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Questions and Answers
Which statements accurately describe the organization of biological systems from smallest to largest?
Which statements accurately describe the organization of biological systems from smallest to largest?
- Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere, Molecule, Organelle
- Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Population, Community, Biosphere
- Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissues, Organ, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere (correct)
- Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
- Eukaryotic cells contain nucleic acids.
- Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
- Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. (correct)
- Eukaryotic cells cannot reproduce.
Which of the following correctly describes a role of hydrogen bonds in water?
Which of the following correctly describes a role of hydrogen bonds in water?
- They make water molecules denser when frozen.
- They prevent water from evaporating.
- They facilitate the formation of ice. (correct)
- They enhance water's ability to dissolve ionic substances.
Which statement about acids and bases is accurate?
Which statement about acids and bases is accurate?
Which bond types are primarily involved in the interaction between nonpolar molecules?
Which bond types are primarily involved in the interaction between nonpolar molecules?
What principle explains the solubility of compounds in water?
What principle explains the solubility of compounds in water?
Which example represents a property of water that contributes to its unique behavior?
Which example represents a property of water that contributes to its unique behavior?
Which statement correctly defines the term 'valence' in the context of organic materials?
Which statement correctly defines the term 'valence' in the context of organic materials?
Flashcards
Cohesion
Cohesion
The attraction between water molecules.
Specific Heat of Water
Specific Heat of Water
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of water by 1°C.
Acid
Acid
A substance that increases the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
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Solvent
Solvent
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Organic Molecule
Organic Molecule
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Study Notes
Biological Organization
- Biosphere: All living and nonliving things
- Ecosystem: All living things and their environment
- Community: Living things in a particular area
- Population: Individuals of the same species
- Organism: A single living thing
- Organ : Made of tissues performing similar functions
- Tissue: Cells working together
- Organelle: Membrane-bound structures in a cell
- Cell: Fundamental unit of life
- Molecule: Clusters of small chemical units
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic: Includes plantae, fungi, and animalia
- Prokaryotic: Bacteria and archaea
Evolution
- Descent with modification: descendants differ from ancestors
- Natural selection: Desirable traits passed down
- Darwin: Individuals vary, many offspring die, valuable traits allow success
Deductive Reasoning
- A type of logic where specific results are predicted from a general assertion.
Atomic Structure
- Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
- Atomic # = number of protons
- Neutrons are neutral, protons are positive, and electrons are negative.
- (Number of electrons = number of protons usually)
Water Properties
- Cohesion: Water sticking to water
- Adhesion: Water sticking to other surfaces
- High specific heat: Water takes a lot of energy to change in temperature; resists temp changes
- Evaporative cooling: Water absorbs heat as it evaporates to cool nearby areas
- Ice: Hydrogen bonds expand creating space between molecules (ice less dense than liquid).
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons
- Polar covalent bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons
- Nonpolar covalent bonds: Equal sharing of electrons
- Ionic bonds: Attractive force between oppositely charged ions
- Hydrogen bonds: Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom.
Solutions
- Solution: Homogeneous mixture of a substance dissolved in a solvent.
- Solvent: Dissolving agent
- Solute: Substance being dissolved
- Like dissolves like principle: Polar substances dissolve polar substances; nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar substances.
Acids and Bases
- Acids: Substances that increase H+ concentration
- Bases: Substances that decrease or release OH– ions; reduce H+ concentration
- pH scale: Measures the concentration of H+ ions
- Buffer: Minimize changes in concentration by donating or accepting protons.
Organic Molecules
- Contain carbon
- Hydrocarbon: Only carbon and hydrogen
- Functional groups: Components involved in reactions
- Example: alcohol (hydroxyl), carbonyl, carboxylic acid, amine, sulfhydryl
- Carbohydrates: Made of C, H, and O
- Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
- Lipids: Fats, phospholipids, steroids
- Proteins: Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures.
- Peptide bond: Link between amino acids
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