Events That Shaped the Nation PDF - 1800-1820

## 2. Events That Shaped the Nation **UNIT 4 Growth of a Young Nation 1800-1820** **CHAPTER 10 EVENTS THAT SHAPED THE NATION** ### The Election of 1800 The presidential election of 1800 threw the United States into an uproar. Two candidates opposed each other from two different political parties...

## 2. Events That Shaped the Nation **UNIT 4 Growth of a Young Nation 1800-1820** **CHAPTER 10 EVENTS THAT SHAPED THE NATION** ### The Election of 1800 The presidential election of 1800 threw the United States into an uproar. Two candidates opposed each other from two different political parties with very different ideas about how the nation should develop. John Adams ran as a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican. The deep divisions between these two parties kept emotions high throughout the election. Adams had been elected in 1796 and was seeking reelection. Jefferson had served as vice president under Adams, but the two men did not agree on how to govern the new nation. Members of both parties accused their opponents of disloyalty. Each party thought the other wanted to undermine democracy. The new nation seemed to be tearing itself apart. ### A Crisis in the Electoral College By the eve of the election, Adams had become an unpopular president. Many people felt that his Alien and Sedition Acts unfairly restricted free speech. In addition, members of Adams' own Federalist Party objected to the federal taxes he had imposed to raise money for the military. Even voters who had supported Adams in 1796 turned against him. Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans won the election by a large majority. When the Electoral College met, however, something startling happened. At that time, the candidate with the most electoral votes became president, and the one in second place became vice president. However, the votes for president and vice president were not recorded on separate ballots. As a result, even though Adams ran as Jefferson's main opponent, the two Democratic-Republican candidates, Jefferson and Burr, received the same number of electoral votes. The House of Representative would have to vote to break the tie. Each state had one vote. Most Federalists preferred Burr, but Alexander Hamilton thought Jefferson the better of the two candidates and helped secure the presidency for Jefferson. **Primary Source** This cartoon, published in 1798, shows a fight that broke out between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans in Congress. Thinking about this cartoon and contemporary politics, do you think the election of 1800 was more or less partisan than our recent elections? Provide evidence to support your thinking. ### Predict Possible Outcomes Think about how the president and vice president were elected under the original rules of the Electoral College. Remember that Jefferson served as Adam’s vice president. Why might this system cause a problem? ### A New President, A New Party in Power The House of Representatives met on February 9, 1801, to pick the president. Each of the 16 states had one vote. The House voted 35 times without breaking the tie. People grew fearful and angry. Americans began to wonder whether the government would fall apart. Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, thought that Jefferson would make a better president than Burr. He began to lobby representatives to convince them to vote for Jefferson. His efforts paid off. On February 17, the House voted for the 36th time. Jefferson won with a total of 10 state votes. He was inaugurated as the third president of the United States on March 4, 1801. Power had passed peacefully from one political party to the other, but Jefferson knew that many Americans still felt bitter about the hotly contested election. In his inaugural address, he called for cooperation and unity. “We are all Republicans. We are all Federalists,” he declared. He knew that people would have to work together for the nation to grow strong. In 1804, Congress passed the 12th Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment requires electors to vote for a president and vice president separately. Now someone running for vice president cannot be elected president. Because the candidates run on a party ticket, or slate, both president and vice president come from the same party. ### Discuss It Elections can divide people. Jefferson believed it was important for Americans to come together after elections. Do you think he was right? Why or why not? Think about the question, and then discuss it with your class. ## Marbury v. Madison William Marbury had a problem. In 1801, just before leaving office, President Adams appointed Marbury to a public office in the State Department. Before Marbury could start on the job, James Madison, President Jefferson’s Secretary of State, refused to honor Adams’s end-of-term appointments and told William Marbury he no longer had a job. Marbury believed that the new presidential administration did not have the right to deny him his office. A law passed in 1789 entitled him to take his complaint directly to the Supreme Court and ask that court to order Madison to give him his job. In 1803, the court heard the case of Marbury v. Madison. ### Marshall Decides John Marshall, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, felt very sympathetic to William Marbury. Marshall agreed that Marbury should have his appointment. He also agreed that the law should require Secretary Madison to honor that appointment. However, Marshall stated that, although Marbury was entitled to his office, the Supreme Court would not order Secretary Madison to give Marbury the position. Marbury was out of luck entirely. What had happened? ### A Complicated but Important Issue The Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation. One of its greatest duties is to exercise the power of judicial review. This judicial power guarantees that neither the federal government nor any state government can pass a law that conflicts with the Constitution. In 1803, however, the court had not yet used this power because the Constitution did not directly state that judicial review was a duty of the court. The court was still new, and its role undefined. So, when the Supreme Court declared the 1789 law as unconstitutional, the court essentially gave itself the power of judicial review. Moving forward, the Supreme Court could limit Congressional power by declaring laws unconstitutional. This power led to the Supreme Court becoming more influential. Had the principle of judicial review been developed at the time of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, the Supreme Court would have been able to declare those resolutions unconstitutional. As it is, only Rhode Island wrote its response to the resolutions in terms of judicial review, stating that such power "vests in the federal courts exclusively, and in the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately, the authority of deciding on the constitutionality of any act or law of the Congress of the United States." **Fact** John Marshall served on the U.S. Supreme Court for more than 30 years. He is known for establishing the Supreme Court as a strong third branch of the U.S. government through his rulings. ### Quick Review 1. Why did Marbury go to the Supreme Court? 2. Why did he think the court could help him? 3. What is the power of judicial review? 4. What happened when the Supreme Court heard Marbury v. Madison? ### Primary Source Read the section from John Marshall’s statement on Madison v. Marbury in 1803. Then circle the correct answer to the question. “It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.” Chief Justice John Marshall According to John Marshall, what is the main role of the judicial branch? * To sign laws * To define laws * To pass laws ### The Events of Thomas Jefferson’s Residency Thomas Jefferson served as president for two terms, from 1801 to 1809. Jefferson had doubts about increasing the power of the federal government. However, once in office, he pursued policies that benefited the long-term future of the growing country, even if those policies strengthened the power of the federal government and the office of the president. **Fact** In 1815, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,707 books from his personal library to the federal government. These books became the foundation for the Library of Congress. ### Charts & Graphs Use the statistics to create a bar chart. * 1790 - Total U.S. population 3,900,000 * 1800 - Total U.S. population 5,000,000 * 1810 - Total U.S. population 7,200,000 How many people were added to the total U.S. population in the years 1800 to 1810? How does that compare to the prior ten-year period, from 1790-1800? ### Jefferson Uses the Military For hundreds of years, the Mediterranean Sea had been the center of flourishing trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Near East. The United States needed access to those trade routes for its own economy to grow. Any ship that ventured into the Mediterranean, though, had to contend with the pirates of the Barbary Coast. The Barbary pirates demanded tribute from merchant vessels passing along the North African coast. Ships that did not pay would be attacked, their cargo seized, and their crews enslaved. Jefferson believed in free trade and found this situation intolerable. The pirates, however, were protected by the local rulers. In 1801, the ruler of Tripoli declared war on the United States, claiming that U.S. ships had failed to pay tribute. Jefferson responded by sending the U.S. navy to set a blockade in Tripoli’s harbors. Beginning in 1802, a fleet of U.S. naval warships fought Tripoli’s pirate fleet. In April 1805, the United States launched a successful combined sea and land attack on the Barbary state. The government of Tripoli agreed to sign a peace treaty and permit the United States to trade freely in the Mediterranean Sea. Jefferson had proven the United States was capable of protecting its own interests. **Key Concept Check-Point** How did the successful defeat of the Barbary pirates promote the long-term stability of the United States? ## The Louisiana Purchase In the early days of his presidency, Thomas Jefferson worried about what might happen if New Orleans, a key port city linking the Gulf of Mexico with the Mississippi River, remained in foreign hands. France had claimed "French" Louisiana and the lands west of the Mississippi, but ceded the lands to Spain during the French and Indian War. Then in 1801, Spain allied itself with France to fight the British, and signed a secret treaty giving France the Louisiana Territory, which included the city of New Orleans. Jefferson decided to send two diplomats to France to try to purchase New Orleans. On July 3, 1803, Jefferson learned from James Monroe, one of the diplomats, that France had not only agreed to sell New Orleans, it had agreed to sell the entire Louisiana Territory. Monroe and his partner signed a treaty purchasing the territory on behalf of the United States for $15 million. The transaction became known as the Louisiana Purchase. The United States now owned approximately 530,000,000 acres of new land. The territory stretched from the Mississippi River westward to the Rocky Mountains and reached from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border. It offered the United States’ growing population vast resources, including timber, game, fish, furs, and farmland. President Jefferson was excited about the purchase but also apprehensive. He did not know whether the Constitution granted the president the power to authorize the purchase of so much new territory. Fortunately, Congress readily approved the transaction. In Article I, Section 8, Clause 18, the Constitution declares that Congress has the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for carrying out its responsibilities to the American people. The phrase "necessary and proper" has led to the principle of implied powers. People interpret differently what powers are implied. ### Map Skill-Builder Indicate the following on the map. 1. The United States in 1803 2. The Louisiana Territory 3. The Gulf of Mexico 4. Canada ### Rapid Recall Name three natural resources found in the Louisiana Territory. ## The Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery When the United States acquired the Louisiana Territory, Americans knew little about the land west of the Mississippi. American Indians lived there, but few Anglo Europeans had traveled in the region. President Thomas Jefferson had always been fascinated by natural history and science. Almost as soon as the Louisiana Purchase was complete, he asked Congress to fund an expedition through the territory. Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the expedition called itself the Corps of Discovery. Jefferson asked the corps to do three things: He wanted them to meet with the indigenous tribes living in the territory, produce a map of the area, and keep a record of any interesting plants and animals they found. The Lewis and Clark Expedition left St. Louis on May 14, 1804. Accompanying Lewis and Clark was a young, bilingual Shoshone woman named Sacajawea. Sacajawea served as a guide, a translator, and a liaison to any American Indian tribes the explorers encountered. Amazingly, Sacajawea did this while caring for her newborn baby. Over the next two years, the expedition covered more than 7,000 miles as they traveled to the northwest coast and back. Both Lewis and Clark kept detailed journals in which they described buffaloes, grizzly bears, prairie dogs, and other animals most U.S. citizens had never seen. They brought back thousands of specimens of plant and animal life. They encountered people from more than 50 American Indian tribes and established peaceful relations with most of the tribes on their route. In addition, they produced the first detailed map of the American Northwest. **Primary Source** Read the excerpt from Meriwether Lewis’s journal. Then answer the question. “We encamped for the night having traveled 28 miles over these mountains without relieving the horses from their packs or their having any food.... Our meat being exhausted we issued a pint of bears oil to a mess which with their boiled roots made an agreeable dish.” - From the Journal of Meriwether Lewis, June 27, 1806. Do you think the expedition’s ends meeting with the indigenous tribes living in the territory, producing a map of the area, and keeping a record of any interesting plants and animals they found justified the means, or the difficulties Lewis and Clark encountered in their travels? ## Embargo Act During Jefferson’s second term, relations between the United States and Europe became increasingly tense. Britain and France were at war with one another. Jefferson wanted to keep the United States out of the conflict, but neither nation respected U.S. neutrality. Both Britain and France tried to prevent Americans from trading with their enemy. British and French warships regularly seized American merchant vessels. They often forced American sailors to serve in their navies. Jefferson knew that Britain and France relied on the United States for cotton, indigo, rice, timber, and other natural resources. He thought that if he cut off trade, the two European nations would miss U.S. resources so much they would agree to let the merchant ships travel freely. In 1807, Jefferson asked Congress to pass an Embargo Act to forbid American ships from trading with Europe. American merchants became furious at Jefferson. The embargo punished them instead of France and Britain. Without this trade the American economy began to collapse. Farmers, shipbuilders, and sailors suffered, too. Unemployment rose. Incomes fell. The money generated by exports declined from $108 million in 1807 to $22 million in 1808. Jefferson’s policy had failed. Faced with criticism and hostility on all sides, Jefferson decided not to seek a third term as president. Voters elected James Madison as the fifth president of the United States. In March 1809, the Nonintercourse Act replaced the Embargo Act, opening American ports to trade with all nations except Great Britain and France. ### Chronological Order Write the year in which the event occurred. 1. Jefferson elected president 2. Marbury v. Madison 3. Navy fleet sent to Tripoli 4. Battle versus Barbary pirates 5. The Louisiana Purchase 6. The Lewis & Clark Expedition 7. Embargo Act 8. Jefferson leaves office ### Express Your Opinion Do you think Jefferson strengthened the nation? What were his accomplishments? What were his failures? Use evidence to support your opinion.