Evolve Digital Level 1 Grammar Summaries PDF

[Unit 1 Lesson 1: \"I am," "you are" 2](#unit-1-lesson-1-i-am-you-are) [Unit 1 Lesson 2: "What's... ?" / "It's..." 3](#unit-1-lesson-2-whats-its) [Unit 2 Lesson 1: "is / are" in statements and "yes/no" questions 4](#unit-2-lesson-1-is-are-in-statements-and-yesno-questions) [Unit 2 Lesson 2: "is n...

[Unit 1 Lesson 1: \"I am," "you are" 2](#unit-1-lesson-1-i-am-you-are) [Unit 1 Lesson 2: "What's... ?" / "It's..." 3](#unit-1-lesson-2-whats-its) [Unit 2 Lesson 1: "is / are" in statements and "yes/no" questions 4](#unit-2-lesson-1-is-are-in-statements-and-yesno-questions) [Unit 2 Lesson 2: "is not" / "are not" 5](#unit-2-lesson-2-is-not-are-not) [Unit 2 Lesson 4: Prepositions of place 6](#unit-2-lesson-4-prepositions-of-place) [Unit 3 Lesson 1: Possessive adjectives; possessive 's and s' 7](#unit-3-lesson-1-possessive-adjectives-possessive-s-and-s) [Unit 3 Lesson 2: "It is" 9](#unit-3-lesson-2-it-is) [Unit 3 Lesson 4: Information questions with "be" 10](#unit-3-lesson-4-information-questions-with-be) [Unit 4 Lesson 1: Simple present statements with "I," "you," "we" 11](#unit-4-lesson-1-simple-present-statements-with-i-you-we) [Unit 4 Lesson 2: Simple present "yes/no" questions with "I," "you," "we" 12](#unit-4-lesson-2-simple-present-yesno-questions-with-i-you-we) [Unit 4 Lesson 4: "a/an" 13](#unit-4-lesson-4-aan) [Unit 4 Lesson 4: Adjectives before nouns 14](#unit-4-lesson-4-adjectives-before-nouns) [Unit 5 Lesson 1: Simple present statements with "he," "she," and "they"; adverbs of frequency 15](#unit-5-lesson-1-simple-present-statements-with-he-she-and-they-adverbs-of-frequency) [Unit 5 Lesson 2: Questions in the simple present 17](#unit-5-lesson-2-questions-in-the-simple-present) [Unit 6 Lesson 1: "there's," "there are"; "a lot of," "some," "no" 18](#unit-6-lesson-1-theres-there-are-a-lot-of-some-no) [Unit 6 Lesson 2: Count and non-count nouns 19](#unit-6-lesson-2-count-and-non-count-nouns) [Unit 7 Lesson 1: Present continuous statements 20](#unit-7-lesson-1-present-continuous-statements) [Unit 7 Lesson 2: Present continuous questions 21](#unit-7-lesson-2-present-continuous-questions) [Unit 8 Lesson 1: "can" and "can't" for ability; "well" 22](#unit-8-lesson-1-can-and-cant-for-ability-well) [Unit 8 Lesson 2: "can" and "can't" for possibility 23](#unit-8-lesson-2-can-and-cant-for-possibility) [Unit 9 Lesson 1: "this" and "these" 24](#unit-9-lesson-1-this-and-these) [Unit 9 Lesson 2: "like to," "want to," "need to," "have to" 25](#unit-9-lesson-2-like-to-want-to-need-to-have-to) [Unit 10 Lesson 1: Statements with "be going to" 26](#unit-10-lesson-1-statements-with-be-going-to) [Unit 10 Lesson 2: Questions with "be going to" 27](#unit-10-lesson-2-questions-with-be-going-to) [Unit 11 Lesson 1: Statements with "was" and "were" 28](#unit-11-lesson-1-statements-with-was-and-were) [Unit 11 Lesson 2: Questions with "was" and "were" 29](#unit-11-lesson-2-questions-with-was-and-were) [Unit 12 Lesson 1: Simple past statements 30](#unit-12-lesson-1-simple-past-statements) [Unit 12 Lesson 2: Simple past questions; "any" 31](#unit-12-lesson-2-simple-past-questions-any) **\ ** Unit 1 Lesson 1: \"I am," "you are" ----------------------------------- ### **Affirmative** Use **I am** or **I\'m:** - to give your name - to give your job - to say where you\'re from Say **you are** or **you\'re**. #### Examples: "I\'m Canadian." "You\'re from New York." ### ### **Negative** In negative sentences, use **not**. #### Examples: "I\'m not a student." "You\'re not from Canada." ### **Questions and short answers** For questions, say **Are you... ?** #### Examples: **A:** Are you a student? **B:** Yes, I am. / No, I\'m not. **A:** Am I your teacher? **B:** Yes, you are. / No, you\'re not. Unit 1 Lesson 2: "What's... ?" / "It's..." ------------------------------------------ - For questions, say **What's... ?** - For answers, say **It's...** - Use an apostrophe ('). - You don\'t need to use all the words from the question in your answer. #### Examples: **A:** What\'s your first name? **B:** It\'s Juana. (Say this, not "My first name is Juana.") **A:** What\'s the name of your college? **B:** It\'s Garcia College. (Say this, not "The name of my college is Garcia College.") Unit 2 Lesson 1: "is / are" in statements and "yes/no" questions ---------------------------------------------------------------- - Use **is** or **'s** with **he**, **she**, and **it**. - Use **are** or **'re** with **we**, **you**, and **they**. ### ### **Affirmative** #### Examples: "He**\'s** ten." ("He **is** ten.") "She**\'s** ten." ("She **is** ten.") "It**\'s** a party." ("It **is** a party.") "You**\'re** teachers." ("You **are** teachers.") "We**\'re** teachers." ("We **are** teachers.") "They**\'re** teachers." ("They **are** teachers.") "Look at the pencils! They**\'re** great." ("They **are** great.") ### **Questions and short answers** #### Examples: **A:** **Is** he your friend? **B:** Yes, he **is**. / No, he**\'s** not. **A: Is** she your cousin? **B:** Yes, she **is**. / No, she**\'s** not. **A: Are** you teachers? **B:** Yes, we **are**. / No, we**\'re** not. **A: Are** they Jodie and Josh? **B:** Yes, they **are**. / No, they**\'re** not. Jodie and Josh **aren\'t** here. Unit 2 Lesson 2: "is not" / "are not" ------------------------------------- - In negative statements, use **not** after **is** or **are**. - With he, she, and it, use is not, isn't, or 's not. - With you, we, and they, use are not, aren't, or 're not. - With nouns (people, places, and things) use **isn't** / **aren't**. Do not use **'s not** / **'re not** #### Examples: "They**\'re** **not** together now, but they\'re in love." "Paulo\'s girlfriend now is Isadora, but he**\'s** **not** in love with her." "They**\'re** **not** friends, they\'re sisters." "He **isn\'t** your boyfriend. He\'s my boyfriend!" "Lia and Paulo **aren\'t** bad. Rodrigo is bad." "My father **isn't** at work today." **A:** Rodrigo? Is he Lia\'s brother? **B:** No, he**\'s** **not**. Unit 2 Lesson 4: Prepositions of place -------------------------------------- - Prepositions of place are words and phrases to say where a thing or person is. - Some prepositions of place are: **in**, **next to**, **between**, **on the left**, and **on the right**. #### Examples: "The keys are **in** the apartment." "Are the keys **next to** the plant?" "They\'re not **between** the cushions." "The keys are not **on the left**. They're **on the right**." Unit 3 Lesson 1: Possessive adjectives; possessive 's and s' ------------------------------------------------------------ ### ### **Possessive adjectives** - Possessive adjectives go before a noun. - Use **his** and **her** for a person. - Use **its** for a thing (not a person). - Use the possessive adjective for the person who has something or someone. Do not use the possessive adjective for the thing or person he or she has. - Possessive adjectives are: I -- **my** you -- **your** he -- **his** she -- **her** it -- **its** we -- **our** they -- **their** #### Examples: "This is **my** family." "Is it really **your** house?" "This is my brother, and here are all **his** games." "Here's my sister, and this is **her** bedroom." "Is that your dog, and is that **its** house?" "That's **our** dog." "Here are my parents, and this is **their** room." \"**He** has a sister. She\'s **his** sister.\" (Do **not** say, "She's **her** sister.") **Possessive 's and s'** - A noun is a person or a thing. - A singular noun is one person or thing (one brother, one picture). - A plural noun is two or more people or things (two grandparents, five pictures). - With singular nouns, use **\'s** to show possession*.* - With plural nouns, use **s\'** to show possession*.* #### Examples: "It's my brother**\'s** room." "It's my grandparent**s\'** room." "Is this James**'s** house?" Unit 3 Lesson 2: "It is" ------------------------ - Use **it is** for a thing. Do **not** use **it is** to talk about a person. - You can also use **it's** and **it's not**. #### Examples: "**It\'s** a chair." "**It\'s** a bed." ### ### ### **Negative** In negative sentences, you can say **it is not**, **it\'s not**, or **it isn\'t**. #### Examples: "**It\'s no**t one chair. It\'s two chairs." "**It isn\'t** a bed. It\'s a couch." ### ### ### **Questions and short answers** To ask a question, say **is it... ?** #### Examples: "**Is it** a picture?" **A:** **Is it** old? #### **B:** Yes, it is. (Don\'t say, "Yes, it\'s.") #### **B:** No, it\'s not. / No, it isn\'t. #### Unit 3 Lesson 4: Information questions with "be" ------------------------------------------------ - Information questions ask for information about people, places, age, time, quantity, etc. Don't answer information questions with **yes/no** answers. - Use **Who** to ask questions about people. - Use **What** to ask questions about things. - Use **Where** to ask questions about places. - Use **When** to ask questions about time. - Use **How old** to ask questions about ages. - Use **How many** to ask questions about quantity. - Question words go before **be**. - Use a plural noun after **How many**. #### Examples: "**Who** are they?" "**Who**\'s your best friend?" "**What**\'s your name?" "**What**\'s this?" "**Where** are you from?" "**Where** is his apartment?" "**When** is your birthday?" "**When** is the party?" "**How old** are you?" "**How old** is your grandma?" "**How many** bathrooms are in the house?" "**How many** people are in your family?" Unit 4 Lesson 1: Simple present statements with "I," "you," "we" ---------------------------------------------------------------- - Use the simple present for things that are generally true. - Simple present verbs have the same spelling after **I**, **you**, and **we**. - Use **don't** before the verb in negative simple present sentences. #### Examples: "I **work** in a hotel." "You **work** in an office." "We **work** in a restaurant." "I **don\'t use** a computer." "You **don\'t work** in an office." "We **don\'t work** at the front of the hotel." ### Unit 4 Lesson 2: Simple present "yes/no" questions with "I," "you," "we" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - To ask simple present **yes/no** questions, use **Do**, the subject, and a verb. - To make a short answer, use "Yes, I/you/we **do**." or "No, I/you/we **don't**." #### Examples: **A:** **Do I post** good photos? **B:** Yes, you **do**. / No, you **don\'t**. **A: Do you use** social media? **B:** Yes, I **do**. / No, I **don\'t**. **A: Do you know** my email address? **B:** Yes, I **do**. / No, I **don\'t**. **A: Do you and your friends send** emails? **B:** Yes, we **do**. / No, we **don\'t**. Unit 4 Lesson 4: "a/an" ----------------------- - Use **a** or **an** with a singular noun. **A** and **an** mean "one." - Use an before a vowel sound (**a**, **e**, **i**, **o**, **u**). - Use a before a consonant sound (**b**, **c**, **d**...) - Don't use **a** or **an** with a plural noun. #### Examples: "You take **a** photo." "**A** tablet is expensive." "I have **an** uncle." "We live in **a** house." "You take **photos**." (Do not use **a** or **an** before a plural noun.) "**This tablet** is expensive." (Do not use **a** or **an** when **this** is before a noun.) "I have **two uncles**." (Do not use **a** or **an** when a number is before a noun.) "**Our house** is small." (Do not use **a** or **an** when a possessive adjective is before a noun.) "His phone is **new**." (Do not use **a** or **an** with **be** and an adjective.) Unit 4 Lesson 4: Adjectives before nouns ---------------------------------------- - Adjectives are describing words. They describe nouns (things or people). - Adjectives go before a noun. - The ending of an adjective is the same for singular and plural nouns. #### Examples: "It\'s an **expensive** phone." "These are **expensive** phones." Unit 5 Lesson 1: Simple present statements with "he," "she," and "they"; adverbs of frequency --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### ### **Affirmative simple present statements with "he," "she," and "they"** - With **they**, don't add **-s** or **-es** to the simple present verb. - With **he** and **she**, most simple present verbs end in **-s**. - With verbs that end in **-s**, **-ch**, **-sh**, and **-x**, add **-es**. - With verbs that end in a consonant any **-y**, change the **-y** to **-ies**. - The verbs **go** and **have** are irregular: **goes** and **has**. #### Examples: "They **work** here." "Serena **cleans** in the morning." "Rob usually **makes** the coffee." "Serena usually **studies**." "Rob **watches** movies on his phone." "They **have** lunch later." "Serena **goes** out with her friends." ### **Negative simple present statements with "he," "she," and "they"** - In negative statements with **he** and **she**, use **doesn't** and a verb. - In negative statements with **they**, use **don't** and a verb. #### Examples: "They **don't work** in the evening." "She **doesn't study** on Saturday nights." "He **doesn't play** basketball every Saturday." ### **Adverbs of frequency** - *U*se adverbs of frequency to say how often you do things. - Adverbs of frequency include: **always**, **usually**, **often**, **sometimes**, **hardly ever**, and **never**. - Adverbs of frequency go before the verb. With the verb **be**, adverbs of frequency go after the verb. #### Examples: "I **always** play soccer." (every day) "I am **always** busy." (every day) "My **sister** usually plays soccer." (every weekend) "We **often** run." (many days) "My friends **sometimes** run with me." (once a month) "My dad **hardly ever** plays soccer." (once a year) "I **never** play basketball." (not at all) Unit 5 Lesson 2: Questions in the simple present ------------------------------------------------ ### ### **Asking questions** - Use **do** in questions and short answers with **I**, **you**, **we**, and **they**. - Use **does** in questions and short answers with **he**, **she**, and **it**. - In information questions, use a question word (**what**, **when**, **where**...) before **do** or **does**. #### Examples: **A:** **Do** you eat hamburgers? **B:** Yes, I **do**. / No, I **don't**. **A:** **Does** your dog eat hamburgers? **B:** Yes, it **does**. / No, it **doesn't**. "Where **do** your friends live" "What **does** it eat?"\ "What time **do** you usually eat? "What time **does** she usually eat?" Unit 6 Lesson 1: "there's," "there are"; "a lot of," "some," "no" ----------------------------------------------------------------- ### **"there's" and "there are"** - Use **there's a/an** with singular nouns. - Use **there are** with plural nouns. #### Examples: \"There's an art gallery near the beach.\" "There are good restaurants in my town." ### **"a lot of," "some," and "no"** - Use **a lot of** for a large (big) number. - Use **some** for a small number, when you don't know how many or when the number isn't important. - Use **no** to mean "zero" (to make negative sentences). #### Examples: \"There are a lot of movies at the movie theater." (many) "There are some good restaurants at the mall." (more than one, but not many) "There's no café at the beach." (zero) Unit 6 Lesson 2: Count and non-count nouns ------------------------------------------ ### **Count nouns** - Count nouns have singular and plural forms. - Use **there's** with singular count nouns. - Use **there are** with plural count nouns. - Use **a/an** with singular count nouns. - Use **some** / **a lot of** / a number (two, three, 75...) with count nouns. - Use **no** with both singular and plural count nouns. #### Examples: \"There's a school." "There's an ocean." "There are flowers." "There are some interesting museums." "There's no apple tree there." "There are no apples." ### **Non-count nouns** - Non-count nouns have only one form. - Use **there's** with non-count nouns. - Use **no** / **some** / **a lot of** with non-count nouns. #### Examples: "There's snow on the mountain." (**not** "There are snows on the mountain.") "There's some grass." "There's no rain." Unit 7 Lesson 1: Present continuous statements ---------------------------------------------- - Use the present continuous to talk about things happening right now*.* - To make the present continuous, use **am/is/are** and a verb with **-ing**. - To make negative statements, use **am/is/are**, **not**, and a verb with **-ing**. - When a verb has one syllable and ends in a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant (like "put" and "stop"), double the consonant and add **-ing**. - When a verb ends in **-e** (like "come" and "take"), replace **-e** with **-ing**. - Do not use the present continuous for things you do regularly -- use the simple present instead. For example, "I talk on the phone every day." #### Examples: "He's putting the ring on her finger." "He's coming this way." "He's taking something out of his pocket." "She's saying yes!" "They're laughing and crying at the same time." "I'm not crying, I have something in my eye." "He isn't stopping here." ### Unit 7 Lesson 2: Present continuous questions --------------------------------------------- ### **yes/no questions** To make **yes/no** questions in the present continuous: - use **Are** at the beginning with **you**, **we**, and **they** - use **Is** at the beginning with **he, she,** and **it** - use **Are** at the beginning with **I** #### Examples: "Are you waiting inside?" "Is she working late again?" "Am I in the right place?" ### **Information questions** To make information questions in the present continuous, use a question word before **is**, **are**, or **am**. #### Examples: "What street are you standing on?" "Where is Mom meeting us?" "Why are you asking?" Unit 8 Lesson 1: "can" and "can't" for ability; "well" ------------------------------------------------------ ### **"can" and "can't" for ability** - Use **can** to talk about things you are good at, or things you know how to do. - Use **can't** to talk about things you're not good at, or things you don't know how to do. - Use **can** or **can't** plus a verb. Do not use **to** between **can/can't** and the verb. - With **he**, **she**, and **it**, don't add -**s** to the verb after can or can't. - To ask **yes/no** questions, use **Can** at the beginning of the sentence. - In short answers, use **Yes** with **can** and **No** with **can't**. #### Examples: \"Birds can fly very well." "Cats can't fly." "Can you sing?" "Yes, I can." / "No, I can't." ### **Well** - **Well** is the adverb of **good**. #### Examples: \"**She can sing well**.\" (She is good at singing.) \"I can't dance well.\" (I'm not good at dancing.) Unit 8 Lesson 2: "can" and "can't" for possibility -------------------------------------------------- ### **Possibility** - Use **can** to talk about things that are possible. - Use **can't** to talk about things that are not possible. (**Can't** and **cannot** mean the same. **Cannot** is more formal.) - In **yes/no** questions, use **can** before the subject. - In information questions, the question word goes before **can** or **can't**. #### Examples: "I can buy some bread at the supermarket."\ "You can't play hockey without a stick." **A:** Can you come to the party? **B:** Yes, I can. / No, I can't. "What can I bring?" ### **Rules** - You can also use **can't** to talk about rules. #### Examples: "You can't leave work early." (The rule is you have to stay.) "Your dog can't come to work with you." (The rule is no dogs in the office.) "You can't play basketball in the office!" (The rule is no basketball in the office.) Unit 9 Lesson 1: "this" and "these" ----------------------------------- - Use **this** and **these** to talk about things near you. - **This** goes before a singular noun. - **These** goes before a plural noun. ### #### Examples: "This notebook is yours." "These cups are for visitors." Unit 9 Lesson 2: "like to," "want to," "need to," "have to" ----------------------------------------------------------- - - #### Examples: "I need to do something active." "You have to get off the sofa first." \"I want to help you." "We want to buy new bikes." "I don't want to exercise." "I like to sit and watch TV." - #### Examples: "I want to start a swimming team." "He wants to start a swimming team." "I like to watch basketball." "Tom likes to watch basketball." "I don't want to put you on my team." "He doesn't want to put me on his team." ### Unit 10 Lesson 1: Statements with "be going to" ----------------------------------------------- ### - Use **be going to** to talk about future plans. - Use a verb after **be going to**. - You can use future time expressions with **be going to** (**tomorrow**, **tonight**, **next week**, **this evening**, **on Monday**, etc.) #### Examples: "I'm going to go out tomorrow." "He's going to take a walk in the park." "We are going to order two more coffees." "I'm not going to do that." "I'm not going to be home tomorrow." "We're not going to travel next weekend." Unit 10 Lesson 2: Questions with "be going to" ---------------------------------------------- - In **yes/no** questions with **be going to**, use **Am**, **Is**, or **Are** at the beginning. - In information questions with **be going to**, use a question word before **is**, **are**, or **am**. #### Examples: "Are you going to play golf?" "Is she going to visit jazz clubs with you?" "Are they going to watch TV?" "Where are you going to go?" "What are you going to do?" **Notice:** Don't use **going to** in short answers. **A:** Are you going to play golf? **B:** No, I'm not. / Yes, I am. (Don't say "No, I'm not going to." or "Yes, I'm going to.") Unit 11 Lesson 1: Statements with "was" and "were" -------------------------------------------------- - Use **was** and **were** to talk about people, places or things in the past. - **Was** and **were** are the simple past forms of **be**. - Use **was** and **were** in affirmative sentences. Use **wasn't** and **weren't** in negative sentences. ### **Affirmative sentences ** - I/He/She/It was... - You/We/They were... **Negative sentences** - I/He/She/It wasn't... - You/We/They weren't... Examples:\ "I was just 25 years old." "My car wasn't orange, it was red." "My friends' cars were boring." "They weren't like mine at all." ### Unit 11 Lesson 2: Questions with "was" and "were" ------------------------------------------------- ### - In **yes/no** questions, **was** and **were** go at the beginning of the question. - In information questions, **was** and **were** go after the question words. #### Examples: **A:** Was he happy?\ **B:** Yes, he was. **A:** Were you at the party?\ **B:** No, I wasn't. "Was the refrigerator in the kitchen?" "Were the pictures on the walls?" "What color were your bedroom walls?" "How was your weekend?" Unit 12 Lesson 1: Simple past statements ---------------------------------------- - Use the simple past to talk about events that are finished. - The form of a simple past verb doesn't change. Simple past verbs have the same spelling after **I**, **you**, **he**, **she**, **it**, **we**, and **they**. - Simple past verbs can be regular or irregular. - To make regular simple past verbs, add **-d** or **-ed**: For most verbs, add **-ed**: **need** changes to **needed** For verbs that end in **-e**, add **-d**: **like** changes to **liked** For short verbs (one syllable) that end in a consonant, a vowel, and then a consonant, double the final consonant when you add **-ed**: **stop** changes to **stopped** For verbs that end in a consonant plus **-y**, change **-y** to **-ied**: **try** changes to **tried** - To make negative statements in the simple past, use **didn't** plus a verb. #### Examples with regular verbs: \"She walked into me." "I helped her up." "She invited me for coffee." "He dropped his bag." "We carried the bags." "They stayed there for three hours." "I didn't stay long." (in a negative sentence, use **didn't** plus the base form of the verb) "We didn't listen to music." (in a negative sentence, use **didn't** plus the base form of the verb) #### Examples with regular verbs: "I got up." (base verb **get** changes to **got**) "I had breakfast." (base verb **have** changes to **had**) "I gave her my number." (base verb **give** changes to **gave**) "She didn't give me her number." (in a negative sentence, use **didn't** plus the base form of the verb) "I didn't get up at 7 a.m." (in a negative sentence, use **didn't** plus the base form of the verb) ### Unit 12 Lesson 2: Simple past questions; "any" ---------------------------------------------- - In simple past **yes/no** questions, use **did** and a verb. - In simple past information questions, the question word and **did** go before the subject (person or thing). #### Examples: **A:** Did you eat the cookies?" **B:** No, I didn't. / Yes, I did. **A:** **Did Mom take the cookies to work?** **B: No, she didn't. / Yes, she did.** "How many cookies did Pepe eat?" "How did he open the cookie jar?" "When did he eat the cookies?" "Why did you do it?" ### **"Any" in yes/no questions and negative statements** - You can use **any** with **yes/no** questions in the simple past. - Use **any** in negative statements. - In affirmative statements, use **some**. #### Examples: "I had some soup for lunch." "Did you have any soup for lunch?" "He didn't have any soup for lunch."