EVS 11 13 Rocks and Minerals PDF

## 12. Building blocks of the Earth - Look! This place is full of rocks and stones. - Yes Nitin, some are big and some are small. I wonder how stones are formed. - Stones are formed when rocks break into smaller pieces. - Hey! This rock is so smooth. Be careful Amit, you may slip down. - See the co...

## 12. Building blocks of the Earth - Look! This place is full of rocks and stones. - Yes Nitin, some are big and some are small. I wonder how stones are formed. - Stones are formed when rocks break into smaller pieces. - Hey! This rock is so smooth. Be careful Amit, you may slip down. - See the colour of this stone. Isn't it beautiful? - Let's collect some. We will show them to our teacher. ## Rocks - Rocks are hard matter that are found all over the Earth. - Rocks are found above and below the surface of the Earth. - Some rocks are found at the bottom of the sea. ### Rocks differ in size - We see rocks in different sizes. Some rocks are big while others are small. - When big rocks break into smaller pieces of rocks they are called stones. ### Rocks differ in shape - We see different shapes of rocks such as round, sharp, or pointed. - Rocks such as slate and shale are found in layers. ### Rocks differ in colour - All rocks have different colours. - Marble is white, grey, black, pink, green, and brown in colour. - Sandstone is red in colour. - Slate is dark grey in colour. - Granite is black, green, grey, and red in colour. ## Activity - Find out and write the name of the type of rock that was used to build the Taj Mahal in Agra. ## Smooth or rough rocks - Some rocks such as slate and marble are smooth rocks. - Most of the big rocks are rough. - Granite is a rough rock. ## Checkpoint - Fill in the blanks. 1. Small pieces of rocks are called ______. 2. Sandstone is _______ in colour. ## Fact file - The chalk that your teacher uses to write on the blackboard is a soft rock. ## Rocks may be hard or soft - Some rocks such as marble and granite are hard to touch. - Diamond is the hardest rock. - However, some rocks are soft. - They can be easily scratched using a knife or a hard rock. - Limestone and sandstone are soft rocks. - Coal is neither hard nor soft. ## Activity - Collect five different stones from different places. - Observe them and fill in the table below. | Size | Colour | Shape | Hard/Soft | Smooth/Rough | |---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ## Minerals and gemstones - Rocks are made up of minerals. - Minerals are solid, non-living substances that occur in nature. - Mica, silica, and quartz are the most common minerals found in rocks. - Graphite, talc, and china clay are some soft minerals. - Gemstones are hard minerals. - Emerald, diamond, and ruby are gemstones. - They are used to make jewellery. ## Uses of rocks - China clay is used to make many house articles such as pots, dolls, and so on. - Graphite is used to make pencil lead. - Slate is used to make blackboards and roofs of houses. - Talc is used to make talcum powder. - Granite is used to make statues, floors, and kitchen tiles. - Sandstone is used to make buildings. - Rock salt is added to food to make it tasty. - Gemstones such as diamonds and rubies are used to make jewellery. ## Fact file - Early humans learnt to build fire using small rocks and stones. - When they rubbed two pieces of rocks or stones, a spark was caused and this lighted a fire. ## Science word pile | Word | Definition | |---|---| | gemstone | a beautiful costly stone | | minerals | natural substances found on the Earth | ## Recall - The Earth is made up of many kinds of rocks. - Rocks are of many shapes and sizes. - Rocks have many colours. - Some rocks are hard, some rocks are soft. - Some rocks are found in layers. - Some of the rocks are very useful. - All rocks are made of minerals. - Gemstones are hard minerals. ## Exercises ### A. Tick the correct option 1. The colour of sandstone is - a. white - b. red 2. The rock which is found in layers - a. shale - b. marble 3. The hardest rock - a. limestone - b. diamond 4. The common mineral found in rocks - a. ruby - b. quartz 5. The sun is made up of - a. water - b. hot gases 6. The sun gives us heat and - a. air - b. light 7. Shadows are _______ in the noon. - a. short - b. long 8. Shadows always fall on the _______ side of the light. - a. same - b. opposite 9. We see the _______ at night. - a. moon - b. sun 10. The moon is _______ than the Earth. - a. smaller - b. bigger ### B. Answer the following questions 1. List two uses of the sun. - a. ______ - b. ______ 2. What forms shadows at night? - _______. 3. At what time of the day are shadows longer? - _______. 4. How far is the sun away from us? - _______. 5. Why do we not see the moon cleanly during the day? - _______. ### Higher order thinking skills 1. Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Give a reason. - ________. 2. Can we live without the sun? Why/Why not? - ________. ### Value-based questions - The sun teaches us some important lessons in life. - Tick the ones that according to you are correct. - Give reasons for your answer. 1. We should always be punctual. 2. We should always help others. 3. We should destroy things. ## Fun time - Collect different types of small smooth stones from a beach or your surroundings. - Decorate your fish tank, flower pots, or showcase using them. ## Project - Rocks are used to make monuments. - Find out about at least five famous monuments that are made from different rocks. - Collect pictures of the monuments and paste them in your scrapbook. - Write the names the monuments and the rocks used. ## 13. The sun and the moon - Let's rest for a while under the tree. - The sun is right above us and it's very hot now. - Why do we feel hot when we are in the sun? - The sun is a big ball of fire. It gives us heat. It is because of the heat of the sun that we feel hot. - Hey look! The shadow of the tree has become short. - Yes, the length of shadows changes. Shadows are long in mornings and evenings, and short at midday. ## The sun - We see the sun as a bright object in the sky. - The sun is a big ball of fire. - It is made up of hot gases. - It is about one million times bigger than the Earth. - The sun is many, many kilometers away from us. - Hence, it looks small to us. - The sun gives us heat and light. - Plants make food with the help of sunlight. - When the sun shines, the day is bright and warm. ## Fact file - It takes about 8 minutes for the sunlight to reach the Earth. ## Activity - Besides the sun, we also get light from other sources. - Look at the pictures below. - Colour only those objects which give off light. ## Shadows - We see the shadow of some objects whenever light falls on them. - We can also see our shadow when light falls on us. - At night, shadows are formed by the moonlight, or by a light source such as a bulb or tube light. ### Shadows change in length - Shadows are long in the mornings and evenings. - Shadows are short at noon when the sun is right above our head. ## Fact file - During olden days people used to tell the time, by seeing the length of the shadow of objects. ## Activity - Around 8 o'clock in the morning, stand out in the sun. - Mark the spot where you are standing. - Ask your friend to measure the length of your shadow with the help of a measuring tape. - Write down the length of your shadow. - At 12 noon go to the same spot and stand facing the same direction again. - Ask your friend to measure the length of your shadow. - Write down the length of your shadow. - Which part of the day is the shadow long and when it is short? ## Direction of shadow - Take a ruler, make it stand using a double-sided sticker. - Now place a candle along the right side of the ruler. - Light the candle. You will see that the shadow of the ruler falls on the other side. - Now shift the candle to the left side of the ruler. - On which side will the shadow fall now? - A shadow always falls on the opposite side of the light. ## Checkpoint - Circle the correct option. 1. Shadows are short/long in the evenings. 2. At day/night, shadows are formed by the moonlight. 3. The sun is few/thousands of kilometer away from the Earth. ## The moon - We are able to see the moon clearly in the sky during the night and not during the day. - Have you wondered why? - The moon is present in the sky during the daytime also, but we cannot see it clearly because of the bright light of the sun. - The moon is round in shape and is much smaller than the Earth. - It has no air or water. ## Activity - Observe the shape of the moon at night and draw its shape here. - The moon changes its shape every night. - The different shapes of the moon that we see are called the phases of the moon. ## Recall - The sun is a ball of hot glowing gases. - The sun gives us heat and light. - A shadow is formed when something comes in the way of light. - Shadows are longer in the mornings and evenings. - Shadows always fall on the opposite side of the light. - We see the moon at night. ## Science word pile | Word | Definition | |---|---| | shadow | an area of darkness that is formed when something blocks light | ## Exercises ### A. Tick the correct option 1. The sun is made up of - a. water - b. hot gases 2. The sun gives us heat and - a. air - b. light 3. Shadows are _______ in the noon. - a. short - b. long 4. Shadows always fall on the _______ side of the light. - a. same - b. opposite 5. We see the _______ at night. - a. moon - b. sun 6. The moon is _______ than the Earth. - a. smaller - b. bigger ### B. Answer the following questions 1. List two uses of the sun. - a. ______ - b. ______ 2. What forms shadows at night? - _______. 3. At what time of the day are shadows longer? - _______. 4. How far is the sun away from us? - _______. 5. Why do we not see the moon cleanly during the day? - _______. ### Higher order thinking skills 1. Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Give a reason. - ________. 2. Can we live without the sun? Why/Why not? - ________. ### Value-based questions - The sun teaches us some important lessons in life. - Tick the ones that according to you are correct. - Give reasons for your answer. 1. We should always be punctual. 2. We should always help others. 3. We should destroy things.