Biological Organization PDF

## Biological Organization - **Biosphere** - living & nonliving - **Ecosystem** - living - **Community** - living - **Population** - Individual of species - **Organism** - Individual - **Organ** - Made of specific tissues - **Tissues** - Cells perform a similar function. - **Cells** - Fundamental...

## Biological Organization - **Biosphere** - living & nonliving - **Ecosystem** - living - **Community** - living - **Population** - Individual of species - **Organism** - Individual - **Organ** - Made of specific tissues - **Tissues** - Cells perform a similar function. - **Cells** - Fundamental unit of life - **Organelle** - Membrane-bound structure - **Molecule** - Cluster of small chemical units ### Eukaryotic - Eukaryotic: plantae, fungi, & Animalia - Prokaryotic - Bacteria - Archea ### Evolution - Descent w/modification - descendants are different from ancestors - Natural Selection - desirable traits are passed down. - Darwin - Individuals vary, many offsprings, many die, valuable traits enable success ### Deductive Reasoning - Type of logic where specific results are predicated from a general assertion. ### Properties of Water - **Cohesion** - Water stick w/water - **Adhesion** - Water sticks to other surfaces - **Specific Heat** - Water has high specific heat - amount to change 1°C - **Evaporative Cooling** - Water takes heat as it evaporates (hydrogen bond) ### Ice - Hydrogen bonds expand creates space between molecules = less dense ### Solution - Liquid homogenous mixture = substance - **Solvent** - Dissolving agent - **Solute** - Substance that dissolves - **Like dissolves like** (polar=polar) ### Acids & Bases - **Acid** - Substances that increase H+ concentration - **Bases** - Substances that release OH - REDUCE the H+ concentration ### Atomic Mass - Atomic mass = n+p - Z - Atomic number - a - change ### Properties of Atoms - Neutrons: n° 1n=2e - Protons: p+ 1+ 2n=8c (4) - Electrons: e- 2n=8c (4) ### Bonds - Covalent bonds: nm+nm 3 electrons negative - Polar covalent bonds: m+ nm - Non-polar covalent bonds: m+n - Ionic bonds: m+ nm - Hydrogen bond - charges affect molecular shape ### Organic Materials - Contain Carbon - Valence determine it's chemical charge - Hydrocarbons - molecules made of only carbon & hydrogen; contain a lot of energy. - Nonpolar, soluble in non-polar solvents - **Functional Groups** - Components of organic molecule - most commonly involved in chemical reactions. - **The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.** - **Alcohol** - hydroxyl group (-OH) - **Ketone/Aldehyde** - carbonyl group (C=O) - **Carboxylic Acid/Organic acid** - carboxyl group (-COOH) - **Amine** - Amino group (-NH2) - **Thiol** - Sulfhydryl group (-SH) - **Organic Phosphate** - phosphate group (-OPO3 2-) - **Methylated Compound** - methyl group (-CH3) ### Protein - R - H | - H-N-C-C-OH - | | - H H - Amine Carboxyl - **Peptide Bond** - covalent link of carboxyl group to an amine group - **Primary** - **Secondary** - **Tertiary** - **Quaternary** ### Variations in Carbon - **Length** - Py cut 1 - PuGa 2 - **Branching** - **Double bond position** - **Presence of rings** ### Dehydration - Form water links bonds ### Hydrolysis - Add water breaks bond ### Carbohydrates - Made of C, O, H - "saccharide" - **Plants:** starch (energy storage) - cellulose (structural) - **Animal:** glycogen (energy storage) ### Lipids - Fats, phospholipids, steroids - Chains of hydrogen & carbon - **Evenly dense** in fatty lipids - **Steroids:** 4 lipid rings fused