Exam 1 Study Guide GEOL 121 Fall 2021 PDF

Exam 1 Study Guide GEOL 121 Fall 2021 Definitions to Know Biosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere Crust Mantle...

Exam 1 Study Guide GEOL 121 Fall 2021 Definitions to Know Biosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere Crust Mantle Core Continental drift Plate Tectonics Mantle convection Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Transform boundary Ocean lithosphere Continental lithosphere Volcanic island arc Continental volcanic arc Accretionary wedge Paradigm shift Pangea Mineral Rock Nucleus Proton Electron Neutron Isotope Ion Valence Electrons Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond Luster Hardness Cleavage Streak Aphanitic Phaneritic Porphrytic Vesicular Pyroclastic Obsidian (glassy) Granitic (felsic) Basaltic (mafic) Andesitic (intermediate) Ultramafic Geothermal gradient Intrusive Extrusive Laccolith Batholith Sill Dike Columnar jointing Stock Clast Clastic Rounding Sorting Graded Bedding Cross beds Mud cracks conglomerate mudstone shale sandstone breccia siltstone limestone dolostone gravel sand silt mud Concepts to Know What are the different spheres of Earth and be able to identify examples of various spheres interacting How old is the Earth? Evidence for Continental Drift Evidence for Plate Tectonics Relative densities of continental and oceanic lithosphere and how they relate to plate tectonics Characteristics and examples of different plate boundaries (e.g., transform boundaries have plates sliding past each other, shallow earthquakes, and the San Andreas Fault in California is an example of one) Know what a paradigm shift is and how they happen in science The nature of subatomic particles and how to read all the relevant information from a periodic table The relationship between valence electrons, common chemical bonds, and the octet rule The Rock Cycle How are the different layers of the Earth defined, what are they made of, and how did they form? The components of magma (crystals, liquid, gases) and their importance How does magma form? What special conditions are necessary (extra heat, addition of water, decreased pressure)? The different texture of igneous rocks and what they tell us about the rock’s formation/cooling history The different chemical compositions of igneous rocks and how to recognize them How are igneous rocks classified/named? The difference between physical (mechanical) and chemical weathering How coal forms, how oil and gas form How do classify (name) clastic sedimentary rocks versus how do we classify chemical sedimentary rocks. Which uses grain size (including the difference between shale and mudstone, the difference between breccia and conglomerate) and which uses mineralogy? What do sediment characteristics tell us about depositional environments (e.g., sorting and transport history, rounding and transport distance, grain size and energy) Principles of Stratigraphy (original horizontality, later continuity, superposition, cross-cutting relationships) Be able to order events using the principles of stratigraphy Sample questions – Multiple choice questions will test for comprehension of material as well as memorization of terms. This means you will be expected to apply the knowledge you have learned in class to answer the questions posed. Here are a couple of sample questions; correct answers in bold. Which of these is not a mineral? a. Glass b. Table salt c. Ice d. Calcite Which two of the Earth’s spheres are interacting when CO2 is emitted through the burning of fossil fuels? a. Lithosphere and asthenosphere b. Lithosphere and atmosphere c. Biosphere and hydrosphere d. Geosphere and biosphere What type of texture does this igneous rock have? a. Phaneritic b. Porphyritic c. Aphanitic d. Pegmatitic How many neutrons does beryllium have? a. 9 b. 4 c. 5 d. 9.012182 New oceanic lithosphere is formed at ________. a. transform boundaries by submarine earthquakes b. convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions c. divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions d. convergent boundaries by subduction Match the phrase with the appropriate plate boundary. Associated with both deep and shallow earthquakes. a. convergent b. transform c. divergent The San Andreas fault is one example. a. convergent b. transform c. divergent