EVT61704 Chp 14 Sustainable Event Legacies PDF

EVT61704 Sustainable Event Management Chapter 14 Sustainable Event Legacies Learning Outcomes 1. Legacy Planning 2. Challenges Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 2 1. Legacy Planning - Definitions Legacies are the long-term post event impacts (Holmes et al., 20...

EVT61704 Sustainable Event Management Chapter 14 Sustainable Event Legacies Learning Outcomes 1. Legacy Planning 2. Challenges Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 2 1. Legacy Planning - Definitions Legacies are the long-term post event impacts (Holmes et al., 2015) The material and non-material effects produced directly or indirectly by the sport event, whether planned or not, that durably transform the host region in an objectively and subjectively, positive or negative way (Chappelet & Junod, 2006) “Things” (remnants) left behind upon completion of an event https://slideplayer.com/slide/10397722/ Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 3 1. Legacy Planning - Types of Legacies 1. Sporting legacy – through the venues built or refurbished, and through increased interest in sport which can be leveraged to increase participation at the elite and community levels 2. Social legacy – by showcasing the host nation’s culture to the opening and closing ceremonies; building friendship and respect through volunteer programs, and creating new ways of working which involve all stakeholders at a destination in the event planning and its legacies 3. Environmental legacy – through improvements to urban landscape; host governments investing in more renewable energy sources to make the event more sustainable 4. Urban legacy – through urban renewal and improvements to the host city and infrastructure improvements 5. Economic legacy – due to increased economic activity, both in the planning and construction phases, and from increased tourism after the event. Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 4 1. Legacy Planning - Types of Legacies 1. Sporting legacy – through the venues built or refurbished, and through increased interest in sport which can be leveraged to increase participation at the elite and community levels 2. Social legacy – by showcasing the host nation’s culture to the opening and closing ceremonies; building friendship and respect through volunteer programs, and creating new ways of working which involve all stakeholders at a destination in the event planning and its legacies Is this a sports legacy? https://youtu.be/8rqI8xwXVac Can you identify FIFA’s Sports Legacy? https://youtu.be/VhexfxLPgTE Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 5 1. Legacy Planning - Types of Legacies 3. 4. 5. Environmental legacy – through improvements to urban landscape; host governments investing in more renewable energy sources to make the event more sustainable Urban legacy – through urban renewal and improvements to the host city and infrastructure improvements Economic legacy – due to increased economic activity, both in the planning and construction phases, and from increased tourism after the event. What are the legacies of major events? https://youtu.be/kLdqowvsil8 What are the economic legacies? https://youtu.be/g3Nwp7EEceQ Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 6 1. Legacy Planning - Categories of Legacies Mega events can produce very diverse outcomes as the criteria for delivery of the outcomes can be complicated. The various types of legacies can be further classified into the following categories. The hard legacy The most visible and makes good headlines Most easily quantified Refers to material gains such as jobs, houses and infrastructure Typically the focus of most regeneration programs - include all urban regeneration projects with focus on physical and economical benefits Easiest to sell to the public Provide politicians with good sound bites The soft legacy Refers to moral, affective or spiritual gains Include psychological legacies where hosting the event creates a sense of pride within the community Knowledge – improvements on procedures or skills Network – partnerships between various stakeholders, including informal networks created through volunteers cultural goods – new cultural ideas or shared memories of the event 7 Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 1. Legacy Planning - Legacy Event Structures Preuss (2007) argues that an event legacy can be presented in the following 3 dimensions: 1. Planned / Unplanned 2. Tangible / Intangible 3. Positive / Negative Most organisers for mega events focus on the planned, tangible and positive legacies. Tangible legacies     Observable Easily identified Measured by infrastructure Include programs and initiatives Event Outcomes       Infrastructure Knowledge Networks Culture Emotions Image Intangible legacies    Transfer of knowledge Governmental reform Emotional capital for residents, participants and spectators https://slideplayer.com/slide/10397722/ Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 8 1. Legacy Planning - Benefits Event greening makes good business sense and can mean a better experience for everyone involved. Hosting a more environmentally responsible event can: 1. Improve the experience of participants - a well-functioning public transport system will reduce travel time, traffic congestion, exhaust fumes, and parking issues. Good waste reduction policies and an efficient recycling system will reduce the amount of waste at an event 2. Positioning as a leader by setting best practice standards for more environmentally responsible major events. 3. Enhanced Relationships - Demonstrating environmental commitment can also enhance relationships with customers and stakeholders. 4. Save money by reducing the cost of waste disposal, energy and water. 5. Help meet international expectations. Managing the environmental impacts is regarded as a core component of staging a world-class event. 6. Create legacies by raising attendees’ awareness, inspiring behaviour change, and influencing suppliers to adopt greener practices. 7. Help the environment and local communities by creating new business opportunities, minimising greenhouse gas emissions, waste and the use of water and energy; and boosting local economies Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand 9 https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/sustainability/major-event-greening-guide 1. Legacy Planning - Various Legacy Opportunities The Legacy Opportunity Matrix Category Multi Site Mono Theme Broader geographical spread but concentrated within a specific group of stakeholders Risk: some stakeholders feel excluded Example: Rugby World Cup Multi Theme Greatest number of opportunities to spread the benefits geographically and across the largest number of stakeholders Risk: legacy benefits are too widely dispersed to have any significant impact Example: Live Earth Geographically concentrated but Mono Site Most concentrated – one across a broader range of geographical area and limited stakeholders within the destination stakeholder groups, which can lead to maximum impact Risk: critics from outside the destination; hard to meet all Risk: criticism that benefits are stakeholders’ needs too narrowly focused Example: European Capital of Example: International Sailing Culture Federation Championship 10 Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 1. Legacy Planning - Sustainable Legacy Planning Successful and sustainable legacies : 1. Require sound research – to match host destination needs with most suitable longterm goals 2. Need available resources to deliver the goals and viability of legacy outcomes 3. Have to be implemented before the event is held while the funding, political and public support is still available Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 11 1. Legacy Planning - Sustainable Legacy Planning Other considerations for successful and sustainable legacies: 1. Venue: alternative post event uses needs to be considered, which is more difficult for specialized venues. 2. Employability and Volunteer Programs: contractual requirements have to be executed before the event to ensure the targeted groups are recruited, then trained and equipped with necessary skills for employment. To realise long term outcomes, post event programs are needed to help translate new skills and experiences to other context. The burden of identifying and recruiting people may need to be shared between organiser and contractors. 3. Communication and Media Management: Legacy plans needs to be communicated to residents and the media, both in the present and continue into the future. As benefits of legacies may take a long time to be visible, a communication strategy which would keep stakeholders informed regularly with positive updates need to be implemented. Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 12 1. Legacy Planning - Sustainable Legacy Planning Other considerations for successful and sustainable legacies: 4. Specific Objectives: Need to distinguish between short term economic impacts and long term economic growth. Legacy plans need to use the event as an investment to improve the destination’s image for long term benefits (e.g. tourism increase after event) 5. Monitoring and Measuring: Substantial research in addition to monitoring before and after the event is required. Preevent research needs to consult host communities to identify how their needs will be met and how long it will take. As each event and host destination is unique, measurement is usually a challenging task. The focus of measurement should be legacy outcomes that due to the event, and not other factors Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 13 1. Legacy Planning – Various Stages (Phases) Event Planning Event Legacy Planning & Implementation Legacy Wrong emphasis Correct emphasis Sustainable legacy planning is emphasized at the pre-event planning stage so that: – funds are spent – plans are put into action – everyone do not lose momentum after the event The biggest challenge is during the transition phase, which is immediately after the event ends because the media and other stakeholders will begin to ask questions about the legacy Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 14 1. Legacy Planning – Sustainable Legacy Timeline Phase 1 Bid Document Preparation Legacy vision and post event plans for site and venue development. Feasibility studies conducted Phase 2 Event Planning Phase Planning for legacy takes place. Phase 3 The Event Phase 4 Phase 5 Transition Phase Legacy Phase The legacy The legacy is Immediately temporarily on after the plan is ongoing. hold while the event, legacy focus is on plans are Contracts for Research and staging the executed but post event monitoring of event will take time programs and to yield event impacts venue uses are continues. results. confirmed. A media Funds for communicatio legacy are n plan is allocated and implemented committed. with regular updates (to prevent negative press) Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 15 1. Legacy Planning – Various Legacies READING: Chp 11 Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts Host cities for the Olympic Games https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/86948_Raj%2C_Chapter_19___Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts.pdf 16 1. Legacy Planning – Various Legacies READING: Chp 11 Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts a) Costs of staging the Olympics, Beijing 2008 The improvement increases the standard of living for the city’s residents and is therefore a positive impact for the host community https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/86948_Raj%2C_Chapter_19___Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts.pdf 17 1. Legacy Planning – Various Legacies READING: Chp 11 Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts b) The long-term legacy of the London 2012 Games Higgins (2008) identified the five main areas in which the London 2012 Games needed to invest in order to develop its long-term legacy https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/86948_Raj%2C_Chapter_19___Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts.pdf 18 1. Legacy Planning – Various Legacies READING: Chp 11 Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts c) THE ECONOMIC LEGACY OF THE RIO OLYMPIC GAMES The Rio Olympic Games cost at least US$13 billion: 58.52 per cent was financed privately and 41.48 per cent by public funds. The estimated budget in 2009 when Rio was chosen to host the Olympics was 28.9 billion reals, which represents US$9 billion (38.1 billion reals in present value, according to the daily Folha de Sao Paulo). But these 38.1 billion are not the final amount; official figures have not so far been released. Not all investments were profitable for the city council after the Olympic Games. Indeed, the citizens do not use all these grandiose infrastructures because the majority cannot afford to, and their maintenance is costly for the city https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/86948_Raj%2C_Chapter_19___Long_term_Legacy_and_Impacts.pdf 19 Learning Outcomes 1. Legacy Planning 2. Challenges Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 20 2. Challenges - The Challenges (or Politics) of Legacy Planning Events (especially mega events) have a range of impacts – both good and bad, which sometimes are not under the control of organisers. What happened after Rio Olympics https://youtu.be/jMgPEz29abI Olympic Venues That Were Completely Abandoned https://youtu.be/4tv0rAH4e0o Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 21 2. Challenges - When Legacies Fail (Negative Legacies) Negative outcomes include: 1. Economic cost to the organiser and/or community 2. Failure to capitalize on opportunities associated with hosting a mega event 3. Damaging media images of post event  generating poor image of the host destination 4. Loss of political support for the current government  as many mega events are usually advocated and led by governments, using public money  Various stakeholders such as local residents, businesses and media can hold the government accountable for the failure Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 22 2. Challenges - Reasons why event legacies fail 1. Focus is on staging the event  Organisers are too focused on the opening and start of the event, especially when under global media spotlight  Plans for future or post event is secondary or an afterthought 2. Lack of long term legacy planning  Organisers may not have the capacity or ability to look into the aftermath of the event to plan for long timeframes (e.g. 20 years and beyond) 3. No funding after the event  Mega events are expensive and often run over budget  Allocation for maintenance or legacy are depleted by end of event  Sponsors or government funding have moved on to other events Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 23 2. Challenges - Reasons why event legacies fail (cont’d) 4. Benefits were inflated before event  Claims for long term benefits were exaggerated during bidding process, and organiser/stakeholders get carried away with over promises  Event is well into planning stage and it is too costly to pull out when over-inflated benefits do not materialize  Forecasting is not an exact science (based on assumptions) 5. Intended benefits were vague  Benefits from event were not specific  Plans submitted during bidding were not realistic Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 24 2. Challenges - Reasons why event legacies fail (cont’d) 6. Unexpected global changes  Mega events require lengthy lead time (from bidding, to award, and then delivery) and global changes were not taken into account  Planning was done during different economic, social and political environments 7. Flawed legacy measurement methods  Common methods used for measuring are benchmarked against previous events which have different context  Economic indicators present limited picture of the overall event’s outcomes and are difficult to track (as too minimal compared to the city’s or country’s economy) Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 25 Mega Event Lifecycle – Focus on Legacy at the end is often neglected 26 2. Challenges - Recommendations While legacy outcomes are complex and multi-faceted which remains to be a challenge, organisers could consider the following: a) The need to translate broad legacy vision into specific programs b) Usage of venue after event have to be identified and specified c) Plans need to be realistic for delivery of benefits with costbenefit analyses and feasibility studies based on sound research d) Assessments and evaluations need to be done progressively, instead of years or decades after the event e) Budget should be maintained and monitored to ensure allocations for event maintenance are not siphoned off for other purposes Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 27 Discussion #1 Discuss possible ways for measuring legacy outcomes for a host destination focused on environmental sustainability Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 28 Discussion #2 Discuss recommendations for post-event use of the following venues: a) 2012 London Olympics b) 2017 KL SEA Games Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 29 Discussion #3 Discuss the major reasons for positive and negative legacies of the following events: a) 2004 Athens Olympic Games b) 2016 Rio Olympics Source: Events And Sustainability - Holmes, Hughes, Mair & Carlsen (2015) 30