ASTR EXAM 2 PDF

A red sweater appears red because What seems to have made the very long a. the sweater is absorbing red light. cliffs on Mercury? b. the sweater is transmitting red light. a. volcanoes c. the sweater is reflecting red light...

A red sweater appears red because What seems to have made the very long a. the sweater is absorbing red light. cliffs on Mercury? b. the sweater is transmitting red light. a. volcanoes c. the sweater is reflecting red light. b. earthquakes caused by plate tectonic motion d. the sweater is reflecting all colors except red. c. cooling and shrinking when the planet became geologically dead d. meteorite impacts What is light? a. a wave, like sound only much faster b. a particle Suppose you watch a leaf bobbing up and down as c. the absence of dark ripples pass it by in a pond. You notice that it does d. a kind of energy with some of the properties of two full up and down bobs each second. Which waves and some properties of particles statement is true of the ripples on the pond? e. the sensation you feel when hit by energy, visible or A) They have a frequency of 2 hertz. invisible B) They have a frequency of 4 hertz. C) We can calculate the wavelength of the ripples from their frequency. D) They have a wavelength of two cycles per second. Compared to red light, blue light has a. shorter wavelengths and lower energy. b. longer wavelengths and lower energy. c. shorter wavelength and higher energy Consider an atom of carbon in which the d. longer wavelength and higher energy nucleus contains six protons and seven neutrons. What is its atomic number and atomic mass number? A) atomic number = 6; atomic mass number = 13 Which of the following lists the different kinds B) atomic number = 6; atomic mass number = 7 of light in order from shortest to longest C) atomic number = 13; atomic mass number = 6 wavelength? D) atomic number = 7; atomic mass number = 13 a. visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, radio, x-rays, gamma rays b. gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio c. x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio, gamma rays According to the laws of thermal d. ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, gamma rays, x-rays radiation, hotter objects emit photons with A) a shorter average wavelength. B) a lower average frequency. Which travels fastest? C) a lower average energy. a. x-rays D) a higher average speed. b. ultraviolet light c. visible light d. radio waves e. They all travel at the same speed. Which of the following statements about x-rays and radio waves is not true? A) X-rays travel through space faster than radio waves. Which carries the most energy per B) X-rays have shorter wavelengths than radio waves. photon? C) X-rays and radio waves are both forms of light, or a. gamma rays electromagnetic radiation. b. x-rays D) X-rays have higher frequency than radio waves. c. ultraviolet light d. visible light e. radio waves What happens to thermal radiation (a continuous spectrum) if you make the source hotter? a. It produces more energy at all wavelengths and the peak of the spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths. b. It produces more energy at all wavelengths and the peak of the spectrum shifts to longer wavelengths. c. It produces less energy at all wavelengths and the peak This diagram represents the solar nebula early of the spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths. in its history and shows the location of the frost d. It produces less energy at all wavelengths and the peak line. Suppose you discover an object that is of the spectrum shifts to longer wavelengths. made of metal, rock, and ice. In which of the four regions shown in the diagram did it form? A) Region 1 B) Region 2 What is found in the nucleus of a C) Region 3 Helium atom? D) Region 4 a. protons with a positive charge and neutrons with a neutral charge b. protons with a positive charge, neutrons with a neutral charge and electrons with a negative charge What is the significance of the yellow lines c. electrons with a negative charge on this map of Earth? d. neutrons with a positive charge and electrons with a A) They represent boundaries between the plates that make negative charge up Earth's lithosphere. B) They represent borders between continents. C) The yellow lines are lined everywhere by chains of What does the 12 in 12C (pronounced volcanoes. “carbon twelve”) mean? D) The yellow lines represent the locations of deep trenches. a. This is the twelfth element in the periodic table. b. The atom has 12 protons in its nucleus. c. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus is 12. What kind of light can be detected d. The sum of protons and electrons is 12. from an airplane but not from the ground? A) most infrared light B) only the shortest-wavelength infrared light How is the isotope 14C different from 12C? C) radio waves a. It has more protons. D) x-rays b. It has more neutrons. c. It has more electrons. Which of the following can happen when an electron in an atom jumps from a high-energy orbital to a lower-energy one? a. a photon of light is emitted b. a photon of light is absorbed c. the atom’s temperature changes d. the atom changes color What can cause an electron to jump from a low-energy orbital to a higher-energy one? a. a photon of light is emitted b. a photon of light is absorbed What kinds of light are these c. the atom’s temperature changes telescopes designed to detect? d. the atom changes color A) radio waves B) x-rays C) infrared and visible light D) ultraviolet light What kind of spectrum does a light bulb filament produce? a. emission line b. absorption line c. continuous d. infrared e. ultraviolet Since each element has a different number of protons and electrons and different energy levels for bound electrons, a. gasses made of different elements have different This graph shows a light curve for a star. What patterns can you conclude from this graph? of emission and absorption lines. A) The star periodically dims and brightens, with a brightness b. each element’s spectrum is unique. peak about once a year. c. we can tell what a gas is made of by looking at its B) The star is orbited by a large planet. spectrum. C) The star is about 100 times as bright as the Sun. d. all of the above. D) The star is moving alternately toward and away from us. The hottest star is one that appears Which of the following statements a. orange. about our Sun is not true? b. red. A) The Sun's diameter is about 5 times that of Earth. c. yellow. B) The Sun is a star. d. white or bluish-white. C) The Sun contains more than 98% of all the mass in our e. They are all the same temperature; they just look solar system. different colors. D) The Sun is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. By looking at the light from an ideal Which of the following is not true of thermal radiating source, you can tell Mercury? a. its temperature. A) Even on Mercury's night side, the temperature is hot b. what it is made of. enough to melt lead. c. both a and b. B) Mercury rotates exactly three times for every two orbits it d. none of the above. makes around the Sun. C) Its surface is heavily cratered. D) Mercury has essentially no atmosphere. If a source of light is moving away from you, its spectrum will be a. shifted to shorter wavelengths (blueshifted). Venus has a higher average surface b. shifted to longer wavelengths (redshifted). temperature than Mercury. Why? c. unaffected. A) because its surface is heated by an extreme greenhouse effect B) because it is closer to the Sun C) because its surface is covered with hot lava from A mirror forms an image in numerous active volcanoes a. a reflecting telescope. D) because its slow rotation gives it more time to heat up in b. a refracting telescope. sunlight c. your eye. d. a and c. e. b and c. Consider the following statement: "Rocky asteroids are found primarily in the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt, while icy comets are found What are the primary reasons for primarily in the Oort cloud." What's wrong with making telescopes larger? this statement? a. to make things look bigger A) The Kuiper belt contains icy comets, not rocky b. to decrease image resolution asteroids. c. to collect more light to so faint objects can be seen B) Asteroids are not really made of rock. d. to see a larger part of the sky C) Comets are not really icy. D) The Oort cloud has nothing to do with comets. E) The statement is accurate as written. What does better angular resolution mean? What do we mean by accretion in the a. astronomical objects look larger context of planet formation? b. astronomical objects look smaller A) the growth of planetesimals from smaller solid c. you can see more detail in images particles that collided and stuck together d. you can see fainter objects B) the formation of moons around planets e. none of the above C) the solidification of ices, rocks, and metal from the gas of the solar nebula D) the growth of the Sun as the density of gas increased in the center of the solar nebula What advantages come from putting a telescope in space? a. wavelengths of light that do not penetrate Earth’s atmosphere can be seen What is the giant impact hypothesis b. images may be sharper, without moving air to blur them for the origin of the Moon? c. you are closer to the stars, for a better view A) The Moon formed from material blasted out of the d. all of the above Earth's mantle and crust by the impact of a Mars-size e. a and b object. B) The Moon formed when two gigantic asteroids collided with one another. C) The Moon originally was about the same size as Earth, Which planets are considered terrestrial in but a giant impact blasted most of it away so that it ended up nature? much smaller than Earth. a. Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, and Mars D) The Moon formed just like the Earth, from accretion in the b. Uranus, Neptune, Earth, and Mars solar nebula. c. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune d. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Which planets are considered jovian in nature? a. Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, and Mars b. Uranus, Neptune, Earth, and Mars c. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune d. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Which of the following is true of the What does this orbits of all the planets in our solar photo show? system? a. They all orbit at the same speed. A) an interstellar cloud that will ultimately give birth to b. They are all made out of gas. thousands of star systems c. They all orbit the Sun in the same direction. B) an interstellar cloud that probably looks almost identical to d. They have many different orbital inclinations. the way the solar nebula looked about 4.5 billion years ago C) stars viewed through the atmosphere of Venus D) a galaxy much like our Milky Way Galaxy Asteroids are thought to be a. the remains of a planet between Mars and Jupiter that broke up. b. escaped small moons. c. leftover planetesimals from the inner solar system. d. leftover planetesimals from the outer solar system. Most asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt, which is located a. between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter b. between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto c. beyond the orbit of Neptune d. none of the above What is the significance of this image? A) It shows an actual disk of material orbiting another star, How do comets differ from asteroids? providing strong evidence the planets really do form in such a. They are mostly rock, not ices. disks. b. Their orbits are usually much farther from the Sun. B) It shows an artist's conception of what our solar system c. They are leftover pieces of a smashed planet. might d. All of the above. have looked like when the planets were first forming. C) It proves that jovian planets form farther from their stars than terrestrial planets. Where does the Kuiper belt lie? D) The large gap visible in the image represents the frost line a. between Mars and Jupiter of a b. between Uranus and Neptune young planetary system, demonstrating that such a line really c. between Neptune and Pluto exists. d. in the region just beyond Neptune e. well beyond the orbits of the planets Which of the following is an example of convection? A) warm air expanding and rising, while cooler air Why do we think that the solar system formed contracts and falls from a rotating, collapsing gas cloud that ended B) different kinds of material separating by density, like oil up as a disk orbiting the Sun? and water a. Most of the planets revolve and rotate in the same C) rocks sinking in water direction and in the same plane. D) gas bubbling upward through a liquid b. We see clouds of gas and dust in space with apparently young stars in them. c. We see disks around young stars. d. All of the above. Which of the following best describes the lunar maria? A) relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon B) densely cratered regions on the Moon What is the primary physical law responsible for C) mountainous regions on the Moon the heating of the solar nebula as it collapsed? D) frozen oceans of liquid water on the Moon a. conservation of energy b. conservation of momentum c. conservation of angular momentum d. Kepler’s third law Olympus Mons is A) a huge shield volcano on Mars. What is the primary physical law responsible for B) a huge stratovolcano on Venus. the increased rotation rate of the solar nebula as C) a large lava plain on the Moon. it collapsed? D) a great canyon on Mars. a. conservation of energy b. conservation of momentum c. conservation of angular momentum d. Kepler’s third law How does seafloor crust differ from continental crust? A) Seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density. Why do we think the inner (terrestrial) planets B) Seafloor crust is thicker, older, and higher in density. became denser than the outer planets? C) Seafloor crust is thicker, younger, and lower in density. a. As the solar nebula collapsed, gravity pulled denser D) Seafloor crust is thinner, older, and lower in density. materials toward the center. b. The inner part of the solar nebula was so hot that only dense metals and rocks were able to condense there. c. The rotating disk in which the planets formed flung Which of the following most likely lighter explains why Venus does not have a elements outward by rapid rotation. global magnetic field like Earth? A) Its rotation is too slow. B) It does not have a metallic core. C) Unlike Earth, Venus does not have a liquid outer core. How do we know the Sun within our solar D) It has too thick of an atmosphere. system is not a first generation star born right after the Big Bang? a. There are observations of stars in the place of our Sun that predate the Sun. b. There are elements present in our solar system that are only formed by stars that lived and died long ago. c. The solar system is in a specific region within the Milky Way Galaxy where many stars are known to have been present earlier. This diagram represents the conveyor-like action of plate tectonics on Earth. Which numbered position represents a place where What is the solar wind? new seafloor crust is being made? a. strong radiation that comes from the Sun b. similar to winds on Earth, but faster and stronger A) Position 1 c. similar to winds on Earth, but less dense and weaker B) Position 2 d. atoms and particles ejected from the Sun at high C) Position 3 speed D) Position 4 e. strong winds on the surface on the sun due to large temperature differences Where do comets come from? a. They are the remains of a planet between Mars and Jupiter that broke up. b. They are escaped small moons. c. They are leftover planetesimals from the inner solar system. d. They are leftover planetesimals from the outer solar This photo from the Curiosity rover shows what system. appears to be layered sedimentary rock on Mars. What does this photo seem to be telling us? A) This region of Mars once held a body of water such as What age does radiometric dating give a lake. for Moon rocks and meteorites? B) Mars still has active a. zero volcanoes. b. about 6000 years C) It still rains on Mars at least c. about 4 million years once every few million years. d. about 4 billion years D) There must not be any wind e. about 14 billion years on Mars, or these features would have been erased. Which two bodies show evidence of heavy cratering? a. Mercury and Venus b. Mercury and Earth c. Mercury and Earth’s Moon d. Earth and Venus e. Earth and Mars Which two bodies have substantial atmospheres? a. Mercury and Venus b. Mercury and Earth c. Mercury and Earth’s Moon d. Earth and Venus e. Earth and Mars What is the lithosphere? a. another name for a planet’s crust b. the crust plus the mantle c. a relatively rigid outer layer of rock that lies above less rigid rock below d. the boundary between the core and mantle What is the source of Earth’s magnetic field? a. magnetic rocks b. magnetized iron in Earth’s crust c. magnetized iron in Earth’s core d. molten metal circulating inside Earth Which of the following is an example of convection? a. Heat radiates from a planet into space. b. Heat travels from atom to atom, from inside a planet to the outside. c. Hot material inside a planet rises, and cool material sinks toward the center. d. Metal conducts energy throughout Earth’s core. What are the four basic processes that shape planetary surfaces? a. magnetic fields, impacts, volcanoes, erosion b. magnetic fields, earthquakes, volcanoes, erosion c. tectonics, impacts, volcanoes, erosion d. magnetic fields, impacts, volcanoes, erosion e. tectonics, impacts, erosion, magnetic fields Why do the lunar highlands have many more craters than the lunar maria? a. They are on the side of the Moon away from Earth, which was hit by more impacts. b. Lava flooded the maria, hiding many craters. c. The less cratered surfaces are younger than those with more craters. d. All of the above. e. b and c.