Exam 2 Notes PDF

n exam Chapter6 Thegeneralcharacteristicspropertiesandtypes of moleculesthatareconsideredlipids Thecellmembrane is composed of lipidsproteinsandcarbohydrates It separates theextracellularandintracellularenvironmen...

n exam Chapter6 Thegeneralcharacteristicspropertiesandtypes of moleculesthatareconsideredlipids Thecellmembrane is composed of lipidsproteinsandcarbohydrates It separates theextracellularandintracellularenvironments Botharewatery It regulatessubstancetransportinandoutofthecell Phospholipidbilayerhasselectivepermeabilityallowingonly some substances topassthrough Thereare 3typesof lipids 1 Fats or triacylglycerols triglycerides aero Composed ofFREEfattyacidchainslinkedtoglycerol Whenthefatty acidtailsarekinkypolyunsaturatedtheyformoils Primaryrole offatsisenergystorage testosteroneestrogens Suk ig iiormones headis polarhydrophilic Tailisnonpolarhydrophobic nydlh.li Cholesterol is asteroid It isAmphipathic and hydrophobic yr 3 pgpgpqypiggaggggg.gg mn to teadis polarhydrophilic charged Tailsaretwononpolarhydrophobicfattyacidchain smallnonpolar O2CO2Na It isAmphipathic hydrophobicandhydrophilic smallunchargedpolarH2O glycerol Phospholipid Bilayer selectivepermeability largeunchargedpolar Glucosesucrose smallornonpolarmoleculescrossquickly noncharged chargedlargeorpolarmoleculescrossslowlyifatall Ions anythingwithacharge Anythingwith a chargewillNOT crossatall Factorsthataffectmembrane Permeability Unsaturatedlipidbilayer Saturated lipidbilayer doublebonded causeskinks singlebonded nokinking preventsclosepacking oftails closepackingoftails reduceshydrophobicinteractions morechemicalenergythanunsaturatedfats HIGHERPERMEABILITY LOWERPERMEABILITY tail Length Cholesterol Content asthelengthoftailsincreasetheforcesholdingthemtogetherarestronger Cholesteroldecreasesm embranepermability clogs gaps tails weaker unsaturated frompassing preventingthings Saturatedtailsstronger Increasesdensity ofhydrophobicsection Temperature 8 98 Coldtemperature in molecules bilayermore slow decreasedfluidity decreased permeability Warmtemperaturemoleculesinbilayer fast move increasedfluidity increasedpermeability  CellMembraneandTransportMechanisms Passive transporte Twotypes of transport Q Passive notrequireaninputofenergyoccursnaturally Transport Does higherconcentration naturally to moves D j miosis no proteinsi nvolved transport FacilitatedDiffusion transportproteinsinvolved thereis where alowerconcentration transportation c hannels t hrough gamagggware theproteinsgrabandtransportotherthingswiththem carrierproteinsortransporters iswhen ActiveTransport Requiresenergytomove substancesagainstthe theywouldnaturallymove way Solutemovementacross bilayers Fyphe rto c isthesolutionOutsideofthecellhas a higherconcentrationthentheinsidegwoatyertfieaortiswTnen.rs shh isneededtomovelowtohighbecause Isotonic c.mnE pratt ns'anEPequa on i sidenitiside h ofthecell itsnotwhathappensnaturallyandso channelsareneeded FluidMosaicModel of Membrane Structure SandwichModel proteins interior exterior cell on and of only Fifi IntegralProteins moi cellsintegratedinside iii iiiii iii thelipid bilayer Iiiiaing it are amphipathic faceinteriorandexteriorsidesofcell doesnotcontain a channel 2ndtypeofIntegralProteins isliterallyanintegralproteinbutwithachannel Transmembraneproteins selectedionsandmolecules transport formsopeningtofunctionaschannelorpore Transportproteins Moveacrossthecellindifferentways 3differenttypes pie transporters oneat atime 3 Pumps activetransport require ATPtofunction goagainstthegradient Co pumpssolutesmoveinsamedirectionatsametime transport Counter moveindifferentdirectionatsame pumpssolutes transport time All for areveryselectivebecausetheyaremeant p roteinchannelproteins specificmolecules ExWaterandIonshave channels s eparate WaterChannels Aquaporins allowswatertopass10xfaster Leak channelsalwaysopensocertianthingscanalwayspass Gatedchannelsonlyopenaccordinglyasthingsareneeded Chapter 7 unction oftheorganellessubcellularstructures ofbacterialplantandanimalcells Celltheory Allorganismsarecomposed of 1ormorecells Thecell is the basicunitof structureandorganization in organisms Acellscome fromthe division ofpreexistingcells 10xlarger morecomplex Plant cells Bacterialcells andanimal fail.ammiraEba ieiitLiiowhat andleaves e nters thecell cellwall providesstructuralsupport andprotection Animalcellsdonthave Cytoskeletonfillamentsprovidescellshapeanchorsorganelles microfilaments twocooledstrands by maintainshape resistingtensionpull intermediatefilaments fiberswoundintothickcables pull microtables hollowtube maintaincellshapebyresisting compression Push Cytoplasm includesall contentsbetweenmembraneandnucleuscytosolfluid Nucleus largestorganelle storesreplicatesand transcribesDNA makesribosomes Lysosomes budfromgolgiapparatuscontainenzymes fordigestion Vacuoles plantcellversion of lysosomesbutalso storechemicalstocreatepigment Mitochondria Powerhouse ofthecell MakesATP cellularrespiration innermembrane cristaeenclosesmatrix by Chloroplasts photosyntheticorganelleinplant cells Photosynthesis energy ofsunlightusedtomake sugar Prokaryotic Organelles NucleoidIs theDNAstoredinnucleusbutdoesnthavemembranesurrounding it Plasmids SmallringsofDNA Flagella Taillikestructurethathelpsmovementofthecell PiliFimbriae Hairlikestructuresallowingbacteriatosticktosurfaces Endomembrane system makesmoves andmodifiesmolecules Nulearmembrane membrane whichrestrictspassageofmaterialDNA nucleus surrounding EndoplasmicReticulum tubes thatstoreandtransportmaterials Smooth ERmakeslipidsandcarbs Rough ER roughwith ribosomes 1 9apparatimiles iciesFiore materials inoutofthecell Lysosomes budfromgolgiapparatuscontainenzymes fordigestion 1 ProteinentersER 2 ProteinexitsER 3Entersgolgiapparatus 4leavesgolgiapparatus 5Proteinissecretedfromcell  Cellidentity 1 Describe the a Cocept ofthecentral dogma as related to a cell'sgenomeandproteome Thecentraldogma describeshowgeneticinformationflowsfrom a cellsgenomeDNA to itsproteomeproteins 1 DNAGenome Containstheinstructionsforbuildingproteins 2Transcription DNAistranscribedintomessenger RNA mRNA 3 Translation MRNA istranslatedintoproteinsbyribosomes 4 Proteinsproteome Theproteinscarryoutvariousfunctionsinthecell DNA RNA Protein expression asrelatedto acellsgenomeandproteome bjffyptiaptgednieffffpt.is gene ion refers to the processbywhichcellsdespitehavingthesameDNAexpressdifferentsetsof genes toproduce a specificprotein Chapter 8 CellMetabolism isthetotalofallchemicalreactionsinanorganism Enzymescatalyzechemical reactions Mostbiologicalreactionsneedenzymestooccur Reactions inCellMetabolism Condensationpolymerizes monomers removes to water add monomer Anabolism Hydrolysisb reaks down p olymers Adds toremovemonomer water Catabolism Proteinpolymers areaminoacidslinkedbypeptidebonds Proteinshapedetermines function Enzymesareproteincatalyststhat upreactions speed intopositionsthatcausereactions Enzymesmanipulatesubstrates Lactasebreaks down lactosemilk sugar mostadult animalsarelactoseintolerant SubstrateLactose Eammjia.sefators a tempandPH high B low favors amylase andpH temp Feedbackinhibition canbeallostericorcompetitive Allosteric altersenzymeshapetoactivateitorinactivateit regulation Whatmakesareactionspontaneous Spontaneousreactions favorproductformation Moreentropy more disorder lower potentialenergy fewer bonds nonpolar Enzymes catalyzespontaneousreactions Howdononspontaneousreactionsoccur Exergonicreactions releasing energy Endergonicreactions requiring energy Energeticcoupling Exergonic powersendergonicreactions reactions Loof electrons Redox rea.ci Gainor electrons  Shortanswer 1 Predict the consequences of mutation or inhibitor disruption of the structures and proteins of cellular respiration, particularly the components of the electron transport chain. 1. Describe how the electron transport chains makes ATP. 2. What’s the role of oxygen? aseriesofredoxreactions Following transferofelectronscomplex1 complex Oxygenisthe finalelectron andcomplex4pump intotheintermembranespacecreatingan gradient acceptor oftheETC.O.is intothematrixthroughATPsynthaseThispowersthe thendiffusesback reduced to H2O synthase to produce ATP wheredoesitoccur Ctosolofeukaryotes inptt.GG Matrix Intermembrane Space anap2atp NADH output 2pyruvate ifiion mP 2NADH.YAT Acomplex I.it input 2 Pyruvateprocessing 2pyruvate.anadt.ac.at matrixofmitochondriaor anything below a 2 Coa2NADH2Co2 output acetyl cytosolofprokaryotes Gipsy CytochromeC at Ht Efi.it a tpproductionisstopped3 CitricAcidCycle inputaacetilcoa12nant.afabh.laADP t output 2co6nabh2fabha.aa.to ftp j fiigii n Innermembraneofmitochondria 4 ETC OxidativePhosphorylation orplasmamembraneofprokaryotes input AllNADHAllFADHI02ADP H2oATP outputNAD FADHwater Make predictions concerning the relative rates of reaction in enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways based on concentrations of substrates, products, enzymes, and the presence/absence of inhibitors or conditions like temperature and pH. PH Temp substrate t i.in IIg tempe so IE As sodoesreaction tempincreases Fixed ofenzymeshas ftp.T figit orlowerthan higher will optimal j ratedue a toincreasedkineticenergy.at certian t theprotein emp will and unfold theabilityoftheenzymestobindtothe a point reached saturation intermsofbindingsubstrate amtwill Increasingenzyme rate reactantdecreasesreaction d rops increase iii p lateau n Compare and contrast the characteristics and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic; plant and animal cells.