PSY328 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

**[PSY328: Exam 2 Study Guide]** [Chapter 6: Visual Attention] - Define attention, overt attention, and covert attention. - Describe the dichotic listening experiments we covered. What did they demonstrate? - Explain Broadbent's model of attention. - What is spatial attention? Descr...

**[PSY328: Exam 2 Study Guide]** [Chapter 6: Visual Attention] - Define attention, overt attention, and covert attention. - Describe the dichotic listening experiments we covered. What did they demonstrate? - Explain Broadbent's model of attention. - What is spatial attention? Describe Posner's experiment. Be sure you understand the precueing procedure, covert attention, and what Posner's results demonstrated. - What does feature integration theory propose? - What are fixations? What are saccadic eye movements? - Describe how the corollary discharge theory explains why we don't see a scene as smeared when we move our eyes. - Consider the demo from class. Why does the scene appear to move when we push on our eyelid? - Describe the following factors that determine where we look: visual salience, observer goals, scene schemas, and scanning based on task demands. Describe the examples or experiments that illustrate each factor. - Describe the Eagly et al. (1994) experiment that provided evidence for the same-object advantage. - Describe the Carrasco et al. (2004) experiment that showed an object's appearance can be changed by attention. - Describe the O'Craven (1999) experiment in which people observed superimposed face and house stimuli. What did this experiment indicate about the effect of attention on the responding of specific brain structures? - Describe the Datta and DeYoe (2009) experiment on how attending to different locations activates the brain. - Describe the Womelsdorf (2006) experiment in which they recorded neurons in a monkey's temporal lobe. How did they show how receptive field location is affected by attention? - Describe the following two situations that illustrate how not attending can result in not perceiving: - Inattentional blindness - Change detection - What is the evidence that driving while using a cellphone is a bad idea? [Chapter 7: Taking Action] - What was Gibson's motivation for establishing the ecological approach to perception? - What is optic flow? What are two characteristics of optic flow? - Consider the somersaulting example from class and the study by Bardy and Laurent (1998) on gymnasts. How do these examples help us understand the importance of observer-produced information? - What was the point of the "keeping your balance" demonstration where I had you stand on one leg? What happened when you closed your eyes? - Describe the swinging room experiments (Lee & Aronson, 1974). What principles do these experiments illustrate? - What is an affordance? - What does research on walking and driving a car tell us about how optic flow may (or may not) be used in navigation? What are some other sources of information for navigation? - What is wayfinding? What role do landmarks play? - Describe the Janzen and van Turennout (2004) experiment in which they measured people's brain activity when remembering objects they had seen while navigating through a computer simulated museum. What did the researchers conclude about the brain and navigation? - What did Tolman's (1938) rat maze experiment demonstrate? - What are place cells and grid cells? How might these cells help rats navigate? - How does the idea of *what* (ventral) and *where/how/action* (dorsal) pathways help us describe actions such as reaching and grasping? - What is the parietal reach region (PRR)? Describe the Fattori et al. (2010) experiment on "grasping neurons." - What is proprioception? What happened to Ian Waterman (the man from the video I posted on Brightspace)? - What are mirror neurons? What is the evidence that mirror neurons aren't just responding to a specific pattern of motion? - Describe the action-based account of perception. In your discussion, indicate how experiments have demonstrated a link between perception and "ability to act." [Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion] - Describe the different functions of motion perception that were covered. - What is an event? What is the evidence that motion helps determine the location of event boundaries? - Describe the differences between real motion and illusions of motion (e.g., apparent motion, induced motion, motion aftereffects). - Describe how the Larsen et al. (2006) experiment provided evidence for similar neural responding to real motion and apparent motion. - Describe Gibson's ecological approach to motion perception. - Describe how corollary discharge theory explains movement perception. - What is the evidence that the MT cortex is specialized for processing movement? Describe the experiments that we covered (i.e., Newsome et al., 1995; Britten et al., 1992). What do the results of these experiments enable us to conclude about the role of the MT cortex in motion perception? - Describe the aperture problem (i.e., why the response of individually directionally selective neurons does not provide sufficient information to indicate the direction of motion). Also describe two ways the brain might solve the aperture problem. - How do biological constraints affect our perception of motion? - What is implied motion? What is representational momentum? Describe the experiment by Kourtzi and Kanwisher (2000) that investigated how the brain responds to implied motion. [Chapter 9: Perceiving Color] - What are the various functions of color vision? - What physical characteristic of light is most closely associated with color perception? How is this demonstrated by differences in reflection and transmission of light of different objects. - Describe subtractive and additive color mixing. How can the results of these two types of color mixing be related to the wavelengths that are reflected into an observer's eyes? - What are spectral colors? What are non-spectral colors? - What are hue, saturation, and value (i.e., lightness)? - Explain how the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory accounts for color vision. - Describe Maxwell's (1855) color matching experiments. How did the results support the trichromacy of vision? - What is the connection between trichromacy and the cone receptors and pigments? - What is metamerism? - What is monochromacy? Does a monochromat perceive chromatic color? - What is the principle of univariance? - What is the minimum number of receptor types needed to perceive color? - What are the three types of dichromatism? - What did Hering's opponent-process theory propose? - What is the behavioral evidence for opponency? - Describe the hue cancellation method. How does the result support opponent-process theory? - What is the physiological evidence for opponency? - Where is color represented in the cortex? - What is color constancy? What would our perceptual world be like without color constancy? - Describe chromatic adaptation. How is it demonstrated by the Uchikawa et al. (1989) experiment? - What is the evidence that memory can have a small effect on color perception? - What does it mean to say that the surroundings help achieve color constancy? - What explanations have been proposed to explain "The Dress" phenomenon? - What is lightness constancy? Describe the roles of illumination and reflectance in determining perceived lightness. - How is the ratio principle related to lightness constancy? - Why is uneven illumination a problem for the visual system? What are the two types of edges that are associated with uneven illumination? - How is lightness perception affected by shadows? What cue for shadows occurs at the shadow's border? - Describe the habituation procedure for determining how infants perceive color. What conclusion was reached from the Bornstein et al. (1976) experiment? What do the results tell us about what infants are experiencing? - What is synesthesia? Explain the neurological evidence that supports it as a legitimate phenomenon. [Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size] - How does the cue approach deal with the basic problem of depth perception? - What monocular cues provide information about depth in the environment? - What do comparing the experience of Susan Barry ("Stereo Sue") and the experience of viewing 3-D and 2-D movies tell us about what binocular vision adds to our perception of depth? - What is binocular disparity? What is the difference between absolute disparity and relative disparity? How are absolute and relative disparity related to the depth of objects in a scene? - What is stereopsis? What is the evidence that disparity creates stereopsis? - What does perception of depth from a random-dot stereogram demonstrate? - What is the correspondence problem? Has this problem been solved? - Describe how frontal eyes determine binocular disparity. - Describe how lateral eyes affect depth perception. Also describe how some insects use motion parallax to perceive depth and how bats use echoes to sense objects. - Describe the Holway and Boring (1941) experiment. What do the results of this experiment tell us about the relationship between depth perception and size perception? - How does visual angle influence size perception? - What is size constancy? - What is size-distance scaling? How does it explain size constancy? - Describe how illusions of size, such as the Müller-Lyer illusion, the Ponzo illusion, the Ames room illusion, and the moon illusion, can be explained in terms of size-distance scaling. - What are some problems with the size-distance scaling explanation for the Müller-Lyer illusion and the moon illusion? What alternative explanations have been proposed? - Describe the evidence that infants can perceive depth.