of that information is correct. The task you are performing is – deductive reasoning. Discussion about conditional reasoning pointed out that – the central executive is especially active on conditional reasoning task When people draw a logical conclusion on the basis of whether is agrees with their everyday knowledge they are demonstrating – belief-bias effect According to confirmation bias people would rather confirm a hypothesis than disprove it Heuristic in decision making – may become a liability when applied inappropriately When people commit the base-rate fallacy, they often pay too little attention to information about relative frequency Conjunction fallacy shows that people sometimes believe that the probability of a combination of two attributes is statistically more likely than that of one of the attributes. Which of the following heuristics is most likely to produce a correct decision? - The recognition heuristic. Anchoring and adjustment is relevant when we estimate confidence intervals because we rely too heavily on the anchor Hindsight bias people overestimate their accuracy for predicting past events.