EVS One Shot Notes: Parmar SSC PDF

PARMAR SSC Environment & Ecology ONE SHOT NOTES For Notes Join Telegram : Click on the icon. For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel Click on the icon.  EVS ONE SHOT NOTES ECOLOGY 1st u...

PARMAR SSC Environment & Ecology ONE SHOT NOTES For Notes Join Telegram : Click on the icon. For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel Click on the icon.  EVS ONE SHOT NOTES ECOLOGY 1st used by ERNST HAECKEL in 1866 OEKOLOGIE (Greek term): The relation of animals to both the organic as well as the inorganic environment. ‘Oekos’ means house/home - RAMDEV MISHRA: Father of Indian Ecology. - E.P. ODUM: Father of Modern Ecology ECOSYSTEM 1st used by ARTHUR TANSLEY in 1935 FOOD CHAIN/ FOOD WEB More diverse the food web, more stable the ecosystem.  WHAT IS TROPHIC LEVEL ? The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web. CHARLES ELTON : Gave the term & concept of ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID. Pyramid of Energy. Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Number PYRAMID OF NUMBER PYRAMID OF BIOMASS Secondary Productivity Primary Productivity More the number , more the mass. Number Decreases as we go upwards. Hence, decrease as we go upwards. Agar mice kam hue to saare snake khud ko feed nahi kar payenge. Terrestrial ecosystem - Upright Pyramid Upar ke jeev niche ke jeev pe dependent hain for survival. Net Primary productivity: Energy fixed by producers - energy used for respiration. Pyramid of number is not always UPRIGHT. NPP is the rate at which biomass or energy accumulates in an ecosystem. 📍⭐ PYRAMID OF ENERGY (UPRIGHT) Only 1% of the sunlight are consumed/ captured by Terrestrial plants. This 1%= 100% of the energy at the producer level. Only 10% of the energy is transferred from one to another trophic level. The Energy flow is Unidirectional. Pyramid of Energy is always UPRIGHT. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM Ex : Diatom Ex : Crustaceane Phytoplankton Zooplankton Small fishes Big fishes Zooplankton/ phytoplankton are free swelling & bottom dwelling Pyramid of Biomass of an Aquatic system is INVERTED.  DFC: DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN Decomposition Fast Slow - When temperatur is high. When decay matter is rich in Dead & decaying matter are fed on by Detrivores; - Nitrogen content high lignin & chitin. also known as SAPROPHYTES example: bacteria, fungus, earthworms, etc DFC is dependent on Grazing food chain. Flora- Plants Fauna- Animals Degrade into simpler organic substances by Detrivores. Highly resistant to microbial actions, Its Decay is slow.. Accumulation of Humus; a dark coloured amorphous substance. BIOACCUMULATION: building up of toxins inside one organism. BIOMAGNIFICATION: increase in concentration of toxins within every next trophic level of the food chain. BIOREMEDIATION: use of Biotechnology to decontaminate an area.  ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSIONS Succession means formation of a new ecosystem Starts on bare rock Occurs where there pre existed an ecosystem. Pioneer species include lichens & mosses Occur after a forest fire Soil is formed before the plants can grow Soil is already present beforehand. No previous life Takes less time than Primary Takes more time. Algae+fungus Thallophyta The final and stable species are known as climax community. Shrubs & small trees common in both *Pioneer comm. also known as ‘Seral community’ ECOTONE Biodiversity maximum in ECOTONES BIODIVERSITY DAY- 22 May Ecological Niche: Habitat & the role and functions of any species is its ecological niche. A population ( species or race) that is adapted to local environmental conditions is called ECOTYPE. PPM : unit used to measure the concentration of contaminants in soil & sediment.  Introduced 1st in Mexico & other Latin American countries Father - NORMAN BARLAUGH Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for this Term coined by- WILLIAM GAUD, 1968 GREEN REVOLUTION Father of GR in India - M.S. Swaminathan. High Yielding Variety seed (HYV) of Bharat Ratna ( posthumously) wheat & rice for increase in production PL-480, imported NEED: to make India food efficient. wheat from USA GREEN REV. in 1st phase: INDIA 2nd phase: 1960s-70s mid 1970s-80s Rich & affluent states Shift to Wet (irrrigated) cultivation TN/ Punjab/ Haryana/ Andhra Pr in dry & semi arid regions POSITIVES NEGATIVES Did Mechanisation of agriculture. Decrease in Ground water level Food surplus Soil turned alkaline. Income of farmers increased Excessive use of fertilisers. Father- HIRALAL CHAUDHRY aka Operation FLOOD Father: Dr. VERGHESE KURIEN Father- SAM PITRODA AutoBiography - The man who made Elephant dance BOOK - the idea of Democracy  EUTROPHICATION Increase in algae will cause loss of oxygen for fish & other aquatic animals, which leads to increased BOD i.e. Biological Oxygen Demand. Increase in concentration of Nitrogen, phosphorus & other nutrients in lake. AMRIT DHAROHAR scheme for conservation of wetlands, Union budget 2023-24. MISHTI scheme: for conservation of Mangroves Species & Schedules of WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 IMPORTANT CONVENTIONS Schedule1: -high protection, -involves endangered animals. - VIENNA CONVENTION, 1985: for protection of ozone layer -No poaching allowed. - MINIMATA convention, japan: related to mercury poisoning Ex: black buck, Bengal tiger, clouded leopard - STOCKHOLM convention, 2000: related to POP ( persistent organic pollutants) - MONTREAL convention: phase out CFC’s->> HFCs—>> Kigali amendment Schedule 2:- high protection - BASAL convention, 1984: to control trans boundary dumping of hazardous waste. -No poaching allowed. - EARTH SUMMIT, 1992: Rio de Jenario , Agenda 21, SDGs - Hunting allowed if they pose threat - KYOTO protocol, 1997: Global warming Ex: Felis Chau, Macaque, flying squirrel , king cobra - CARTAGENA protocol: Biological Diversity - BONN convention: Migratory species Schedule 3&4- Not endangered. - NAGOYA protocol , 2014: access to genetic resources - PARIS agreement : CoP 21 Schedule 5- Vermins, - Recent CoP 29- Baku, Azerbaijan - poaching allowed Ex: fruit bat, Mice, Rat Schedule 6- regulates sale and transport of Plants.  ENERGY Opportunity cost of a sunlight = 0 NON renewable sources are limited on earth Bio gas contains CH4( methane) + CO2. CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE IN- Situ: Jahan reh rahe hai. Wahi conserve kar lena, Ex- Situ: kahi aur se laake conserve kar dena , Ex: National parks, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve Ex: Zoological parks etc Wildlife sanctuary : conservation of Fauna. National parks: conserves both flora+ fauna - usually at gov owned Area of land Biosphere Reserves : conserves both flora+ fauna - very large area of land compared to NP - Divided in 3 zones Core zone: no human activity allowed. Buffer zone: limited activities allowed. Transition zone. Cattle grazing etc allowed.  Total 18 Biosphere Reserves in India Including Biosphere under UNESCO’s MAB programme: 12 NOKREK AGASTHYAMALAI  CORALS Phylum: Cnideria Symbiotic relationship between CORALS + ZOONXANTHELLAE ALGAE ( provides colour) Exist in saltwater Clear water with access to sunlight Temperature requirement 20-30 degree Celsius Global warming lead to decolouration of corals aka ‘ CORAL BLEACHING’ Types of INTERACTIONS