EVS End Term PDF

UNIT -1 Here is a set of 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers based on the topics you specified: Introduction to Environmental Studies & Multidisciplinary Nature 1. What is the scope of Environmental Studies? o A) Limited to human activities o B) Includes only n...

UNIT -1 Here is a set of 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers based on the topics you specified: Introduction to Environmental Studies & Multidisciplinary Nature 1. What is the scope of Environmental Studies? o A) Limited to human activities o B) Includes only natural resources o C) Includes both natural and human aspects o D) Limited to animals and plants only Answer: C) Includes both natural and human aspects 2. Environmental studies are classified as: o A) A subfield of biology o B) A multidisciplinary field o C) A study of only air pollution o D) A branch of engineering Answer: B) A multidisciplinary field 3. Which of the following is the primary objective of environmental studies? o A) Study of living organisms o B) To understand the interaction between the environment and human activities o C) Study of soil only o D) Study of animals only Answer: B) To understand the interaction between the environment and human activities 4. Environmental studies can best be described as: o A) A branch of chemistry  o B) A combination of sciences o C) A study of plants and animals only o D) A subfield of economics Answer: B) A combination of sciences 5. Sustainability is defined as: o A) Maximizing resource extraction o B) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations o C) Using natural resources excessively o D) Ignoring environmental degradation Answer: B) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations 6. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focus on: o A) Economic growth alone o B) Social well-being only o C) Environmental, social, and economic sustainability o D) Technology development Answer: C) Environmental, social, and economic sustainability Natural Resources and Their Classification 7. Natural resources are classified into how many categories? o A) One o B) Two o C) Three o D) Four Answer: C) Three 8. Which of the following is a renewable resource? o A) Coal  o B) Petroleum o C) Wind energy o D) Natural gas Answer: C) Wind energy 9. Which of the following is an example of non-renewable resources? o A) Solar energy o B) Coal o C) Timber o D) Water Answer: B) Coal 10.Which resource is considered to be exhaustible? o A) Water o B) Solar energy o C) Fossil fuels o D) Forests Answer: C) Fossil fuels Land Resources 11.Land resources are primarily used for: o A) Industrial activities o B) Agriculture o C) Tourism o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 12.Which of the following is a major cause of land degradation? o A) Urbanization o B) Afforestation o C) Sustainable farming  o D) None of the above Answer: A) Urbanization 13.Land degradation refers to: o A) The improvement of land quality o B) The decline in land productivity o C) Land being used for agriculture only o D) The preservation of soil quality Answer: B) The decline in land productivity Soil Erosion and Desertification 14.Soil erosion is caused by: o A) Wind o B) Water o C) Human activities o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 15.Desertification refers to: o A) The process of transforming deserts into fertile land o B) The process of land turning into desert-like conditions o C) The formation of new deserts o D) None of the above Answer: B) The process of land turning into desert-like conditions 16.Which of the following activities contributes to soil erosion? o A) Deforestation o B) Overgrazing by livestock o C) Improper farming techniques o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above Forest Resources  17.The main cause of deforestation is: o A) Urbanization o B) Afforestation o C) Industrialization o D) Both A and C Answer: D) Both A and C 18.Which of the following is an impact of deforestation? o A) Soil erosion o B) Biodiversity loss o C) Climate change o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 19.What is the primary purpose of afforestation? o A) To promote agriculture o B) To increase carbon emissions o C) To restore lost forests o D) To build industrial centers Answer: C) To restore lost forests Water Resources 20.Surface water includes: o A) Rivers o B) Oceans o C) Lakes o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 21.Which of the following is the main cause of over-exploitation of water resources? o A) Industrial pollution  o B) Irrigation and domestic use o C) Conservation efforts o D) Afforestation Answer: B) Irrigation and domestic use 22.Water conflicts are primarily due to: o A) Unequal distribution of water resources o B) Excessive rainfall o C) Natural water purification o D) None of the above Answer: A) Unequal distribution of water resources 23.Groundwater is: o A) Found only in rivers o B) Water stored underground in aquifers o C) The same as surface water o D) All of the above Answer: B) Water stored underground in aquifers Energy Resources 24.Which of the following is a non-renewable energy resource? o A) Solar energy o B) Wind energy o C) Coal o D) Geothermal energy Answer: C) Coal 25.What is the primary concern with the use of fossil fuels? o A) They are renewable o B) They cause air pollution and global warming o C) They are cheap and abundant  o D) They are easily extracted Answer: B) They cause air pollution and global warming 26.Which of the following is a renewable energy source? o A) Natural gas o B) Oil o C) Solar energy o D) Nuclear energy Answer: C) Solar energy 27.The growing energy needs of the world are primarily due to: o A) Population growth o B) Industrialization o C) Modern lifestyles o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above Conservation of Natural Resources 28.Conservation of natural resources aims to: o A) Maximize resource use o B) Prevent the over-exploitation of resources o C) Increase pollution levels o D) Decrease biodiversity Answer: B) Prevent the over-exploitation of resources 29.Which of the following is an example of conservation efforts? o A) Afforestation o B) Recycling o C) Water conservation techniques o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 30.Human role in resource conservation includes:  o A) Ignoring pollution o B) Promoting sustainable practices o C) Increasing resource extraction o D) Reducing green space Answer: B) Promoting sustainable practices Natural Resources and Their Classification 31.Which of the following is considered a renewable resource? A) Petroleum B) Solar energy C) Coal D) Natural gas Answer: B) Solar energy 32.Non-renewable resources are characterized by: A) They regenerate naturally at a very slow rate B) They are abundant and never deplete C) They are naturally abundant and renewable D) They can be replaced easily Answer: A) They regenerate naturally at a very slow rate 33.Which of the following is an example of a biotic resource? A) Water B) Timber C) Coal D) Minerals Answer: B) Timber 34.Which of the following is a renewable natural resource? A) Coal B) Solar energy  C) Oil D) Natural gas Answer: B) Solar energy 35.Which of the following are examples of abiotic resources? A) Water, soil, and wind B) Trees, animals, and minerals C) Fish, forests, and agriculture D) Sunlight, soil, and water Answer: A) Water, soil, and wind Land Resources and Land Degradation 36.Which of the following contributes most to land degradation? A) Recycling B) Overgrazing by livestock C) Reforestation D) Sustainable farming Answer: B) Overgrazing by livestock 37.Which of the following methods can help prevent land degradation? A) Afforestation B) Deforestation C) Overgrazing D) Both B and C Answer: A) Afforestation 38.Land degradation is defined as: A) Decrease in the agricultural productivity of land B) Increase in biodiversity C) Development of fertile land D) Increase in soil fertility Answer: A) Decrease in the agricultural productivity of land  39.Which of the following practices leads to land degradation? A) Conservation tillage B) Overuse of chemical fertilizers C) Crop rotation D) Water harvesting Answer: B) Overuse of chemical fertilizers 40.Which of the following is NOT a cause of soil erosion? A) Deforestation B) Overgrazing C) Building terraces D) Excessive irrigation Answer: C) Building terraces Soil Erosion and Desertification 41.Which of the following is a primary cause of desertification? A) Deforestation B) Reduced water usage C) Conservation practices D) Overuse of land and water resources Answer: D) Overuse of land and water resources 42.Which human activity is directly linked to desertification? A) Overgrazing B) Crop rotation C) Tree plantation D) Conservation farming Answer: A) Overgrazing 43.Which of the following can help combat desertification? A) Afforestation  B) Use of chemical pesticides C) Large-scale mining D) Overuse of groundwater Answer: A) Afforestation 44.Soil erosion can be controlled by: A) Planting ground cover B) Deforestation C) Overgrazing D) Increased use of chemicals Answer: A) Planting ground cover 45.Which of the following is a characteristic of desertification? A) Reduced soil fertility B) Improved water quality C) Increased forest cover D) Reduction in biodiversity Answer: A) Reduced soil fertility Forest Resources 46.Which of the following is a direct consequence of deforestation? A) Reduced carbon dioxide emissions B) Increased biodiversity C) Soil erosion D) Increased forest cover Answer: C) Soil erosion 47.The primary cause of deforestation in tropical regions is: A) Mining activities B) Agricultural expansion C) Urbanization  D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 48.The clearing of forests for agriculture is an example of: A) Sustainable farming B) Deforestation C) Reforestation D) Forest conservation Answer: B) Deforestation 49.Which of the following is NOT a consequence of deforestation? A) Loss of biodiversity B) Soil erosion C) Climate stabilization D) Global warming Answer: C) Climate stabilization 50.Forest resources include: A) Timber, medicinal plants, and wildlife B) Only timber C) Only wildlife D) Only plants Answer: A) Timber, medicinal plants, and wildlife Water Resources and Over-Exploitation 51.The primary cause of the depletion of groundwater resources is: A) Excessive rainfall B) Over-extraction for irrigation and domestic use C) Water conservation measures D) Overfishing Answer: B) Over-extraction for irrigation and domestic use  52.Which of the following is a consequence of over-exploiting surface water? A) Increased crop yield B) Decreased biodiversity C) Lower water availability D) None of the above Answer: C) Lower water availability 53.Which of the following is a key factor contributing to water scarcity? A) Overuse of water resources B) Efficient irrigation systems C) Rainwater harvesting D) Afforestation Answer: A) Overuse of water resources 54.Water conflicts arise due to: A) Uneven distribution of water resources B) Mismanagement of water C) Pollution of water resources D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 55.Which of the following is an example of water conservation? A) Over-exploiting groundwater B) Reducing water consumption in industries C) Polluting rivers D) Increasing water consumption in agriculture Answer: B) Reducing water consumption in industries Energy Resources 56.Renewable energy resources include: A) Coal, oil, and natural gas  B) Wind, solar, and hydro power C) Nuclear power D) Biomass only Answer: B) Wind, solar, and hydro power 57.Non-renewable energy resources are: A) Coal, oil, and natural gas B) Wind and solar energy C) Geothermal and tidal energy D) All of the above Answer: A) Coal, oil, and natural gas 58.What is the primary environmental concern with the use of fossil fuels? A) Carbon dioxide emissions B) Production of ozone layer C) Generation of water vapor D) Reduced crop yield Answer: A) Carbon dioxide emissions 59.Which of the following energy sources is considered non-polluting? A) Wind energy B) Coal C) Natural gas D) Nuclear energy Answer: A) Wind energy 60.The growing global energy needs are driven by: A) Population growth and industrialization B) The decrease in fossil fuel usage C) The increase in renewable energy sources  D) The decline in global consumption Answer: A) Population growth and industrialization Conservation of Natural Resources 61.Which of the following is a common method of conserving energy? A) Increasing energy consumption B) Using energy-efficient appliances C) Reducing renewable energy sources D) Both B and C Answer: B) Using energy-efficient appliances 62.Recycling helps in: A) Reducing waste B) Conserving raw materials C) Saving energy D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 63.The concept of sustainable development involves: A) Unlimited use of natural resources B) Ensuring that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs C) Limiting technological advancements D) Over-exploiting natural resources Answer: B) Ensuring that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs 64.Human role in the conservation of natural resources includes: A) Overuse of resources B) Awareness and responsible resource management C) Pollution generation  D) Encouraging deforestation Answer: B) Awareness and responsible resource management 65.Sustainable agricultural practices include: A) Crop rotation B) Overuse of chemical fertilizers C) Deforestation D) Large-scale monoculture farming Answer: A) Crop rotation Forest Resources 66.The primary cause of loss of forest biodiversity is: A) Forest conservation B) Overexploitation of forest resources C) Afforestation D) Regulated logging Answer: B) Overexploitation of forest resources 67.The term "deforestation" refers to: A) The practice of planting trees to restore forests B) The process of clearing forests for agriculture or urbanization C) The natural regrowth of forests D) Replacing forests with grasslands Answer: B) The process of clearing forests for agriculture or urbanization 68.Which of the following is an example of sustainable forestry practice? A) Clear-cutting forests for timber B) Allowing forests to regenerate naturally C) Ignoring forest health D) Expanding urban areas into forested zones Answer: B) Allowing forests to regenerate naturally  69.Which of the following species is primarily threatened due to deforestation? A) Human beings B) Timber trees C) Forest-dwelling animals D) Crops Answer: C) Forest-dwelling animals 70.What is the primary role of forests in the ecosystem? A) Source of timber B) Carbon dioxide sequestration and oxygen production C) Source of medicinal plants D) Providing fuelwood only Answer: B) Carbon dioxide sequestration and oxygen production Water Resources and Over-Exploitation 71.The main source of freshwater on Earth is: A) Oceans B) Rivers and lakes C) Glaciers and ice caps D) Groundwater Answer: C) Glaciers and ice caps 72.Which of the following is a common cause of water scarcity? A) Pollution of water bodies B) Overuse of groundwater C) Climate change D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 73.Which of the following is a major contributor to water pollution? A) Industrial discharge  B) Agricultural runoff C) Waste disposal into rivers D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 74.Which of the following is a technique for improving water-use efficiency in agriculture? A) Drip irrigation B) Over-extraction of groundwater C) Flood irrigation D) None of the above Answer: A) Drip irrigation 75.Water harvesting is important because: A) It helps store excess water during rainy seasons B) It causes water contamination C) It wastes water D) It only applies to urban areas Answer: A) It helps store excess water during rainy seasons Energy Resources 76.The primary advantage of solar energy over fossil fuels is: A) Solar energy is cheaper to produce B) Solar energy is non-polluting and renewable C) Fossil fuels are more efficient than solar energy D) Solar energy is more abundant than fossil fuels Answer: B) Solar energy is non-polluting and renewable 77.Which of the following is a disadvantage of wind energy? A) It is a renewable resource B) It requires large areas for installation C) It is a major cause of air pollution  D) It is the cheapest form of energy Answer: B) It requires large areas for installation 78.Which energy resource is considered the most efficient for electricity generation? A) Coal B) Nuclear energy C) Wind energy D) Biomass Answer: B) Nuclear energy 79.Geothermal energy is derived from: A) Sunlight B) Heat from the Earth’s interior C) Wind currents D) Biomass decomposition Answer: B) Heat from the Earth’s interior 80.Which of the following is the primary concern associated with nuclear energy? A) It is a non-renewable resource B) The risk of radioactive waste and accidents C) It produces greenhouse gases D) It requires large amounts of land Answer: B) The risk of radioactive waste and accidents Growing Energy Needs 81.The growing global energy needs are mainly due to: A) Technological advancement B) Population growth and industrialization C) Declining renewable energy sources  D) None of the above Answer: B) Population growth and industrialization 82.Which sector is the largest consumer of energy globally? A) Residential B) Industrial C) Transportation D) Agriculture Answer: B) Industrial 83.The concept of “energy efficiency” refers to: A) Producing energy at lower costs B) Using less energy to perform the same task C) Increasing energy consumption D) Reducing the use of fossil fuels Answer: B) Using less energy to perform the same task 84.Which of the following is a direct consequence of increasing energy demand? A) Increased greenhouse gas emissions B) Reduced use of renewable energy C) Decreased industrial productivity D) Greater use of manual labor Answer: A) Increased greenhouse gas emissions 85.What is a major challenge faced by countries relying on fossil fuels for energy? A) Sustainability and environmental impact B) Increased availability of fossil fuels C) High costs of renewable energy D) Decline in energy consumption Answer: A) Sustainability and environmental impact Conservation of Natural Resources 86.Which of the following is a method of conserving water resources? A) Recycling water B) Using water-efficient appliances C) Reducing water consumption in agriculture D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 87.Which of the following is NOT a conservation practice for forests? A) Sustainable logging practices B) Afforestation and reforestation C) Cutting down all trees for timber D) Preventing forest fires Answer: C) Cutting down all trees for timber 88.Which of the following is an example of sustainable resource management? A) Over-fishing in oceans B) Cutting down forests without replanting C) Using renewable resources like wind and solar energy D) Excessive mining of non-renewable minerals Answer: C) Using renewable resources like wind and solar energy 89.The "three Rs" (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) are important for: A) Reducing energy consumption B) Managing solid waste and conserving resources C) Increasing water consumption D) Promoting urbanization Answer: B) Managing solid waste and conserving resources 90.Which of the following actions is considered an environmentally sustainable practice?  A) Overexploiting water resources B) Using synthetic pesticides and fertilizers extensively C) Practicing crop rotation and organic farming D) Clear-cutting forests for agriculture Answer: C) Practicing crop rotation and organic farming Human Role in Environmental Conservation 91.The role of human beings in conservation includes: A) Ignoring the effects of pollution B) Over-exploiting natural resources C) Engaging in sustainable practices and resource management D) Destroying natural habitats Answer: C) Engaging in sustainable practices and resource management 92.How can individuals contribute to the conservation of natural resources? A) By reducing their carbon footprint B) By wasting energy and water C) By increasing resource consumption D) By destroying forests Answer: A) By reducing their carbon footprint 93.Which of the following is a major responsibility of individuals in environmental protection? A) Increasing the use of fossil fuels B) Promoting the use of non-renewable resources C) Reducing waste and promoting recycling D) Ignoring environmental laws Answer: C) Reducing waste and promoting recycling 94.What is the main human-induced cause of climate change? A) Deforestation  B) Overuse of natural resources C) Greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels D) Both A and B Answer: C) Greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels 95.Which of the following is an example of an environmental-friendly lifestyle? A) Using reusable bags B) Wasting water C) Using disposable plastic products D) Driving long distances unnecessarily Answer: A) Using reusable bags Miscellaneous Conservation Efforts 96.What is a major factor contributing to biodiversity loss? A) Conservation of species B) Habitat destruction C) Pollution control D) Ecotourism Answer: B) Habitat destruction 97.What does "sustainable development" primarily aim for? A) Economic growth without considering the environment B) Environmental protection while meeting societal needs C) Over-exploitation of natural resources D) Increased energy consumption Answer: B) Environmental protection while meeting societal needs 98.What is the significance of the "Paris Agreement" (2015)? A) It focuses on reducing global temperatures by limiting greenhouse gas emissions B) It promotes the use of fossil fuels  C) It encourages deforestation D) It discourages renewable energy use Answer: A) It focuses on reducing global temperatures by limiting greenhouse gas emissions 99.Which of the following is a method to conserve biodiversity? A) Habitat destruction B) Establishing protected areas C) Over-hunting of wildlife D) All of the above Answer: B) Establishing protected areas 100. The conservation of natural resources is important because: A) It helps maintain ecological balance B) It reduces energy consumption C) It increases pollution D) It supports unsustainable agricultural practices Answer: A) It helps maintain ecological balance UNIT-2 Here is a set of 100 MCQ questions based on the topics of ecosystems, structure, function, energy flow, ecological succession, ecological pyramids, and case studies of various ecosystems (forest, grassland, desert, and aquatic ecosystems): 1. What is an ecosystem? 1. An ecosystem is best defined as: o A) A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment o B) A group of similar species living in one area  o C) A collection of biotic components only o D) The physical components of the Earth Answer: A) A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment 2. Which of the following is NOT a component of an ecosystem? o A) Biotic components o B) Abiotic components o C) Atmosphere o D) Only the animals in the area Answer: D) Only the animals in the area 3. Which of the following best describes the function of an ecosystem? o A) To manage human activities o B) To maintain ecological balance between biotic and abiotic components o C) To promote pollution o D) To reduce biodiversity Answer: B) To maintain ecological balance between biotic and abiotic components 4. Which of the following is an example of a biotic component of an ecosystem? o A) Water o B) Soil o C) Plants o D) Temperature Answer: C) Plants 5. Which of the following is an abiotic component of an ecosystem? o A) Plants o B) Animals  o C) Temperature o D) Microorganisms Answer: C) Temperature 2. Structure and Function of Ecosystem 6. Which of the following is part of the structure of an ecosystem? o A) Energy flow o B) Trophic levels o C) Food chains o D) Biotic and abiotic components Answer: D) Biotic and abiotic components 7. Which of the following is a function of an ecosystem? o A) Energy transfer o B) Pollution generation o C) Climate change o D) Species extinction Answer: A) Energy transfer 8. Producers in an ecosystem are typically: o A) Herbivores o B) Carnivores o C) Decomposers o D) Plants or algae Answer: D) Plants or algae 9. Consumers in an ecosystem include: o A) Only primary consumers o B) Only secondary consumers o C) Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores o D) Producers and decomposers Answer: C) Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores  10.Decomposers in an ecosystem are responsible for: o A) Breaking down dead organic matter o B) Producing energy o C) Feeding on producers o D) Forming the foundation of food webs Answer: A) Breaking down dead organic matter 3. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 11.The flow of energy in an ecosystem is typically in the form of: o A) Heat o B) Light o C) Chemical energy o D) Both A and B Answer: C) Chemical energy 12.What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems? o A) Soil o B) Sunlight o C) Water o D) Heat Answer: B) Sunlight 13.In a food chain, which organisms are the primary consumers? o A) Producers o B) Herbivores o C) Carnivores o D) Decomposers Answer: B) Herbivores 14.The organisms at the top of a food chain are typically: o A) Primary producers  o B) Primary consumers o C) Secondary or tertiary consumers o D) Decomposers Answer: C) Secondary or tertiary consumers 15.The process by which energy is transferred through an ecosystem is called: o A) Respiration o B) Photosynthesis o C) Energy flow o D) Transpiration Answer: C) Energy flow 4. Food Chains, Food Webs, and Ecological Succession 16.Which of the following represents a simple food chain? o A) Grass → Rabbit → Fox o B) Grass → Rabbit → Grasshopper → Fox o C) Grass → Rabbit → Grasshopper → Eagle o D) Grass → Rabbit → Eagle Answer: A) Grass → Rabbit → Fox 17.A food web is: o A) A linear sequence of energy transfer o B) A network of interconnected food chains o C) A list of all organisms in an ecosystem o D) Only applicable to aquatic ecosystems Answer: B) A network of interconnected food chains 18.What is ecological succession? o A) A sudden change in the ecosystem o B) The natural process of change in species composition over time o C) The process by which humans alter ecosystems  o D) The gradual disappearance of an ecosystem Answer: B) The natural process of change in species composition over time 19.Which of the following is an example of primary succession? o A) Regrowth of a forest after a fire o B) Growth of grass in an abandoned field o C) Colonization of new volcanic rock by lichen o D) Expansion of a wetland ecosystem Answer: C) Colonization of new volcanic rock by lichen 20.Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary succession? o A) Occurs in areas previously inhabited by organisms o B) Starts with bare rock o C) Takes much longer than primary succession o D) Does not involve plants Answer: A) Occurs in areas previously inhabited by organisms 5. Ecological Pyramids 21.An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of: o A) The food chain in an ecosystem o B) The energy flow through different trophic levels o C) The types of organisms in an ecosystem o D) The number of organisms in an ecosystem Answer: B) The energy flow through different trophic levels 22.Which of the following types of ecological pyramids represents the number of organisms in each trophic level? o A) Pyramid of energy o B) Pyramid of biomass o C) Pyramid of numbers  o D) Pyramid of productivity Answer: C) Pyramid of numbers 23.In an energy pyramid, the energy decreases as you move: o A) Up the pyramid o B) Down the pyramid o C) Across the pyramid o D) In any direction Answer: A) Up the pyramid 24.Which level of the energy pyramid has the greatest amount of energy? o A) Primary producers o B) Primary consumers o C) Secondary consumers o D) Tertiary consumers Answer: A) Primary producers 25.In the pyramid of biomass, the biomass is greatest at: o A) The base of the pyramid o B) The top of the pyramid o C) The middle of the pyramid o D) It is the same at all levels Answer: A) The base of the pyramid 6. Forest Ecosystem 26.A forest ecosystem primarily relies on which of the following for energy? o A) Soil o B) Sunlight o C) Water  o D) Decomposers Answer: B) Sunlight 27.Which of the following is a characteristic of temperate forest ecosystems? o A) High biodiversity o B) Low rainfall o C) Extreme seasonal variations o D) Dominated by coniferous trees Answer: A) High biodiversity 28.In a forest ecosystem, which trophic level contains the most biomass? o A) Primary producers o B) Primary consumers o C) Secondary consumers o D) Decomposers Answer: A) Primary producers 29.The primary role of decomposers in a forest ecosystem is to: o A) Produce energy o B) Transfer energy to primary consumers o C) Break down organic material and recycle nutrients o D) Serve as a food source for herbivores Answer: C) Break down organic material and recycle nutrients 30.Which of the following is an example of a forest producer? o A) Herbivores o B) Bears o C) Trees o D) Fungi Answer: C) Trees 7. Grassland Ecosystem  31.Grasslands are often called the "breadbaskets of the world" because they: o A) Have low biodiversity o B) Are rich in soil nutrients, suitable for crop production o C) Lack sufficient rainfall for agriculture - D) Have high rainfall and tropical vegetation Answer: B) Are rich in soil nutrients, suitable for crop production 32.Which of the following is a major characteristic of the grassland ecosystem? o A) High rainfall o B) Dominance of grasses o C) Forest canopy o D) Presence of large water bodies Answer: B) Dominance of grasses 33.In a grassland ecosystem, which of the following is the primary consumer? o A) Trees o B) Herbivores such as bison and antelope o C) Carnivores like lions and tigers o D) Birds Answer: B) Herbivores such as bison and antelope 34.Which factor limits plant growth in desert ecosystems? o A) Excessive water o B) High temperatures o C) High humidity o D) Low sunlight Answer: B) High temperatures 35.Which of the following is a characteristic of temperate grasslands?  o A) Extreme temperature variation o B) High biodiversity o C) Heavy rainfall throughout the year o D) Dense forest canopy Answer: A) Extreme temperature variation 8. Desert Ecosystem 36.Which of the following is a characteristic adaptation of desert plants? o A) Large leaves for capturing water o B) Deep roots to access groundwater o C) Large fruits for storing water o D) Thick fur to trap moisture Answer: B) Deep roots to access groundwater 37.Deserts are characterized by: o A) High rainfall and high humidity o B) High temperatures and low rainfall o C) Temperate climate o D) Moderate rainfall and low temperatures Answer: B) High temperatures and low rainfall 38.Which of the following animals is adapted to desert life? o A) Polar bear o B) Kangaroo rat o C) Elephant o D) Gorilla Answer: B) Kangaroo rat 39.Which of the following is the most significant factor limiting primary production in deserts? o A) Temperature fluctuations o B) Water scarcity  o C) Soil type o D) Light availability Answer: B) Water scarcity 40.Desert ecosystems are generally dominated by: o A) Trees and shrubs o B) Tall grasses o C) Cacti and drought-resistant plants o D) Algae Answer: C) Cacti and drought-resistant plants 9. Aquatic Ecosystem 41.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems? o A) They can be freshwater or marine o B) They support a wide range of organisms o C) They rely on terrestrial plants for energy o D) They involve the cycling of nutrients Answer: C) They rely on terrestrial plants for energy 42.Which zone in a freshwater lake ecosystem is characterized by deep, cold waters and low light penetration? o A) Littoral zone o B) Profundal zone o C) Euphotic zone o D) Pelagic zone Answer: B) Profundal zone 43.In marine ecosystems, the photic zone is: o A) The area where sunlight penetrates, allowing photosynthesis o B) The deepest part of the ocean o C) The area where most ocean currents occur  o D) The area above the continental shelf Answer: A) The area where sunlight penetrates, allowing photosynthesis 44.Which of the following is a characteristic of coral reef ecosystems? o A) High biodiversity and specialized niches o B) Low species diversity o C) Mainly composed of plankton o D) Dominated by seaweeds Answer: A) High biodiversity and specialized niches 45.What is the primary source of energy in aquatic ecosystems? o A) Sunlight o B) Underwater geothermal vents o C) Chemical energy from rocks o D) Decomposers Answer: A) Sunlight 6. Forest Ecosystem (Continued) 46.Which of the following is a significant factor influencing forest ecosystems? A) Water availability B) Soil type and structure C) Climate conditions such as temperature and precipitation D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 47.Which of the following trees is typically found in a temperate forest ecosystem? A) Cactus B) Oak tree C) Pine tree  D) Mangrove Answer: B) Oak tree 48.Which process in a forest ecosystem involves the breakdown of dead organic matter by decomposers? A) Transpiration B) Nitrogen fixation C) Decomposition D) Photosynthesis Answer: C) Decomposition 49.Which layer of the forest is typically the most diverse in terms of species? A) Canopy B) Forest floor C) Understory D) Root layer Answer: A) Canopy 50.The forest ecosystem plays a crucial role in: A) Maintaining the water cycle B) Carbon storage C) Regulating temperature D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 7. Grassland Ecosystem (Continued) 51.The primary role of herbivores in a grassland ecosystem is to: A) Decompose organic matter B) Pollinate plants C) Consume plants and transfer energy to higher trophic levels  D) Provide energy to producers Answer: C) Consume plants and transfer energy to higher trophic levels 52.Which of the following grassland animals is a carnivore? A) Bison B) Prairie dog C) Lion D) Cheetah Answer: C) Lion 53.Grassland ecosystems are prone to fires. What is a positive consequence of fires in these ecosystems? A) Increase in soil nutrients B) Destruction of plant species C) Reduction in biodiversity D) Prevents new plant growth Answer: A) Increase in soil nutrients 54.Which of the following is a major factor limiting biodiversity in grassland ecosystems? A) Excessive water availability B) Lack of fire C) Human activities such as farming D) High humidity Answer: C) Human activities such as farming 55.Which of the following grassland ecosystems is characterized by mild to moderate temperatures with seasonal rainfall? A) Savannas B) Prairies C) Steppes  D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 8. Desert Ecosystem (Continued) 56.Which of the following is an adaptation of desert animals to survive in arid conditions? A) Hibernation during the wet season B) Large body size to retain moisture C) Thick fur to protect from the sun D) Ability to extract moisture from food Answer: D) Ability to extract moisture from food 57.Which of the following is a feature of hot deserts? A) Consistent, year-round rainfall B) High biodiversity C) High daytime temperatures with low nighttime temperatures D) Abundant vegetation Answer: C) High daytime temperatures with low nighttime temperatures 58.The presence of which of the following is a characteristic feature of many desert plants? A) Large leaves with high transpiration rates B) Deep taproots for water storage C) Shallow roots to absorb surface moisture D) Brightly colored flowers for pollination Answer: B) Deep taproots for water storage 59.Which of the following desert animals is known for its ability to store water in its body? A) Camel B) Kangaroo rat C) Vulture  D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 60.Which of the following is a common adaptation for desert plants to conserve water? A) Deep root systems and thick, waxy cuticles B) Shallow roots and high water retention in leaves C) Fast-growing cycle and rapid seed dispersal D) Broad leaves to absorb maximum sunlight Answer: A) Deep root systems and thick, waxy cuticles 9. Aquatic Ecosystem (Continued) 61.In aquatic ecosystems, which zone contains the most biodiversity? A) Aphotic zone B) Littoral zone C) Benthic zone D) Photic zone Answer: B) Littoral zone 62.What is the primary difference between freshwater and marine ecosystems? A) Marine ecosystems have a lower salt content B) Freshwater ecosystems are saltwater-based C) Marine ecosystems have a higher salt content D) Freshwater ecosystems have greater biodiversity Answer: C) Marine ecosystems have a higher salt content 63.Which of the following best describes an estuary? A) A freshwater lake B) A marine ecosystem with high salinity C) A partially enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater and seawater mix  D) A deep part of the ocean with no sunlight Answer: C) A partially enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater and seawater mix 64.In a marine ecosystem, which zone is the most productive in terms of photosynthesis? A) Oceanic zone B) Photic zone C) Abyssal zone D) Benthic zone Answer: B) Photic zone 65.What is the main role of plankton in aquatic ecosystems? A) They are primary producers in the food chain B) They serve as decomposers C) They are secondary consumers D) They regulate water temperature Answer: A) They are primary producers in the food chain 10. Human Impact on Ecosystems 66.Which human activity is the primary cause of deforestation? A) Urbanization and agriculture B) Forest fires C) Natural climate change D) Invasive species Answer: A) Urbanization and agriculture 67.What is the primary cause of soil erosion in forest ecosystems? A) Heavy rainfall B) Deforestation and agriculture C) Pollution  D) Climate change Answer: B) Deforestation and agriculture 68.Which of the following is a consequence of over-exploitation of water resources? A) Increased biodiversity B) Groundwater depletion and ecosystem disruption C) Decreased evaporation D) Improved water quality Answer: B) Groundwater depletion and ecosystem disruption 69.Which of the following is a potential consequence of overfishing in aquatic ecosystems? A) Increase in fish population B) Decline in biodiversity and disruption of food webs C) Reduced algae growth D) Improved water quality Answer: B) Decline in biodiversity and disruption of food webs 70.The introduction of non-native species to an ecosystem can lead to: A) Increased biodiversity B) A balanced ecosystem C) Competition with native species and ecological imbalance D) None of the above Answer: C) Competition with native species and ecological imbalance 11. Conservation and Management of Ecosystems 71.Which of the following is an effective strategy for conserving biodiversity in an ecosystem? A) Habitat destruction B) Over-exploitation of resources C) Establishment of protected areas such as national parks  D) Urbanization Answer: C) Establishment of protected areas such as national parks 72.Which of the following is a sustainable practice for managing forest ecosystems? A) Clear-cutting of forests B) Agroforestry and selective logging C) Deforestation for agriculture D) Overgrazing by livestock Answer: B) Agroforestry and selective logging 73.Which of the following is a major goal of sustainable agriculture? A) Maximizing short-term crop yields B) Minimizing pesticide use and promoting soil health C) Reducing human population growth D) Increasing urban sprawl Answer: B) Minimizing pesticide use and promoting soil health 74.What is the main goal of ecological restoration? A) To promote urban development B) To rebuild degraded ecosystems to a functional state C) To remove all human impact on ecosystems D) To create new ecosystems in urban areas Answer: B) To rebuild degraded ecosystems to a functional state 75.Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource? A) Fossil fuels B) Solar energy C) Minerals D) Coal Answer: B) Solar energy 12. Ecological Sustainability 76.Sustainable development is best defined as: A) Developing new technologies without considering their environmental impact B) Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs C) Prioritizing economic growth over environmental concerns D) Ignoring social equity in decision-making Answer: B) Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 77.Which of the following is an example of sustainable energy use? A) Using fossil fuels excessively for electricity generation B) Harnessing wind energy to generate electricity C) Deforestation to clear land for farming D) Overconsumption of water resources Answer: B) Harnessing wind energy to generate electricity 78.Which of the following is a key principle of the concept of sustainability? A) Maximizing short-term economic growth B) Balancing environmental, social, and economic needs C) Ignoring ecological impacts for economic development D) Reducing energy consumption without considering social needs Answer: B) Balancing environmental, social, and economic needs 79.Which of the following is a practice of sustainable agriculture? A) Monocropping B) Overuse of chemical fertilizers C) Crop rotation and agroecology D) Soil erosion Answer: C) Crop rotation and agroecology  80.The concept of a "circular economy" focuses on: A) Maximizing the extraction of natural resources B) Reducing waste by reusing and recycling materials C) Promoting one-time use of resources D) Increasing pollution levels Answer: B) Reducing waste by reusing and recycling materials 13. Energy Flow in Ecosystems 81.In an ecosystem, energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next through: A) Decomposers B) Predation C) Consumption of organisms D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 82.The primary source of energy for all ecosystems is: A) Water B) Sunlight C) Soil nutrients D) Wind Answer: B) Sunlight 83.Which of the following best describes the role of producers in an ecosystem? A) They recycle nutrients back into the soil. B) They convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. C) They feed on primary consumers.  D) They decompose dead organic matter. Answer: B) They convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. 84.Which of the following is true about energy flow in ecosystems? A) Energy is recycled in ecosystems. B) Energy is transferred in one direction only, from producers to consumers. C) Energy flow increases as it moves up the food chain. D) Energy from the sun is lost at each trophic level. Answer: B) Energy is transferred in one direction only, from producers to consumers. 85.In an energy pyramid, which level typically has the most energy? A) Apex predators B) Secondary consumers C) Primary producers D) Decomposers Answer: C) Primary producers 14. Food Chains, Food Webs, and Ecological Succession 86.A food web in an ecosystem: A) Shows only the predator-prey relationship between organisms. B) Illustrates the interconnectedness of different food chains. C) Represents a single, unidirectional flow of energy. D) Only includes herbivores and primary producers. Answer: B) Illustrates the interconnectedness of different food chains. 87.Which of the following is an example of a primary consumer? A) A lion B) A rabbit C) A hawk  D) A snake Answer: B) A rabbit 88.In the process of ecological succession, which of the following occurs first in a newly formed ecosystem? A) Formation of a climax community B) Colonization by primary producers like lichens and mosses C) Development of complex food webs D) Appearance of apex predators Answer: B) Colonization by primary producers like lichens and mosses 89.In ecological succession, which of the following is a characteristic of a climax community? A) Constant changes in species composition B) The system is stable and has reached a steady state C) Low biodiversity D) Rapid changes in species dominance Answer: B) The system is stable and has reached a steady state 90.Which of the following is a secondary consumer in a grassland ecosystem food chain? A) Grass B) Grasshopper C) Snake D) Hawk Answer: C) Snake 15. Ecological Pyramids 91.The pyramid of biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem typically shows: A) More biomass at higher trophic levels B) An equal distribution of biomass across trophic levels C) Less biomass at higher trophic levels  D) No relationship between biomass and trophic level Answer: C) Less biomass at higher trophic levels 92.In an ecological pyramid, what does the base represent? A) The highest trophic level (top predators) B) The primary producers C) The decomposers D) The secondary consumers Answer: B) The primary producers 93.The pyramid of numbers in an ecosystem shows the: A) Total number of organisms at each trophic level B) Biomass at each trophic level C) Energy available at each trophic level D) Nitrogen content at each trophic level Answer: A) Total number of organisms at each trophic level 94.Which of the following statements is true regarding ecological pyramids? A) Pyramids of numbers can sometimes be inverted in certain ecosystems. B) Ecological pyramids always have a consistent structure across all ecosystems. C) Pyramids of biomass always show more biomass at higher trophic levels. D) Pyramids of energy are the least useful for understanding ecosystem functioning. Answer: A) Pyramids of numbers can sometimes be inverted in certain ecosystems. 95.In the pyramid of energy, energy is lost between trophic levels primarily due to: A) Consumption efficiency  B) Biomass conversion C) Heat loss during metabolic processes D) Trophic interaction Answer: C) Heat loss during metabolic processes 16. Case Studies of Ecosystems a) Forest Ecosystem 96.In a forest ecosystem, the role of decomposers is to: A) Release carbon dioxide during photosynthesis B) Convert sunlight into usable energy C) Break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients D) Provide food for herbivores Answer: C) Break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients 97.Which of the following is a typical tree species in a temperate deciduous forest? A) Cactus B) Maple C) Pine D) Mangrove Answer: B) Maple b) Grassland Ecosystem 98.Which of the following is the primary characteristic of a savanna grassland ecosystem? A) Frequent, intense rainfall B) Long, cold winters C) A combination of grass and scattered trees D) Dense tropical forests Answer: C) A combination of grass and scattered trees  99.Which of the following animals is most commonly associated with grassland ecosystems? A) Panda B) Kangaroo C) Leopard D) Polar bear Answer: B) Kangaroo c) Desert Ecosystem 100. Which of the following is an example of an adaptation to extreme temperatures in desert ecosystems? A) Long migration distances B) Thick, waxy skin in reptiles C) Large body size to store water D) Ability to photosynthesize at night Answer: B) Thick, waxy skin in reptiles UNIT -3 Here is a set of 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on the topics of biodiversity and conservation: 1. Levels of Biological Diversity 1. Which of the following is the correct level of biological diversity? o A) Genetic diversity o B) Species diversity o C) Ecosystem diversity o D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 2. What does genetic diversity refer to?  o A) The variety of different species in an ecosystem o B) The different ecosystems present in a region o C) The variation of genes within a population o D) The number of species in a particular area Answer: C) The variation of genes within a population 3. Species diversity refers to: o A) The number of different species in a given area o B) The diversity of ecosystems within a geographical location o C) The genetic variations within a species o D) The social and economic importance of species Answer: A) The number of different species in a given area 4. What does ecosystem diversity encompass? o A) Variety of species within a specific habitat o B) The differences in habitats in a particular region o C) The genetic diversity of organisms o D) The variety of genes in a species Answer: B) The differences in habitats in a particular region 5. Which of the following is an example of genetic diversity? o A) Different species of birds in a forest o B) Different tree species in a forest o C) Variations in the color of flowers in a population of plants o D) Different ecosystems in a region Answer: C) Variations in the color of flowers in a population of plants 2. Hotspots of Biodiversity 6. What is meant by 'biodiversity hotspot'? o A) An area with high species diversity o B) An area rich in endemic species under threat  o C) A zone with high genetic diversity o D) A region with minimal human interference Answer: B) An area rich in endemic species under threat 7. Which of the following is considered a biodiversity hotspot in India? o A) Himalayan mountain ranges o B) The Sundarbans o C) Western Ghats o D) The Thar Desert Answer: C) Western Ghats 8. How many biodiversity hotspots are there in India? o A) 2 o B) 4 o C) 5 o D) 10 Answer: B) 4 9. Which one of the following is NOT a biodiversity hotspot in India? o A) Indo-Burma o B) Himalayas o C) Deccan Plateau o D) Sundaland Answer: D) Sundaland 10.The Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot is important because it: o A) Is home to the highest number of endangered species o B) Has very few endemic species o C) Is a large desert ecosystem o D) Has minimal human impact Answer: A) Is home to the highest number of endangered species 3. Ecosystem and Biodiversity Services 11.Which of the following is an example of ecosystem services? o A) Water purification by wetlands o B) Soil erosion caused by deforestation o C) Hunting of endangered species o D) Urbanization and industrialization Answer: A) Water purification by wetlands 12.Which of the following is an example of an economic service provided by ecosystems? o A) Provision of fresh water o B) Pollination of crops o C) Provision of timber for industries o D) Aesthetic beauty of landscapes Answer: C) Provision of timber for industries 13.Aesthetic value of biodiversity refers to: o A) The economic benefits derived from species o B) The spiritual and cultural significance of biodiversity o C) The beauty and enjoyment that ecosystems provide o D) The health benefits from ecosystem services Answer: C) The beauty and enjoyment that ecosystems provide 14.Which of the following is an example of the social value of biodiversity? o A) The production of food crops o B) The role of forests in climate regulation o C) The cultural importance of sacred groves o D) The role of coral reefs in tourism Answer: C) The cultural importance of sacred groves 15.The ecological value of biodiversity can be seen in: o A) The aesthetic beauty it provides  o B) The role it plays in ecosystem stability and health o C) The economic profits from tourism o D) The production of useful materials Answer: B) The role it plays in ecosystem stability and health 4. Threats to Biodiversity 16.Which of the following is considered a major threat to biodiversity? o A) Conservation efforts o B) Habitat loss o C) Ecological restoration o D) Sustainable agriculture Answer: B) Habitat loss 17.Which of the following is a direct cause of habitat loss? o A) Deforestation o B) Conservation policies o C) Habitat restoration o D) Sustainable tourism Answer: A) Deforestation 18.Poaching primarily threatens: o A) Agricultural ecosystems o B) Economic ecosystems o C) Wildlife populations o D) Aquatic ecosystems Answer: C) Wildlife populations 19.Which of the following species is most affected by poaching in India? o A) Indian Tiger o B) Indian Peafowl o C) Nilgiri Tahr  o D) Indian Elephant Answer: A) Indian Tiger 20.Biological invasions occur when: o A) A species is removed from its native environment o B) A non-native species is introduced to a new environment o C) A species undergoes extinction o D) An ecosystem is restored Answer: B) A non-native species is introduced to a new environment 5. Endangered and Endemic Species in India 21.Which of the following is an endemic species of India? o A) African Lion o B) Indian Rhinoceros o C) Nilgiri Langur o D) Siberian Tiger Answer: C) Nilgiri Langur 22.Which of the following is a critically endangered species in India? o A) Bengal Tiger o B) Asiatic Lion o C) Snow Leopard o D) Indian Vulture Answer: D) Indian Vulture 23.The Indian Bison (Gaur) is a species of: o A) Endemic to India o B) Vulnerable status o C) Critically endangered o D) Found only in the Himalayas Answer: A) Endemic to India  24.Which of the following species is listed under India's Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act? o A) House Sparrow o B) Black Panther o C) Indian Star Tortoise o D) Common Crow Answer: B) Black Panther 25.The Himalayan brown bear is found in which part of India? o A) Western Ghats o B) Himalayas o C) Deccan Plateau o D) Sundarbans Answer: B) Himalayas 6. Conservation of Biodiversity 26.In-situ conservation refers to: o A) Preservation of species outside their natural habitats o B) Protection of species within their natural habitat o C) Genetic modification of species o D) Breeding species in captivity Answer: B) Protection of species within their natural habitat 27.Which of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation? o A) Wildlife sanctuaries o B) National parks o C) Botanical gardens o D) Sacred groves Answer: C) Botanical gardens 28.Biosphere reserves are primarily aimed at: o A) Protecting species in zoos  o B) Protecting ecosystems and their species in their natural habitat o C) Increasing agricultural production o D) Promoting industrial development Answer: B) Protecting ecosystems and their species in their natural habitat 29.Which of the following is NOT an ex-situ conservation method? o A) Zoos o B) Seed banks o C) National parks o D) Botanical gardens Answer: C) National parks 30.What is the main goal of in-situ conservation? o A) To improve species breeding in laboratories o B) To preserve species by protecting their habitats o C) To create artificial environments for species o D) To enhance genetic diversity through selective breeding Answer: B) To preserve species by protecting their habitats 7. Biogeographic Zones of India 31.Which of the following is NOT a biogeographic zone of India? o A) Himalayan o B) Deccan Plateau o C) Gangetic Plain o D) Indo-Malay Answer: D) Indo-Malay 32.The Western Ghats are part of which biogeographic zone in India? o A) Deccan Plateau o B) Himalayan o C) Coastal  o D) Peninsular Answer: D) Peninsular 33.The Gangetic Plain in India is best described as: o A) A desert ecosystem o B) A grassland ecosystem o C) A tropical rainforest o D) A riverine ecosystem Answer: D) A riverine ecosystem 34.The Thar Desert falls under which biogeographic zone of India? o A) Desert o B) Himalayan o C) Coastal o D) Peninsular Answer: A) Desert 35.Which biogeographic zone of India is home to most of the country's biodiversity hotspots? o A) Himalayan o B) Deccan Plateau o C) Peninsular o D) Gangetic Plain Answer: C) Peninsular 8. India as a Megadiversity Nation 36.India is considered a megadiversity nation because it has: o A) A high number of biodiversity hotspots o B) A small number of plant and animal species o C) A limited variety of ecosystems o D) Low species endemism Answer: A) A high number of biodiversity hotspots 37.India accounts for approximately what percentage of the world's plant and animal species? o A) 1.5% o B) 7% o C) 10% o D) 20% Answer: B) 7% 38.Which of the following is true about India's role in global biodiversity? o A) India is home to the most number of endangered species in the world. o B) India has one of the highest rates of species extinction. o C) India is a megadiverse country with a large variety of plant and animal species. o D) India has the lowest number of endemic species. Answer: C) India is a megadiverse country with a large variety of plant and animal species 9. Conservation Efforts and Strategies 39.Which of the following is an example of a successful ex-situ conservation program? A) Project Tiger B) Zoo breeding programs C) Chipko Movement D) Sacred groves Answer: B) Zoo breeding programs 40.The National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) in India was formulated to: A) Promote the construction of wildlife sanctuaries  B) Ensure the protection of forests C) Conserve India's biodiversity and its sustainable use D) Create more national parks Answer: C) Conserve India's biodiversity and its sustainable use 41.The primary objective of the "Project Tiger" is to: A) Protect endangered bird species B) Conserve the tiger population and their habitats C) Control poaching of elephants D) Promote conservation of plant species Answer: B) Conserve the tiger population and their habitats 42.Which of the following was the first wildlife sanctuary in India? A) Kaziranga National Park B) Jim Corbett National Park C) Sunderbans Reserve Forest D) Gir Wildlife Sanctuary Answer: B) Jim Corbett National Park 43.The "Chipko Movement" is related to: A) Water conservation B) Protection of forests from deforestation C) Saving endangered species D) Promotion of organic farming Answer: B) Protection of forests from deforestation 44.The 'Wildlife Protection Act of 1972' in India primarily aims to: A) Promote wildlife tourism B) Prevent poaching and protect endangered species C) Regulate the logging of forests D) Support the development of zoos Answer: B) Prevent poaching and protect endangered species  45.Which of the following is a critical tool in the conservation of biodiversity in India? A) Social forestry B) Organic farming C) Community-based conservation initiatives D) Industrialization of forest resources Answer: C) Community-based conservation initiatives 46.The Green India Mission aims to: A) Promote the construction of new roads in forest areas B) Combat climate change by enhancing forest and tree cover C) Increase agricultural production in forested regions D) Protect only the endangered plant species Answer: B) Combat climate change by enhancing forest and tree cover 47.Which of the following is a key challenge in conservation efforts in India? A) Lack of biodiversity hotspots B) Over-exploitation of natural resources C) Low human population density D) Increased industrialization of forests Answer: B) Over-exploitation of natural resources 10. Role of Local Communities in Biodiversity Conservation 48.Which of the following is an example of a community-driven conservation initiative in India? A) National Green Tribunal B) Van Panchayats in Uttarakhand C) Project Elephant D) Chipko Movement Answer: B) Van Panchayats in Uttarakhand 49.The community-based approach of 'Sacred Groves' in India is primarily aimed at: A) Protecting sacred animal species B) Conserving forests and species with cultural and religious significance C) Promoting commercial forestry D) Developing national parks Answer: B) Conserving forests and species with cultural and religious significance 50.In which region of India is the community-based forest conservation method, known as ‘Van Panchayats,’ implemented? A) Western Ghats B) Uttar Pradesh C) Himalayan region of Uttarakhand D) Kerala Answer: C) Himalayan region of Uttarakhand 51.What is the primary function of 'Biosphere Reserves' in India? A) To manage agricultural activities B) To conserve and protect unique ecosystems and species C) To promote tourism D) To increase urban development Answer: B) To conserve and protect unique ecosystems and species 52.Which of the following is an example of in-situ conservation in India? A) Zoos B) Botanical gardens C) National Parks D) Seed banks Answer: C) National Parks  53.Which of the following communities in India are known for their role in conserving biodiversity through traditional knowledge? A) Sahariya Tribes in Rajasthan B) Santhal Tribes in Jharkhand C) Toda Tribes in Nilgiri Hills D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 54.Which program in India is specifically aimed at protecting elephants? A) Project Tiger B) Project Elephant C) Wildlife Protection Act D) Conservation of Biodiversity Plan Answer: B) Project Elephant 55.Which organization in India is responsible for the conservation and monitoring of endangered species? A) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) B) Wildlife Institute of India (WII) C) Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) D) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Answer: B) Wildlife Institute of India (WII) 11. Environmental Education and Awareness 56.Which of the following is the primary goal of environmental education in the context of biodiversity conservation? A) To promote industrial development B) To spread awareness about biodiversity and the importance of its conservation C) To encourage the use of chemical pesticides  D) To promote urbanization of rural areas Answer: B) To spread awareness about biodiversity and the importance of its conservation 57.What is the main purpose of biodiversity awareness programs in schools and communities? A) To reduce human impact on biodiversity B) To support the growth of the human population C) To develop industries in wildlife areas D) To promote traditional farming techniques Answer: A) To reduce human impact on biodiversity 58.Which of the following is a common method used to raise awareness about conservation issues? A) Environmental campaigns and workshops B) Ignoring biodiversity concerns C) Promoting illegal wildlife trade D) Limiting access to protected areas Answer: A) Environmental campaigns and workshops 59.Which of the following is a major international agreement focused on the conservation of biodiversity? A) Paris Agreement on Climate Change B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) C) World Trade Organization Agreement D) Kyoto Protocol Answer: B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 60.Which international day is celebrated to raise awareness about biodiversity? A) Earth Day B) World Environment Day C) International Day for Biological Diversity  D) International Forestry Day Answer: C) International Day for Biological Diversity 12. Global Biodiversity and Conservation Challenges 61.Which of the following is a direct consequence of loss of biodiversity globally? A) Increase in the availability of resources B) Enhanced ecosystem services C) Disruption in ecosystem balance D) Increased tourism Answer: C) Disruption in ecosystem balance 62.What is one of the key drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide? A) Conservation efforts B) Sustainable agricultural practices C) Climate change D) Renewable energy technologies Answer: C) Climate change 63.Which of the following is NOT a major threat to biodiversity? A) Habitat destruction B) Over-exploitation C) Reforestation D) Invasive species Answer: C) Reforestation 64.Which international body monitors global biodiversity and ecosystem health? A) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) B) World Health Organization (WHO) C) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)  D) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Answer: D) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 65.What role do invasive species play in the decline of native biodiversity? A) They help in ecosystem restoration B) They compete with native species for resources C) They increase genetic diversity D) They have no effect on native biodiversity Answer: B) They compete with native species for resources 66.The loss of which of the following can lead to a cascade of negative effects on ecosystems? A) Keystone species B) Predators C) Producers D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 67.The most effective way to prevent biodiversity loss globally is: A) Increasing deforestation B) Building more industrial zones C) Implementing conservation strategies and sustainable use of resources D) Promoting monoculture farming Answer: C) Implementing conservation strategies and sustainable use of resources 68.Which of the following is NOT a type of ecosystem service? A) Provisioning services B) Regulating services C) Cultural services  D) Industrial services Answer: D) Industrial services 69.Which of the following is a goal of sustainable development in terms of biodiversity conservation? A) Exploit resources without restrictions B) Use biodiversity in a way that ensures its regeneration for future generations C) Promote urban sprawl D) Introduce more non-native species to ecosystems Answer: B) Use biodiversity in a way that ensures its regeneration for future generations 70.The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is used to: A) Assess the global status of species and ecosystems B) Promote trade in endangered species C) List species eligible for captive breeding D) Allocate government funding to conservation efforts Answer: A) Assess the global status of species and ecosystems 13. Biodiversity Hotspots and Global Conservation Challenges 71.Which of the following is considered a biodiversity hotspot? A) Sahara Desert B) Amazon Rainforest C) Arctic Tundra D) Gobi Desert Answer: B) Amazon Rainforest 72.What percentage of the Earth's plant and animal species are found in biodiversity hotspots, despite covering only 2.3% of the Earth's land surface? A) 10%  B) 25% C) 50% D) 70% Answer: B) 25% 73.Which of the following is one of the major hotspots for biodiversity in India? A) The Deccan Plateau B) The Western Ghats C) The Indo-Gangetic Plain D) The Thar Desert Answer: B) The Western Ghats 74.Biodiversity hotspots in India include which of the following regions? A) Himalayan mountain range B) Eastern and Western Ghats C) Indo-Burma region D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 75.Which of the following countries is part of the "Indo-Malay" biodiversity hotspot? A) India B) Brazil C) South Africa D) Australia Answer: A) India 76.Which of the following actions would help conserve biodiversity hotspots? A) Increasing urban sprawl in these areas B) Creating more national parks and protected areas  C) Encouraging unsustainable agriculture D) Developing the region for industrial purposes Answer: B) Creating more national parks and protected areas 77.What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss in hotspots? A) Natural disasters B) Climate change C) Habitat destruction and fragmentation D) All of the above Answer: C) Habitat destruction and fragmentation 78.Which of the following species is classified as "endemic" to a specific biodiversity hotspot in India? A) Bengal Tiger B) Asiatic Lion C) Nilgiri Tahr D) Great Indian Bustard Answer: C) Nilgiri Tahr 79.What is the main goal of the "Global Biodiversity Outlook" report? A) To identify the world's most endangered species B) To assess the health and status of global biodiversity and conservation efforts C) To develop new technologies for biodiversity conservation D) To promote wildlife trade Answer: B) To assess the health and status of global biodiversity and conservation efforts 80.Which of the following organizations is responsible for identifying and protecting biodiversity hotspots? A) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) B) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)  C) World Wildlife Fund (WWF) D) Conservation International (CI) Answer: D) Conservation International (CI) 14. Endangered and Endemic Species in India 81.The Asiatic Lion is found only in which of the following locations in India? A) Madhya Pradesh B) Sunderbans C) Gir Forest National Park D) Kaziranga National Park Answer: C) Gir Forest National Park 82.Which of the following is an example of an endemic species found in the Western Ghats? A) Indian Elephant B) Nilgiri Langur C) Bengal Tiger D) Ganges River Dolphin Answer: B) Nilgiri Langur 83.Which of the following species is considered critically endangered in India? A) Indian Rhinoceros B) Snow Leopard C) White-rumped Vulture D) Indian Wolf Answer: C) White-rumped Vulture 84.Which is the primary threat to the population of the Great Indian Bustard?  A) Habitat destruction and hunting B) Overgrazing by livestock C) Poaching for feathers D) None of the above Answer: A) Habitat destruction and hunting 85.The Dugong, an endangered marine species, is found along which of the following coastlines in India? A) Gujarat coast B) Kerala coast C) Tamil Nadu coast D) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Answer: D) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 86.The "Lion-tailed Macaque" is endemic to which region of India? A) Eastern Himalayas B) Western Ghats C) Sundarbans D) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Answer: B) Western Ghats 87.Which of the following animals is listed as critically endangered due to habitat destruction in India? A) Indian Elephant B) Ganges River Dolphin C) Bengal Tiger D) Wild Ass Answer: B) Ganges River Dolphin 88.Which of the following species was recently reintroduced into India after being declared extinct in the wild? A) Indian Cheetah  B) Asiatic Lion C) Snow Leopard D) Indian Rhinoceros Answer: A) Indian Cheetah 89.The “Sarus Crane,” a bird species, is found in which region of India? A) North-eastern India B) Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh C) South India D) Gujarat and Maharashtra Answer: B) Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh 90.The "Konkan" region of India is home to which endangered species of dolphin? A) Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin B) Ganges River Dolphin C) Bottlenose Dolphin D) Finless Porpoise Answer: A) Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin 15. Conservation Methods and Approaches 91.In-situ conservation is the practice of: A) Protecting species outside their natural habitat B) Conserving species within their natural habitat C) Increasing agricultural productivity in protected areas D) Translocating species to zoos and botanical gardens Answer: B) Conserving species within their natural habitat 92.Ex-situ conservation involves which of the following? A) Protection of species in their natural habitat B) Breeding of endangered species in zoos or botanical gardens  C) Increasing habitat destruction D) Sustainable forest management Answer: B) Breeding of endangered species in zoos or botanical gardens 93.Which of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation? A) Biosphere reserves B) Wildlife sanctuaries C) Botanical gardens and zoos D) National parks Answer: C) Botanical gardens and zoos 94.What is the role of seed banks in biodiversity conservation? A) They conserve seeds of plants for future use in agriculture B) They preserve the genetic material of plant species in case of extinction C) They produce genetically modified crops D) They are used to breed endangered animal species Answer: B) They preserve the genetic material of plant species in case of extinction 95.Which of the following is a key benefit of conserving biodiversity? A) Increased industrial growth B) Sustained ecosystem services C) Deforestation for agriculture D) Increased poaching activities Answer: B) Sustained ecosystem services 96.Which of the following methods helps in reducing habitat fragmentation? A) Establishing wildlife corridors B) Deforestation C) Expansion of urban areas  D) Development of monoculture plantations Answer: A) Establishing wildlife corridors 97.What is the primary goal of the 'Wildlife Protection Act of 1972' in India? A) To promote biodiversity awareness B) To regulate wildlife trade C) To establish wildlife protection agencies D) To prevent poaching and illegal trade of endangered species Answer: D) To prevent poaching and illegal trade of endangered species 98.The 'National Biodiversity Act of 2002' was enacted to: A) Promote sustainable industrial practices B) Ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources C) Increase agricultural output D) Promote commercial fishing Answer: B) Ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources 99.Which of the following is an example of a biosphere reserve in India? A) Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve B) Gir National Park C) Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary D) Nilgiri Hills Answer: A) Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve 100. Which of the following is a strategy used for conserving endangered species in India? A) Indiscriminate hunting B) Eco-tourism C) Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks  D) Industrial expansion in wildlife zones Answer: C) Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks UNIT –4 Here is a set of 100 MCQs on Environmental Pollution covering various types, causes, effects, controls, and case studies. 1. Environmental Pollution and Types 1. What is environmental pollution? o A) The introduction of harmful substances into the environment o B) The growth of vegetation in forests o C) The balance of the ecosystem o D) The reduction in the population of species Answer: A) The introduction of harmful substances into the environment 2. Which of the following is a major type of environmental pollution? o A) Noise pollution o B) Soil erosion o C) Genetic diversity loss o D) Overpopulation Answer: A) Noise pollution 3. Which type of pollution is primarily caused by the burning of fossil fuels? o A) Air pollution o B) Water pollution o C) Soil pollution  o D) Noise pollution Answer: A) Air pollution 4. What is the primary cause of water pollution? o A) Industrial discharge o B) Soil erosion o C) Deforestation o D) Overfishing Answer: A) Industrial discharge 5. Which type of pollution is caused by excessive use of pesticides and chemicals in agriculture? o A) Soil pollution o B) Air pollution o C) Noise pollution o D) Water pollution Answer: A) Soil pollution 2. Causes of Pollution 6. Which of the following is a major source of air pollution? o A) Industrial emissions o B) Solar radiation o C) Plant growth o D) None of the above Answer: A) Industrial emissions 7. Which human activity contributes significantly to water pollution? o A) Dumping of plastic waste o B) Construction of buildings o C) Agriculture  o D) Deforestation Answer: C) Agriculture 8. Which of the following causes noise pollution? o A) Overuse of fertilizers o B) Industrial machinery and vehicles o C) Overfishing o D) Deforestation Answer: B) Industrial machinery and vehicles 9. What is the primary cause of soil pollution? o A) Industrial waste disposal o B) Excessive mining o C) Water contamination o D) Overpopulation Answer: A) Industrial waste disposal 10.Which of the following activities leads to radiation pollution? A) Nuclear testing and accidents B) Deforestation C) Industrial waste dumping D) Overuse of plastic Answer: A) Nuclear testing and accidents 3. Effects of Pollution 11.What is a major effect of air pollution on human health? A) Respiratory diseases B) Decreased soil fertility C) Cancer of the stomach D) Waterborne diseases Answer: A) Respiratory diseases 12.Which of the following is an effect of water pollution? A) Decreased agricultural productivity B) Eutrophication C) Increased soil fertility D) Increased oxygen levels in rivers Answer: B) Eutrophication 13.What can be the consequence of soil pollution? A) Reduced soil fertility B) Increased oxygen levels C) Increase in crop yield D) Improvement in soil texture Answer: A) Reduced soil fertility 14.Noise pollution can lead to which of the following? A) Hearing impairment B) Airborne diseases C) Decreased rainfall D) Desertification Answer: A) Hearing impairment 15.Radiation pollution can cause: A) Cancer and genetic mutations B) Soil fertility improvement C) Increase in agricultural output D) Increased biodiversity Answer: A) Cancer and genetic mutations 4. Control Measures for Pollution 16.Which of the following is an effective method to control air pollution?  A) Afforestation B) Increase in the use of fossil fuels C) Use of chemical fertilizers D) Deforestation Answer: A) Afforestation 17.What is the most effective way to reduce water pollution? A) Reduce the use of plastic B) Proper treatment of wastewater C) Increase agricultural output D) Increase industrial waste disposal Answer: B) Proper treatment of wastewater 18.Which of the following can help reduce soil pollution? A) Organic farming B) Use of chemical fertilizers C) Industrial waste dumping D) Overgrazing Answer: A) Organic farming 19.Which measure can help control noise pollution? A) Increasing road traffic B) Planting trees along roads and highways C) Reducing the use of public transport D) Deforestation Answer: B) Planting trees along roads and highways 20.To control radiation pollution, which of the following should be done? A) Limit the use of radioactive materials B) Increase nuclear testing C) Use more pesticides  D) Reduce the use of plastic Answer: A) Limit the use of radioactive materials 5. Emerging Pollutants 21.Which of the following is an emerging pollutant of concern? A) Plastics B) Carbon dioxide C) Nitrogen oxides D) Greenhouse gases Answer: A) Plastics 22.Which type of pollution is caused by the accumulation of microplastics in the ocean? A) Water pollution B) Air pollution C) Soil pollution D) Noise pollution Answer: A) Water pollution 23.Which of the following is an emerging pollutant found in the environment? A) Pharmaceutical drugs B) Carbon dioxide C) Methane D) Nitrogen oxides Answer: A) Pharmaceutical drugs 24.Pharmaceuticals in the water supply can result in: A) Antibiotic resistance B) Improved water quality C) Increased plant growth  D) Clean drinking water Answer: A) Antibiotic resistance 25.Emerging pollutants include which of the following? A) Heavy metals like mercury B) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals C) Pesticides D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 6. Ill-effects of Fireworks 26.What is the major environmental issue caused by fireworks? A) Air pollution B) Soil erosion C) Water pollution D) Noise pollution Answer: A) Air pollution 27.Fireworks contribute to the increase in which of the following pollutants? A) Carbon monoxide and particulate matter B) Carbon dioxide C) Methane D) Nitrous oxide Answer: A) Carbon monoxide and particulate matter 28.Which of the following pollutants is released by fireworks into the atmosphere? A) Sulfur dioxide B) Phosphorus C) Heavy metals  D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 29.Which of the following is a health risk associated with exposure to fireworks' smoke? A) Respiratory problems B) Hearing loss C) Eye infections D) Skin irritation Answer: A) Respiratory problems 30.What effect do fireworks have on ecosystems? A) They increase biodiversity B) They can disturb wildlife, especially in urban areas C) They improve air quality D) They help in seed dispersal Answer: B) They can disturb wildlife, especially in urban areas 7. Case Studies on Pollution 31.The Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984 was caused by: A) Chemical leakage from an industrial plant B) Water pollution C) Air pollution due to vehicle emissions D) Nuclear waste leakage Answer: A) Chemical leakage from an industrial plant 32.The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 was caused by: A) A nuclear accident B) A drilling rig explosion C) A forest fire  D) A flood Answer: B) A drilling rig explosion 33.Which of the following rivers was severely affected by pollution due to untreated sewage and industrial waste? A) Amazon River B) Ganges River C) Mississippi River D) Nile River Answer: B) Ganges River 34.The "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is primarily made up of: A) Heavy metals B) Microplastics C) Pesticides D) Endocrine disruptors Answer: B) Microplastics 35.Which country faced severe air pollution due to industrialization and coal burning, particularly in cities like Beijing? A) United States B) India C) China D) Russia Answer: C) China 8. Air Pollution 36.Which of the following is a primary pollutant in air? A) Ozone B) Nitrogen oxides C) Carbon monoxide  D) Sulfur dioxide Answer: C) Carbon monoxide 37.Which of the following is a consequence of air pollution? A) Acid rain B) Global warming C) Ozone layer depletion D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 38.The burning of fossil fuels releases which of the following gases into the atmosphere? A) Oxygen B) Methane C) Nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide D) Carbon monoxide only Answer: C) Nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide 39.Which of the following is a natural source of air pollution? A) Forest fires B) Industrial emissions C) Vehicular emissions D) Agricultural burning Answer: A) Forest fires 40.Which of the following is considered a secondary air pollutant? A) Nitrogen oxides B) Carbon monoxide C) Ozone D) Sulfur dioxide Answer: C) Ozone 9. Water Pollution 41.What is the primary cause of water pollution in urban areas? A) Agricultural runoff B) Industrial discharge C) Household sewage D) Mining waste Answer: C) Household sewage 42.What is the effect of water pollution on aquatic ecosystems? A) Decreased biodiversity B) Increased fish populations C) Decreased water temperature D) Increased oxygen levels Answer: A) Decreased biodiversity 43.Eutrophication, caused by water pollution, leads to: A) Excessive growth of algae B) Decreased fish populations C) Decreased oxygen in water D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 44.Which of the following pollutants primarily affects drinking water? A) Plastic B) Heavy metals like lead C) Oil spills D) Noise Answer: B) Heavy metals like lead 45.What is a common source of nutrient pollution in water bodies? A) Deforestation  B) Agricultural runoff C) Industrial effluents D) Solid waste disposal Answer: B) Agricultural runoff 10. Soil Pollution 46.What is the major cause of soil pollution? A) Overgrazing B) Industrial waste dumping C) Overuse of chemical fertilizers D) Water pollution Answer: B) Industrial waste dumping 47.Which of the following is a common pollutant found in contaminated soil? A) Nitrogen B) Pesticides C) Oxygen D) Carbon dioxide Answer: B) Pesticides 48.What is the impact of soil pollution on agriculture? A) Increased crop yield B) Decreased soil fertility C) Increased water retention D) Reduced salinity Answer: B) Decreased soil fertility 49.Which of the following is used to treat contaminated soil? A) Phytoremediation B) Nuclear treatments  C) Incineration D) Deforestation Answer: A) Phytoremediation 50.Which of the following contributes to soil erosion? A) Afforestation B) Excessive use of fertilizers C) Deforestation D) Use of organic farming techniques Answer: C) Deforestation 11. Noise Pollution 51.What is the major source of noise pollution in urban areas? A) Industrial activities B) Household appliances C) Road traffic D) Forest fires Answer: C) Road traffic 52.What is the permissible noise level in residential areas during daytime (in decibels)? A) 40-50 dB B) 50-60 dB C) 60-70 dB D) 70-80 dB Answer: B) 50-60 dB 53.What is the impact of long-term exposure to high noise levels? A) Hearing impairment B) Increased wildlife biodiversity C) Improved sleep patterns  D) Decreased stress levels Answer: A) Hearing impairment 54.Which of the following is a solution to reduce noise pollution in urban areas? A) Increasing road construction B) Installing noise barriers along highways C) Encouraging the use of loudspeakers D) Allowing more industrial zones near residential areas Answer: B) Installing noise barriers along highways 55.Which of the following can help reduce noise pollution? A) Planting trees along roads B) Using electric vehicles C) Increasing construction activities D) Reducing public transportation Answer: A) Planting trees along roads 12. Radiation Pollution 56.What is the primary source of radiation pollution? A) Radioactive waste from nuclear plants B) Industrial emissions C) Agricultural runoff D) Excessive use of pesticides Answer: A) Radioactive waste from nuclear plants 57.Which of the following is a health effect of exposure to radiation? A) Skin cancer B) Respiratory diseases C) Hearing loss  D) Weight gain Answer: A) Skin cancer 58.Which of the following is a natural source of radiation? A) Cosmic rays B) Industrial machinery C) Pesticides D) Plastics Answer: A) Cosmic rays 59.Which radioactive material is used in nuclear power plants? A) Uranium B) Phosphorus C) Sodium D) Lead Answer: A) Uranium 60.Which of the following is an effective method to reduce radiation exposure? A) Wearing protective clothing B) Using more radioactive materials C) Increasing industrial emissions D) Overexposing individuals to radiation Answer: A) Wearing protective clothing 13. Pollution Control Measures 61.What is the role of the "Pollution Control Board" in India? A) To reduce deforestation B) To monitor and control pollution levels C) To promote afforestation  D) To regulate agricultural practices Answer: B) To monitor and control pollution levels 62.What is the main aim of the "Clean India Mission"? A) To increase industrial emissions B) To make India cleaner by reducing pollution C) To increase urbanization D) To increase the use of plastic Answer: B) To make India cleaner by reducing pollution 63.Which of the following is an example of a non-point source of pollution? A) Vehicle emissions B) Industrial discharge C) Agricultural runoff D) Waste disposal Answer: C) Agricultural runoff 64.Which government program aims to reduce air pollution in major Indian cities? A) National Green Tribunal (NGT) B) Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana C) National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) D) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Answer: C) National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) 65.What is the "Paris Agreement" mainly focused on? A) Increasing deforestation B) Mitigating global climate change C) Reducing soil pollution D) Promoting urban sprawl Answer: B) Mitigating global climate change 14. Emerging Trends in Pollution 66.What is the emerging concern in environmental pollution that is related to plastics? A) Increased greenhouse gas emissions B) Plastic waste in oceans C) Noise from plastic factories D) Soil erosion caused by plastic use Answer: B) Plastic waste in oceans 67.Which of the following is a major pollutant of concern in electronic waste (e-waste)? A) Lead B) Phosphorus C) Carbon monoxide D) Sulfur dioxide Answer: A) Lead 68.What is "microplastic" pollution? A) Small particles of plastic found in water bodies B) Plastic used in microelectronics C) Microbi