Exam 1 Reviewer SFFG 125 PDF

SFFG 125 Part 1:Political Economy of Development Topic 1.1 Power and Power Relations DR. JUAN M. PULHIN, DR ROSE JANE J. PERAS, DR. ADRIAN L. ALBANO Dept. of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, CFNR-UPLB First Semester 2024-2025 Political science The study of pol...

SFFG 125 Part 1:Political Economy of Development Topic 1.1 Power and Power Relations DR. JUAN M. PULHIN, DR ROSE JANE J. PERAS, DR. ADRIAN L. ALBANO Dept. of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, CFNR-UPLB First Semester 2024-2025 Political science The study of politics, government, and public policy Includes the following studies: processes of government (e.g. policy formulation) institutions of government (e.g., Congress, etc.) behavior of the people in government (both elected officials and government workers) how citizens interact with their government (e.g., why don’t more people vote?). Source: https://iup.edu/politicalscience/about/ 2 Students’ notion of political economy 3 Political Economy Investigates the interaction of political and economic processes in a society (Serrat, 2017) As a science, deals with the study of structure and political processes in relation to the allocation, use and distribution of resources Key Point: Economic issues can only be understood in the context of political realities 4 Political Economy Political economists – start from the assumption that political questions of resource ownership, power, and distribution have great influence on the process of development Ask the political question: “Who benefits and who loses” from a given situation. 5 Students’ notion of administration 6 ADMINISTRATION Focuses on execution of public affairs as distinguished from policy making PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Science and art of managing the operations and activities of a public organization 7 Students’ notion of forestry development 8  Forestry development Processes and outcomes involved in the evolution of the discipline and practice of forestry Involves changes in the philosophy, theory, policy, and practice in forestry under a given historical and socio-economic and political contexts and their subsequent effects/impacts to forest resources https://www.flickr.com/photos/faooftheu n/40570854311 9 Power and Power Relations Politics- “play of power” ✓ When we exercise power over others, ourselves, and when others exercise power over us Power ✓ What is our notion of powerful people? When they can wield influence over other people Have positions of prominence Because they are wealthy, charismatic, “went to the right school” 10  Two Views of Power 1. Power “a social relation built on an asymmetrical distribution of resources and risks”. Alf Hornborg (2001:1) Supports Nelson and Wright’s (1995) “power-over model” which argues that power rests in a certain subject like the State or the elite which has more control over resources like the forest. 11  Two Views of Power 2. “Decentered model of power” - power is seen as “subjectless” Following Foucault (1979), this concept supports the view that political power is exercised in terms of “political rationalities” and “intellectual technologies” that allows self-regulation to attain certain political objectives 12  Power “Decentered model” points to the need to focus the analysis on “humble and mundane mechanisms” associated with knowledge and expertise through which the actions and judgments of persons and organizations are linked to political objectives (Miller and Rose 1990, Miller and Rose 1992) 13  Power In CBFM, examples of such mundane mechanisms include various planning tools: Community Resource Management Framework (CRMF) and Five-year work plan Various types of tenure instruments like Community-Based Forest Management Agreements (CBFMA) 14  Power and Politics In the context of political ecology, power is employed in relation to resource production and use and exercised in diverse arenas and multiple scales Drawing on this conceptualization, politics refers to the practices and processes by which multiple forms of power is exercised through various actors and mechanisms at different scales 15  Power and Power Relations Influence ☺ Includes all cases when one party’s desire affect the behavior of another party ☺ Can take place without threat of sanction or promise of reward ☺ Factors affecting influence includes: ✓ Money ✓ Information ✓ More friends ✓ More skills in the art of persuasion ✓ Better means of communication ✓ Stronger motivation ✓ Mastery of technology including intellectual ✓ technology 16 Power and Power Relations Power can be achieved through: ☻Force (including psychic and physical) Violent and non-violent ☻Manipulation ☻Persuasion and creation of consensus ☻Authority ☻Self-regulation of subject 17 Power and Power Relations Dominant View of Power ✓Special case of the exercise of influence The process of affecting policies of others with the help of severe deprivations for non-conformity with the policy intended ✓A relationship of control involving two steps Party A threatens unpleasant consequences if party B acts or does not act as A wishes Party B acts as Party A wishes ✓Subject vs. Object of power 18  Power and Power Relations Authority The right to exercise the power and influence of particular position that comes from having been placed in that position according to regular, known and widely accepted procedures Seen as a form of legitimate power Legitimacy The condition of being considered to be correctly placed in a particular role and by carrying out the functions of that role correctly Political legitimacy – means having widespread approval for the way one exercises political power 19  Power and Power Relations Power ☻ Most readily exercise if the source is recognized as legitimate by those subject to it ☻ Legitimation of power relationship may be attained by: Appeal to tradition Institutionalization in societal structure (especially those of state apparatus) Through the charisma of the powerful Excellent performance of the person in authority Through participatory approaches and “mundane mechanisms” 20 SFFG 125 Part 1 Political Economy Development Topic 1.2 Structures of Power DR. JUAN M. PULHIN and DR. ROSE JANE J. PERAS Dept. of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, CFNR-UPLB First Semester 2024-2025 Structures of Power Can be appreciated by analyzing three domains State Civil society Market State Traditionally regarded as areas of land (or land and water) with relatively well defined, internationally recognized political boundaries Within this territory resides people with an independent political identity usually referred to as “nation state” 4 Structures of Power Theory of State Focuses on the State as a set of institutions for the protection and maintenance of the society Institutions includes the government, politics, the judiciary, armed forces, etc., and guarantee the reproduction of social relations in a way which is beyond the capability of any individual or single social group The theory of state is driven by a single profoundly important question: “Why is it necessary to constitute in society a separate agency called a state?” 5 Structures of Power Theory of State State apparatus The set of institutions and organizations through which state power is exercise: Political - the set of parties, elections, governments and constitutions; Legal - the mechanism which allows the peaceful mediation between conflicting social groups Repressive - the mechanisms of internal (intra-national) and external (international) enforcement of state power, including the civilian police and the armed forces 6 Structures of Power Theory of State State apparatus Production – the range of state-manufactured and state distributed goods and services Provision – where the state contracts with other agencies for the production and distribution of goods and services Treasury – fiscal and monetary arrangements for regulating internal and economic relations Health, education and welfare – basic services for the promotion of population well-being 7  Structures of Power Theory of State State apparatus Information – state-sponsored or state-controlled mechanisms for information dissemination (e.g. PIA) Communication and media – licensed and regulated but relatively autonomous information – dissemination channels including telecommunications and print Administration – designed to ensure the overall compatibility and operation of all the state apparatus Regulatory agencies – created to organize and extend state intervention into non-state activities including family and state relations (e.g. LTFRB) 8 Structures of Power Theories of State Which among the following statements do you believe the most? (Contreras, 2001) States are neutral institutions and work for the collective and common good of the people. States are institutions that serve the interests of the elites, particularly the capitalist class. States are institutions that are themselves a class with particular set of interests. 9  Structures of Power Theories of State Pluralist theory State is seen as an institution that serves the interest of the people, and therefore is a neutral aggregator of competing preferences Largely inspired by social contract theories – an image of citizenry that gave up individual freedom to be governed by states on the agreement (“contract”) that the states will protect their rights Outlines the sovereignty of the people as the ultimate source of state power (people retain right to change the government – democratic elections) People as the ultimate source of law – extra-constitutional means of changing corrupt and immoral government remain a prerogative of the people. 10 Structures of Power Theories of State Elitist theory State is seen as an instrument of the elite class Alternatively, if not a direct instrument, state is structured in such a way that it has a bias in favor of the elite class Exemplified by Marxist conception of the state – state seen as serving the interest of the capitalist class. 11 Structures of Power Theories of State Corporatist theory State viewed as another player in the society State assumes independent role and becomes a class itself competing with other groups in society Becomes independent of any class and has its own interest to pursue Exemplified by bureaucratic authoritarian state, or state which are governed by military juntas 12 Structures of Power State Main source of legitimacy – formal policies, laws, and regulations Not the sole authority for establishing order in the society Although the only institution in the society that can legitimately use violence, can declare war to its citizen, extract taxes, and kill with moral authority through death penalty 13 Structures of Power Civil Society A web of autonomous associations independent of state, bringing the community together in their pursuit of common interests (Korbonski, 1996) CS as a source of social consolidation by providing mechanism by which order is established Social life as a whole, or the aspect of human life which goes beyond the state and private interests and where people live and act together in everyday life (Coronel-Ferrer, 1997) 14  Structures of Power Civil Society Examples: NGOs, POs, religious institutions, academe, media, political and social movements and parties, and basic communities Includes organic and traditional institutions which foster collective action at the local level May be viewed as alternative to state, even as it influences the state in the manner of how citizens are produced and reproduced. Main source of legitimacy – customs and tradition 15 Structures of Power Economy Another domain for allocating entitlements through the logic of the market The domain of capital Follows the law of supply and demand Profit maximization is the main concern 16 Three-fold Upland Governance Set-up in the Philippines (Peralta, 2008) STATE DENR LGUs OGAs CIVIL PRIVATE SOCIETY SECTOR POs Producers NGOs and Consumer Culture, Traditions Sector and Practices Business Upland Community Sector with Related CBFM Activities a. STATE “For successful collective management, it is essential that the user group have security of access to and use of the resource. Effective local control, or joint control with the State, requires willingness and ability of government to legitimize and empower the local institutions and help enforce their rights.” As discussed by Arnold, J.E.M. (FAO Forestry Paper 136 reprinted in 1999), b. CIVIL SOCIETY CSOs Mediator, facilitator and service providers c. PRIVATE SECTOR Market Coordinating Mechanism “a major challenge for government and formal institutions is to be more welcoming and supportive of private sectors with appropriate safeguards to ensure the public interest is not compromised” World Development Report (2003) Modernization A THEORY TOWARDS FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT CHIONG, CRUZ, GERONIMO, PERNIA, PUGONG, TABINGO, UY, ZAFARALLA SFFG 125 - U introduction Development is triggered to happen once “community bonds” occur among the stakeholders and the leaders (Schutte, 2016) This notion of development also embodies the political and economical state of the forestry sector, which are mainly moved by different reliant communities. Such changes are formed from a series of desired improvements that builds the idea of a developmental theory called modernization. 01  objectives 01. 02. 03. Understand the Identify the Apply concepts embodied strengths and modernization to in modernization weaknesses of forestry modernization development 02  Answering of A guide questions B methodology B Construction of written report C Oral presentation of answers 03 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 04 Concepts governing modernization a. Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth b. Inglehart and Baker’s Industrialization and Urbanization Concept 05 The Author ROSTOW’S Walt Rostow was an American Stages of economist, professor, political theorist and a national security economic adviser to the president during the term of Lyndon B. Johnson from growth 1966 to 1969. He is an anti- communist who wholeheartedly believes in capitalism and consumerism as the main drivers of economic growth 06 The Book ROSTOW’S Made in the 1960's that describes Stages of how Western countries have attained modernization and states economic how other developing countries growth can attain the “modern” state of economy by going through the five stages of economic growth. 07  ROSTOW’S Stages of economic growth Age of High Mass LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT Consumption Drive to maturity Take-off stage Preconditions to take-off Traditional Society TIME Industrialization and Urbanization Concept from the article “Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values” by Ronald Inglehart and Wayne Baker Industrialization and Urbanization Concept Cultural transformation Drivers of change Value shifts Economic development Role of urbanization Persistence of traditional values Path-dependent change Complex relationship 10  MODERNIZATION Strengths WEAKNESSES There are existing historical Top-down approach examples Dependency syndrome It is a linear method of development Neglect of historical and cultural Transitions to bureaucratic context development Simplistic understanding of Promotes education for human social development capital development Link to exploitation and Social and cultural change facilitates dependency individualism and secularism Deterministic nature Technical advancement 11  APPLICATIONS OF modernization IN FORESTRY  cbfm Shift from top-down approach This approach enhances participation and impactful results by understanding human nature and accepting indigenous knowledge. Collaboration of the communities and advanced technology enhances resilience and environmental management. timber processing & utilization Broadened silvicultural knowledge helps in management or creation of successful forest stands. Removes the need to degrade old-growth forests with more manageable plantations. Waste reduction via more efficient timber processing technology and diversifying derived products.  Remote sensing Interactive and visually impactful maps help create more accurate and effective decision making. Streamlines research and removes tedious aspects saving time and money. Example of Application: Geotagging was the primary method of the DENR in evaluating the level of implementation and overall impact of the National Greening Program. Enhanced Biodiversity Conservation Growing advancements in utilizing taxonomic information, access to improved genetic studies, and more comprehensive studies about different pests and diseases affecting different flora. Improvement to management of animals and plants in captivity due to enhanced knowledge of bio-physical characteristics. DAO 2018-21 utilises the Landscape and Wildlife Indicator (LAWIN) Forest and Biodiversity Protection System to serve as a monitoring tool which does away with the traditional method of manually encoding field data through the use of programs such as SMART and CyberTracker for smartphones. Conclusion Moderinzation, in general, tackles the idea of efficiency of livelihood Modernization both affiliates with role models, urbanization, and industrialization 17 Conclusion Efficiency and advancement brings light to modernization, while dependence and abandonment of culture pulls the idea of modernization Modernization opens different perspectives in the advancement of CBFM, timber production and utilization, remote sensing, and enhanced biodiversity conservation. 18 Dependency theory of underdevelopment SFFG 125 Political Economy and Administration of Forestry Development September 2024 Cortes, Escano, Felismino, Matira, Pestano, Quinton, Soriano, Villegas  01 Introduction 02 Concepts 03 Strengths and Weaknesses Agenda 04 Application in Forestry Overview Dependency Theory of Underdevelopment 05 Conclusion Introduction Why are so many countries in the world not developing? The dependency theory of underdevelopment, originating in the 1950s, proposes that the global economic system benefits rich countries while disadvantaging less developed ones (Munro, 2014). According to Parvati (2022), the theory categorizes the world into core and peripheral countries. Core countries = Progressive, technologically advanced, and have high-income levels Peripheral countries = less developed Objectives: 1. to discuss the core concepts underlying this theory; 2. to explain the roles and characteristics of core and peripheral states; and 3. to explain the relevance of dependency theory in the contemporary globalized political economy.  Concepts Governing the dependency theory of underdevelopment Periphery of the CC Center of the Center PC Center Center of the Periphery of the CP PP Periphery Periphery International System External forces as key agents to development Global capitalism - Sens (2012) Philippine underdevelopment and dependency theory Dependency Theory of Underdevelopment by Randolf David (1980) The Philippines’ economy is shaped and distorted by its integration into the global capitalist system. Transnational corporations (TNCs) The Philippine government has created policies that encourage foreign investments, offering incentives such as tax holidays, exemptions, and favorable legal conditions to attract TNCs The Philippines, like many other developing nations, is trapped in this cycle of dependency on foreign capital and export-oriented industrialization. STRENGTHS Historical Context and Neo-colonialism Perspective Explore the unequal exploitative relations between the center and periphery nations, exemplified by the dominance of former colonizers over their former colonies even after formal independence (Kvangraven, 2023). Example: Philippines-US Relationship American Imperialism caricature | Image credit: Harvard Anthropology STRENGTHS Challenges Modernization and Trickle- down Economic Theory Development is neither unidirectional nor a result of rapid economic growth in developed nations automatically translate to less developed nations (Oyetunde, 2022). Global economic system is inherently skewed, favoring the already-developed countries leading to the underdevelopment of less-developed ones Cartoon on Fairtrade | Image credited to Brick cited by Tony Daly, 2015 Example: Philippines Foreign Exchange WEAKNESSES Focuses on External Factors Misses how internal issues, such as financial mismanagement, can disrupt economic systems and hinder development. Generalization of Peripheral Countries Simplifies complex global and local dynamics by attributing underdevelopment mainly to historical exploitation. Simplified Global Dynamics Overlooks the varied causes of underdevelopment and the diverse experiences of different countries. WEAKNESSES Assumes no Progress for Peripheral Countries in Capitalism Contradicted by the success of nations like Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore, which achieved significant growth through export-driven strategies. Lack of Empirial Evidence Fails to provide a comprehensive explanation or practical solutions for development issues. Cultural Reductionism Economists have historically avoided cultural aspects, but these can significantly impact a country’s success. For instance, cultural values in South Korea and Ghana have influenced their respective development trajectories.  Application in Forestry Exploitation of Shifting The presence of Lapses in forest resources agrarian multinational/ Community- in developing relations and transnational mining based Forestry countries land use operations in Management changes developing countries (CBFM) programs Conclusion Dependency Theory of Underdevelopment The dependency theory of underdevelopment explains the system dynamics of countries that are still reliant to other countries in terms of economic perspective. It discusses the core/center countries and peripheral countries. Here in the Philippines, people patronize foreign products than locals, making it obvious how historical context strengthens this theory. The dependency theory provides a critical context on how historical patterns of dependency continue to shape the present global economic relations. It is recommended that a thorough analysis of the dependency theory of a specific country may aid in a deeper understanding of how a country is characterized as underdeveloped. GROWTH GROWTH WITH WITH EQUITY EQUITY SFFG 125 - GROUP 4 Raphael Kent Hao Nalibsan Allainess Forlales Claudette Jas Alba Danica Tamis Delos Reyes Emmanuel Herrera John Paul Tino Melinda Raneses OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES CONCEPTS APPLICATION TO FORESTRY  GROWTH WITH EQUITY Sustainable Development Growth Increase in National Income Equity Equitable Distribution of this income History: 1955 East Asia: Korea, Taiwan, China, and Japan Korea Taiwan China Japan 27% of the worlds population Only 9% of global GDP  History: 1960s 1970s and mid 80s East Asia: Japan, Taiwan and South Korea They experienced “Growth with Equity” Increase in GDP Increase in Income Increase in Living Standards  “Growth with Equity” Understand Growth with Equity Examine Strengths and Weaknesses Examples of its implementation in forestry  OBJECTIVE To promote sustainable economic growth in the forestry sector while ensuring equitable distribution of benefits among stakeholders, with a focus on uplifting marginalized communities and enhancing environmental stewardship.  STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Inflation Increase Economic growth Financial Burden Promote Individual well-being Challenge in implentation Promotes environmental sustainability Social Connection  CONCEPT BEHIND GROWTH WITH EQUITY Centered on attaining Among all sectors/ form economic growth society Growth and Redistribution Growth and Policies Inclusive growth Economic level APPLICATION IN FORESTRY COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT ECOTOURISM AGROFORESTRY PAYMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES CARBON CREDIT  Photo source: UN Redd programme Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) It aims to highlight the principles of social equity, sustainability, and community participation in forest management and biodiversity conservation. Through this program, portions of the forestland is being allocated among local communities (Bacalla, 2005). CBFM does not only promote forest development but also improve the overall socio-economic development in the Philippine uplands. ECOTOURISM Promotes fair and equitable sharing of available opportunities among local communities, ensuring social equity, sustainable economic prosperity, and tourism sustainability. Is found as an effective mechanism for fostering social equity and economic prosperity through socio- economic empowerment Photo source: Medium AGROFORESTRY In terms of growth with equity in agroforestry development it is a practice to ensure fair benefits and opportunities for all stakeholders involved, particularly marginalized and vulnerable groups. Growth with equity can be promoted in policy-making, access to resources, technology and knowledge sharing, monitoring and evaluation, and in community empowerment.  PAYMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Payments from Businesses Communities Receive Can be financial or not financial gain an extra source of income for their efforts in improving farming practices and protecting the improved livelihoods, secure land tenure, environment. infrastructure, or capacity building.  CARBON CREDIT In terms of carbon credit, they implement a carbon credit program to incentivize forest conservation. Under the program, large corporations purchase carbon credits to offset their emissions, with the revenue going to local communities for forest protection efforts. The program emphasizes equitable benefit sharing, ensuring that indigenous communities and small farmers receive the majority of the funds. These communities use revenue to improve local infrastructure and invest in sustainable agricultural practices  PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT - Dayan - Diancin - Garcia - Miguel - Ortega - Taguiang - Villacrusis -  Introduction PARTICIPATION Involvement of people in decisions or actions that could affect their lives (Apgar & Thorpe, 2019) Part of the core values in an open and democratic society - considered as ‘right’ (Apgar & Thorpe, 2019) EMPOWERMENT Social process that enables people to have control over their own lives, communities and society through acting on significant issues (Page & Czuba, 1999) Refers to the transformation of power relations (Nawaz, 2013)  Theory Overview Participatory Development (Nawaz, 2013) refers to community involvement where people: have the right and duty to participate in solving their own problems have greater responsibilities in assessing their needs have the means to mobilize their local resources have the capacity to suggest new solutions, establish and maintain their own local organizations  Participatory Development and Empowerment Deeply rooted in power - to achieve participatory development and empowerment, power relations must be addressed Should include three elements according to Nawaz (2013) Cognitive: generation of different modes of understanding the realities to be addressed Political: empowerment of the voiceless. Instrumental: propose new alternatives.  Goals and OBJECTIVES Encourages Local 01 Participation 03 Fosters Collective Action 02 Empowers 04 03 Promotes Genuine Marginalized Groups Decentralization  STRENGTHS (Jennings, 2000) MAJOR STRENGTHS Capacity in Utilizing Local Knowledge: Incorporation of traditional knowledge and local expertise. Community Ownership: Developing a sense of responsibility and commitment to the outcomes. Conflict Resolution: Involvement of the different stakeholders in decision-making processes MINOR STRENGTHS Local Empowerment: Conscientization, leads to a deeper understanding of their situation and their potential for change Democratic Practices: Inclusion of marginalized groups such as women, youth, and indigenous people.  WEAKNESSES (Mohan & Stokke, 2000) MAJOR WEAKNESSES Time-Consuming: In contexts where rapid action is needed, the time demands of participatory processes may hinder effective responses Capacity Issues: Communities may lack the technical knowledge, organizational skills, or financial resources necessary for effective participation MINOR WEAKNESSES Uneven Power Dynamics: can be manipulated by local elites, reinforcing existing inequalities by excluding marginalized groups and ignoring power imbalances (Mohan and Stokke, 2000). Romanticization of the Locals: Often overlooks local inequalities and broader political forces, limiting its ability to address systemic issues like poverty and marginalization.  APPLICATIONS INTO FORESTRY Community-based Forest Management Community Forestry Program (CFP) (CBFM) Ancestral Domain Management  community- based forest management Definition - Executive Order 263 or the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) aims to integrate and harmonize the people-oriented forestry programs of the government, as well as to allow local communities and indigenous peoples the right to protect, develop, and manage forest and coastal resources (DENR, 2004).  Participatory Development and Empowerment Local Empowerment: This approach entrusts the local community, along with other stakeholders, with the responsibility for managing forest activities like rehabilitation, protection, and conservation, in order to achieve the primary goal of sustainable forestry (Executive Order No. 263, 1995). Community Involvement: Community members are involved in determining the primary environmental and social problems, developing and organizing programs to solve those problems, and even implementing best solutions for integrated management. Capacity Building: Opportunities for community members are provided for them to be equipped with various forest management skills and the ability to make appropriate decisions about harmonizing the functions of the environment and society. Real-Life Example: Impacts of CBFM on Livelihood and Income, Forest condition and Equity (LIFE) in Nueva Vizcaya (Carig, 2012) Mobilizing local communities as 'partners' in forest development operations is a highly effective technique for forest management. The number of livelihoods and income of the community increased significantly as a result of community members' engagement in CBFM initiatives. Enabled the community to plant more trees and improve their natural forest while also enhancing their agricultural producing areas through local people’s participation in training and capacity building. Improved forest equity in Nueva Vizcaya by expanding local participation in PO activities, allowing them to sustainably access, use, and benefit from forest resources  Community Forestry Program Definition and Governance -Initiate the community for the forest development and utilization of the natural resources inside a secondary growth upland forest and residual mangrove forest. -Motivate the NGOs to participate in the DENR’s environmental activities -Governed by DAO 22, s. 1993 known as the Revised Guidelines for Community Forestry Program  Participatory Development and Empowerment Community Participation: The involved community has participated throughout the implementation of the project. They participate from the planning and rule formulation up to the monitoring and evaluation of the project. Local Community Empowerment: The government lets the assigned organization in a community lead and organize the project. The role of the government and DENR was to provide support and assistance during the implementation of the project. Involvement in Decision-Making: Community members who were involved in the project have a say in every decision that the project needs. They are also entitled to communicate necessary things to improve the quality of the project.  Real-Life Example: CFP in Kabungao, Kalinga-Apayao The project aims to promote uniting the community for a common front, ecological preservation of the country’s natural resources, and preserving the natural customs and traditions of the place. Assigned NGO to this project was the Federation of Apayao Tribe Communities Foundation, Inc. (FATCFI).. The FATCFI practices community organizing and training by participating in policy formulation, project implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.  ancestral domain management Definition and Governance - Ancestral domain management involves the stewardship of lands traditionally owned by indigenous peoples. - Governed by the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 in the Philippines.  Participatory Development and Empowerment Recognition of Rights: IPRA law formally recognizes the rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains. Community Involvement: Indigenous communities are involved in planning, management, and implementation of activities, including the development of Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plans (ADSDPPs). Capacity Building: Training programs enhance community members' skills in sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and modern technologies. Cultural Preservation: Management integrates cultural practices and traditional knowledge. Benefit Sharing: Equitable sharing of benefits from resources, including income from sustainable forestry and eco-tourism.  Real-Life Example: Ikalahan Tribe in Nueva Vizcaya The Ikalahan tribe secured a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) under IPRA and developed an ADSDPP for sustainable forest management, agroforestry, and biodiversity conservation. The Kalahan Educational Foundation (KEF) provides training in sustainable practices and resource mapping, integration of traditional knowledge with modern techniques in agroforestry. Development of livelihood projects, such as producing processed forest products. Positive outcomes include improved forest cover, biodiversity conservation and enhanced socio-economic conditions. DEVELOPMENT THEORIES DECENTRALIZATION AND THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ARGETE | BALAGUER | CRUZ | EVANGELISTA | GUZMAN | MADID | RAGUDO | VICTORIO SFFG 125 - U  CONCEPTS GOVERNING THE THEORY DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS REFORMS REFORMS REFORMS REFORMS LOCAL GOVERNANCE POLICY SERVICE PROVISION POLICY POLICY POLICY STRUCTURE POLITICAL FISCAL RESOURCES STRUCTURE STRUCTURE ADMINISTRATIVE ECONOMIC/ FISCAL STRUCTURE MARKET PUBLIC PARTICIPATION CIVIL SOCIETY REFORMS NGOS POLICY COMMUNITY GROUPS STRUCTURE OTHER NON-STATE ACTORS Figure 1. Schematic Framework of Decentralization (Brillantes & Cuachon, 2003) affected by Civil Society. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES COMPARISON STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES 1. Autonomy of Local 1. Challenges with Areas Coordination 2. Accountability REFORMS and 2. Corruption REFORMS and POLICY Transparency POLICYInequality causing STRUCTURE STRUCTURE 3. Innovation Conflicts 4. Resource 3. Higher Costs Management 4. Inequalities 5. Efficiency between Regions APPLICATION OF THEORY IN FORESTRY DENR DEPARTMENT OFREFORMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY POLICY AND NATURAL RESOURCES STRUCTURE DEPARTMENT REFORMS OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY NATURAL RESOURCES STRUCTURE Executive Order No. 192 (Providing for the Reorganization of the Department of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Renaming as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and for other Purposes). DENR STAFF SECTORAL BUREAUS: Forest Management Bureau (FMB) Lands Management Bureau (LMB) Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau (MGB) Environmental Management REFORMS Bureau (EMB) Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau POLICY STRUCTURE (ERDB) Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) > Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) DENR SECTION 20. FIELD OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT 13 Regional Offices REFORMS Provincial Offices (for every province) POLICY Municipal Offices (if deemed necessary) STRUCTURE Staff Sectoral Bureaus DECENTRALIZATION & CIVIL SOCIETY IN BAYAWAN CITY, NEGROS ORIENTAL LGU, DENR, ECOGOV, POs Collaborated to create forest land-use plan LGU alloted 10 million pesos to fund REFORMS activities like watershed rehabilitation, POLICY A Case Study of Bayawan City, Negros Oriental on Controlling the Effects of Lowland Flooding and riverbank stabilization etc. STRUCTURE Siltation through Sustainable Forest Land Use Planning and Management: A Contribution to the Philippines Country Environmental Analysis Participation of People’s Organizations and local communities in managing watersheds and sources of water OTHER APPLICATIONS Forest Occupancy Management Program in Dona Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan Enactment of NIPAS Act REFORMS Community-Based POLICY STRUCTURE Forest Management Program (CBFM) LGU-Led Reforestation Projects Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals Presented By: Adlaon, Catangay, De Castro, Lantican, Magboo, Mizukami, Petil, Tunay Report Outline PART 1 Introduction PART 2 Concepts Governing the SD and SDG PART 3 Strength and Weaknesses PART 4 Application in Forestry Sustainable Development "Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Sustainable development refers to a wide range of policies, initiatives, and investments that deliver current benefits while ensuring the protection of environmental, social, and individual well-being for the future. (WHO, n.d)  Pillars of Sustainability Sustainability Environmental Economic Social This pillar is centered on This component of SD the preservation and Fostering long-term makes sure that social conservation of natural economic expansion and inclusion is given priority, ecosystems and resources security without also that development gains assuring that human depleting the resources or are dispersed equitably, activities do not exhaust endangering the and that all human rights or deteriorate the environment and society. are upheld, both environment beyond its individually and potential to recover. collectively.  The 17 Sustainable Development Goals The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as Global Goals, are a set of 17 integrated and interrelated goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that humanity enjoys peace and prosperity by 2030.  1 SDGs has specific targets 2 SDGs builds a bridge to connect everyone Strengths 3 SDGs promotes partnership 4 SDGs focus on sustainability SDGs lacks implementation and is 1 too ambitious Nations can “cherry-pick” SDGs that align with their priorities 2 Weaknesses SDGs can create internal conflicts 3  Forestland Management Project (SDG 15: Life on Land & SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation) The Forestland Management Project (FMP), a collaboration between the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), is a prime example of SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) in action. The project reforested over 10,841 hectares in the Jalaur Watershed in Iloilo, aiming to protect a total of 71,300 hectares across several provinces. By promoting agroforestry, reforestation, and soil and water conservation, FMP addresses forest conservation and sustainable land management while ensuring water resources are safeguarded. Infrastructure such as irrigation systems, bridges, and farm-to-market roads were also developed to improve community access to water and markets.  The REDD+ Program (SDG 13: Climate Action & SDG 15: Life on Land) In areas like the Sierra Madre and Palawan, the REDD+ program helps reduce deforestation and forest degradation while providing financial incentives to local communities for forest protection (Lasco et al., 2013). It strengthens forest governance, reduces carbon emissions, and enhances forest biodiversity. Initiatives like REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) support countries in conservation efforts, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while promoting sustainable forest use.  Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) (SDG 1: No Poverty & SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth) An example is the CBFM program's impact in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, where indigenous groups manage a significant portion of the forest under the program. The Kalanguya and Ifugao communities have been actively involved in reforestation efforts and sustainable harvesting of forest products like honey, fruits, and medicinal plants. This has not only improved their income but also strengthened their role as environmental stewards (Pulhin et al., 2017). Through the CBFM program, local groups manage designated forest areas, enabling them to harvest timber and non-timber products sustainably. This approach provides income opportunities for the communities while achieving the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.  Philippine Forest Certification System (SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production & SDG 15: Life on Land) The Philippine Forest Certification System (PFCS) is a national initiative aimed at promoting sustainable forest management by certifying forest operations that meet specific sustainability standards. It ensures that forest products, such as timber, are sourced responsibly, preventing practices that could harm ecosystems. This program promotes responsible forest management, reduces illegal logging, and encourages consumers to choose sustainably sourced wood products, thus supporting long-term forest conservation.  National Greening Program (SDG 13: Climate Action SDG 15: Life on Land SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production) This program addresses deforestation and forest degradation while contributing to climate action by absorbing carbon dioxide. It also promotes sustainable forest management by encouraging the planting of native and agroforestry species, which support both environmental and economic needs.  SFFG 125. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION OF FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT CLIMATE-RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT THEORY DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS including Paris Agreement PREPARED BY: GROUP 7 ADIATON | BUCAD | DEJASCO | INDICIO | MACASAET | PUNONGBAYAN | SUAREZ | TOLEDO  CLIMATE CHANGE 01 CONCEPTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS 02 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OVERVIEW 03 APPLICATION IN FORESTRY GROUP 7 | CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT (CRD) - is a process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation adaptation options to support sustainable development for all. GROUP 7 | CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS (CRDP) - are development trajectories that successfully integrate mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development. - its ultimate aim is to support sustainable development for ensuring planetary health and human well-being CRDP TRAJECTORY TRANSFORMATIVE ACTIONS AND SYSTEMS TRANSITIONS  ARENAS OF ENGAGEMENT 01 CONCEPTS GOVERNING THE CLIMATE CHANGE DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS 1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 2. Pre-industrial global temperature  GROUP 7 | CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS GLOBAL AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE FROM 1880 TO 2023  01 CONCEPTS GOVERNING THE CLIMATE CHANGE DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS 3. Mitigation and Adaptation Mitigation is considered a way to keep the climate change to moderate rather than extreme while adaptation is considered as a response strategy to anticipate and cope with the impacts brought by climate change which could have not been avoided in the first place (IPCC, 2014).  01 CONCEPTS GOVERNING THE CLIMATE CHANGE DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS 4. Sustainable Development Goals The SDG’s are 17 goals adopted by all the United Nations Member states in 2015 for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development (United Nations, n.d.).  01 CONCEPTS GOVERNING THE CLIMATE CHANGE DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS 5. The Paris Agreement Goals The Paris Agreement seeks to limit the global temperatures from rising by 2 degrees celsius with efforts to limit it up to 1.5 degrees celsius from the baseline of pre-industrial temperature levels (IPCC, 2018).  02 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 1. Integrated Approach: Climate Action and Sustainable Development 2. Awareness and Capacity 3. Resources 4. Practices 5. Alignment with the Paris Agreement Global Commitment Financial Support Flexibility and Inclusivity Long-Term Vision  02 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 1. Lack of enforceable commitments 2. Unjust sharing of duties 3. Lack of local knowledge inclusion 4. Delayed funding allocation 5. Inconsistent progress monitoring  03 APPLICATION IN FORESTRY : MITIGATION STRATEGIES Reforestation and Sustainable Forest 1 afforestation 2 Forest Conservation 3 Management Reduced planting trees deforestation Practices on degraded or Biodiversity (selective logging, deforested conservation reforestation, and lands NIPAS biodiversity E/NGP Forest Participation in conservation) Conservation - REDD+ Implementation of CBFM  03 APPLICATION IN FORESTRY : ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 1 Agroforestry Systems 3 Mangrove Conservation and Reforestation Integrating trees Rehabilitating with agricultural mangrove areas crops and protects coastal livestock communities Community-Based Integrated Watershed 2 Forest Management 4 Management Integrating trees Protecting and with agricultural restoring crops and watersheds livestock Green Growth and Low Carbon Economy ALEJANDRO | AURE | BAYOT | HERRERA | MENDOZA | RAMOS | RANCE | SALCEDO SFFG 125 - U  OVERVIEW Concepts Governing Green Growth and Low Carbon Economy Strengths and Weaknesses of Green Growth and Low Carbon Economy Examples of Application in Forestry  Concepts Governing Green Growth and Low Carbon Economy SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT KEY DECARBONIZATION CONCEPTS DECOUPLING RESOURCE EFFICIENCY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Economic growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Targets multiple objectives: poverty reduction job creation social inclusion and environmental sustainability climate change mitigation biodiversity conservation access to basic necessities IUCN SGD, 2022  DECARBONIZATION Reduction of the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses that are emitted and released into the atmosphere Reducing air pollution and creating new economic opportunities in the renewable energy sector, all while mitigating climate change.  DECOUPLING Economic growth could be achieved without putting increasing pressures on the environment. No empirical evidence yet remains essential to the concept of green growth Provides clear goals guides policy and investment raises public awareness encourages progress towards a more sustainable and climate-resilient future.  RESOURCE EFFICIENCY Promoting a more energy- and resource-efficient society such that economic growth is achieved with less resources Vital principles: conscious and responsible use of resources development of more efficient industrial processes Circular Economy: wastes from one industrial process are processed and used as inputs for another process  Strengths and Weaknesses of Green Growth and Low Carbon Economy  Strengths of Green Growth focuses on address specific achieving emphasis on create incentives socio-economic economic innovation and for the challenges while development while technological conservation and promoting preserving natural advancements restoration of sustainable forest resources and forests management ecosystems Weaknesses of Green Growth reliant on technology create economic divides challenge in implementing and managing Strengths of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emmision and air pollution Low-Carbon enhances energy security resilient and dynamic economic landscape economic growth by promoting innovation in clean technologies  Requires substantial weaknesses of investments in new technologies Low-Carbon Involves significant upfront costs for renewable energy, energy-efficient infrastructure, and clean technologies Examples of Application in Forestry  Implementation of CBFM in the Philippines Sustainable Balance between environmental and economic Forest objectives Management Strengthens forest protection, helps local livelihoods, and encourages participatory governance  Agroforestry Systems Trees and shrubs in agricultural landscapes Agroforestry techniques e.g., alley cropping, silvopasture  Forest Carbon Offsets Initiatives through REDD+ program providing carbon credits Promote economic development and environmental sustainability  provides various ecosystem services such as enhancing human health and well being Urban reduce the carbon emitted Forestry from fossil-fueled energy sources achieve carbon neutrality  Bioenergy partial substitute for fossil fuels non-emission of greenhouse gasses during energy generation HELLO! SFFG 125 - GROUP 9 Political Eonomy and Administration of Forestry Development ANGELES, BAUTISTA A., BAUTISTA R., DELOS SANTOS, LAPIZ, RIVERA, TAKASHI, TOLENTINO  Development Theory refers to the set of principles and frameworks that are used to recognize and understand the processes and factors that influence the economic, social, and political development of societies Rogerson (2015)  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX According to Altman (2012), the Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used for assessing and contrasting countries' overall development by focusing on human well-being rather than economic measurements. KEY CONCEPTS  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Measured by life expectancy at birth, which reflects the overall health conditions HEALTH and longevity of a population. Assessed through two indicators: EDUCATION Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 and older. Expected years of schooling for children entering the education system, indicating potential educational attainment. KEY CONCEPTS  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Measured by life expectancy at birth, which reflects the overall health conditions HEALTH and longevity of a population. Assessed through two indicators: EDUCATION Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 and older. Expected years of schooling for children entering the education system, indicating potential educational attainment. KEY CONCEPTS onal Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing s the economic resources available to individuals  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Measured by life expectancy at birth, which reflects the overall health conditions HEALTH and longevity of a population. Assessed through two indicators: EDUCATION Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 and older. Expected years of schooling for children entering the education system, indicating potential educational attainment. STANDARD Evaluated using Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing OF LIVING power parity, which reflects the economic resources available to individuals KEY CONCEPTS Strengths & Weaknesses STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES  STRENGTHS SIMPLICITY GREAT ALTERNATIVE The HDI effectively focuses attention and A great alternative to traditional simplifies problems, making them unidimensional measure of development accessible to policymakers, researchers, like the gross domestic product. HDI and the public through its easy calculation provides new perspectives that other and interpretation. measures might lack. STANDARD COMPARISON Its unified approach offers policymakers and researchers significant data by measuring advancement over time and identifying development discrepancies.  WEAKNESSES DATA LIMITATIONS CRITICISMS OF EQUAL WEIGHTING HDI relies on the availability of data that is ON HDI INDICATORS often outdated and limited since there are Equal importance is assigned to each situations where some countries have indicator, which might not match with the inaccurate and inconsistent data. Hence, societal priorities. Hence, criticisms were making precise comparisons between raised that HDI should adjust the weighting various countries is difficult. of importance of each indicator according to how they are crucial and valued in every LIMITATIONS OF AGGREGATING community INDICATORS Due to the aggregation method, variations within each dimension may be overlooked, concealing the inequalities among various population groups.  WEAKNESSES INCOMPLETE MEASURE INADEQUATE HDI is an incomplete measure of Human Researchers have argued that income is an Development which leaves out many insufficient indicator of welfare and aspects of life that are of fundamental contend that it should be supplemented importance with other attributes such as health and literacy OVERSIMPLIFICATION The HDI simplifies complex aspects of development into a single index, which can mask significant disparities within countries. It does not account for regional or demographic differences, potentially providing an incomplete picture of development  Application in the Forestry Sector FOREST-BASED TOURISM This form of travel enhances community well-being by promoting conservation, improving health, and offering educational and economic opportunities while minimizing ecosystem impact. The success of Masungi Georeserve in Baras, Rizal, exemplifies how conservation efforts improve human development factors, with former illegal loggers now working as guides, enhancing their health, education, income, and well-being.  Application in the Forestry Sector FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Forest Development and HDI Better human well-being correlates with improved forest management. Advancing nations see improvements in forest resources. Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in the Philippines Integrates HDI into forest resource management. Educational and Health Benefits Educational programs on sustainable forestry enhance HDI's education dimension. Healthy forests contribute to cleaner air and water, benefiting health.  Application in the Forestry Sector DEFORESTATION AND FOREST POLICY Deforestation Forest Policy Major Impact in Human Development REDD+ aims to reduce emissions Higher loss of forest = Decreased livelihood Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016) income National Climate Change Plan (2011-2028) Causes of Deforestation: Climate Change Biodiversity Loss Soil Erosion Water Cycle Disruption Economic impacts HAPP Y PL ANET IND EX Abasolo | Castaño | Dela Cruz | Init | Mendoza | Quilloy | Tunguia  1 agenda What are Development Theories Introduction to Happy Planet index (HPI) 2 5 3 Primary concepts of HPI Strengths and Weaknesses of HPI 4 5 Applications of HPI in forestry WHAT ARE DEVELOPMENT THEORIES? Concept between development and growth Development theories should be able to theorize how these improvements could be achieved, having to apply their tools and approaches in the economic, social, and institutional aspects of developing countries. According to Muigua (2021) the theories can be categorized into 4: Modernization Dependency World systems Globalization  Happy Planet Index is a measure of equitable sustainable well-being, or the ecological efficiency with which WHAT IS successful lives are lived. HAPPY The ratio of inequality-adjusted mean happy life in a country or area to the per PLANET capita ecological footprint. INDEX? Goal is to attain the maximum degree of human well-being while utilizing the least amount of environmental resources. PRIMARY CONCEPTS Figure 1. Happy Planet Index Equation (approximated)  PRIMARY CONCEPTS Happy Planet Index is governed by 3 concepts: Well-being Life expectancy Carbon footprint  STRENGTHS Prioritizes human well-being over mere economic growth. Challenges the traditional reliance on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a primary measure of progress. Highlights the importance of sustainable resource consumption. Highlights inequality and disparity between social classes. Multidimensional and globally applicable.  WEAKNESSES Subjective measurement of happiness and satisfaction with no consideration of cultural, social, and political differences among nations. Tendency to oversimplify socio-economic interactions. Negligence of economic factors as contributors to improving well-being. Limited scope of environmental impact by focusing solely on carbon emissions as the primary measure of ecological footprint.  APPLICATIONS OF HPI IN FORESTRY Sustainable forest management The use of balanced approach to forestry improves community well-being, combines development with conservation and it supports livelihood. efforts which improves well-being. Forestry practices aligned with HPI Forests provide vital ecosystem principles include Agroforestry and services. Forest-based ecotourism.