Microbiology Final Exam Review Sheet PDF

MICROBIOLOGY REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM Prof. Foote Ch1: definitions: microorganism, aseptic technique, germ theory of disease, genus, species LO3: Describe some main differences in cell structure that are used to distinguish bacteria, arc...

MICROBIOLOGY REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM Prof. Foote Ch1: definitions: microorganism, aseptic technique, germ theory of disease, genus, species LO3: Describe some main differences in cell structure that are used to distinguish bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses (BL4) LO4: Judge the contributions of Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Ignaz Semmelweis, and Robert Koch toward disproving “spontaneous generation” (BL5) Ch4: LO1: Describe 5 main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (BL2) LO2: Identify 3 main shapes of bacteria (BL1) LO3: List 5 structural features that are common to all bacteria (BL1) LO5: Apply the concept of gram staining to the presence or absence of many layers of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria (BL2) Ch6: definitions: inoculum, culture, generation time, aerobic, anaerobic, biofilm LO7: Compare selective media with differential media (BL4) and relate these terms to an enrichment culture (BL5) LO8: Draw a common bacterial growth curve (BL3) and label the lag, log, stationary, and death phases (BL1) LO9: Briefly summarize the phases of bacterial growth by what is occurring in each phase and why it is occurring (BL2) Ch7: definitions: sterilization, pasteurization, disk-diffusion test LO9: Describe why hydrogen peroxide is not a good treatment for open wounds (BL2) Ch3: Describe the main differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes (TEM and SEM) Ch5a: definitions: catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, metabolic pathway, enzyme, feedback inhibition, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors LO5: Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors (BL4) LO6: Describe the process of feedback inhibition (BL2) LO9: Summarize the 2 methods of phosphorylation (BL2) Ch5b: definitions: glycolysis, cellular respiration, fermentation, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain LO2: Describe the chemical reactions of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in terms of tracking the carbon atoms, creating ATP, GTP, and electron carriers NADH and NADPH and FADH2 per molecule of glucose (BL2) LO3: Compare generation of ATP via respiration/oxidative phosphorylation, versus in fermentation (BL4) LO9: Evaluate the necessity for fermentation if glycolysis is the part of the process that creates ATP (BL6) Ch8: definitions: horizontal gene transfer, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, recombination LO2: Summarize the processes of transcription (3 main steps) and translation (Fig 8.9) (BL2) LO4: Describe 3 different kinds of mutation (BL2) LO8: Explain main evidence for recombination presented in Griffith’s experiment (BL4) Ch9: definitions: PCR, natural selection, artificial selection LO5: Explain how mutation is the driving force behind natural selection (BL5) LO8: Outline the steps used for PCR (BL2) Ch13: definitions: lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, latent infection, chronic infection, prion LO6: Contrast the steps of the lytic cycle of infection and propagation with the lysogenic cycle of infection and propagation (BL4) LO9: Differentiate between latent and persistent infections (BL4) LO10: Describe 2 possible ways to contract a prion disease (BL2) Ch14: definitions: microbial antagonism, opportunistic infection, herd immunity, epidemiology LO3: Summarize the concept of microbial antagonism (aka competitive exclusion) (BL2) and discuss the effect of antibiotics on the levels of normal microbiota or opportunistic pathogens (BL3) LO7: Describe “herd immunity” (BL2) & evaluate the effect of anti-vaccination on the risk to an average 60 year old, a partially vaccinated 2 year old, an unvaccinated infant, and the immune-compromised (BL6) LO8: Identify (BL1) and describe (BL2) the 5 stages of disease LO12: Postulate why certain increases or decreases in disease occur from epidemiological graphs (BL3) Ch16: definitions: innate immunity, adaptive immunity, complement activation, classical pathway, MAC, cytokines, inflammation, vasodilation, phagocytosis, leukocytes LO6: Summarize the signs/symptoms of inflammation (BL1) and its functions (BL2) and outline the roles of C-reactive protein and TNF-α (BL1) LO7: Describe the 3 stages of inflammation using Figure 16.8 (BL2) LO8: Cite an example from lecture of high, moderate, and low/NO regenerative tissue repair (BL1) LO9: Describe the classical complement activation pathway (starting with antibody-antigen binding and going till the creation of a transmembrane channel in the bacteria membrane )(BL2) Ch17: definitions: antibodies, antigens, B cells, epitopes, light chain, heavy chain, variable region, constant region, MHC, class switching, plasma cells, memory cells, T-dependent and T-independent antigens, affinity, specificity LO4: Summarize the various regions and structures of an antibody (BL2) LO5: Describe the roles of each of the classes of antibody, (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, IgE), including the ½ life of each, the percentage of total antibody of each, and common features of each (BL2)(*from lecture, recall the times at which each kind of antibody is produced by a fetus or young child, up to two years of age, and apply that information to evaluate the vaccination schedule for the US, today (BL6)) LO6: Compare T-dependent and T-independent antigens (BL4) LO8: Explain the immunological role of antibody in the destruction of foreign substances (BL2) Additional topics: 1. Antibiotic resistance is a widespread problem. What contributes to this phenomenon? 2. Independent/dependent variable in experimentation, and need for control group. 3. Koch’s Postulates 4. Phagocytosis 5. The 1918 flu was virulent and killed many millions. Why?