Tourism Resources of India (ETS-102) PDF

Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 UNIT-1 TOURISM-CONCEPT & PERSPECTIVES STRUCTURE: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Changing Facets of Tourism 1.3 Different Approaches to Study of Tourism 1.3.1 Institutional Approach 1.3.2 Product Approach 1.3.3 Historical Approach 1.3.4 Managerial Approach 1.3.5 Economic Approach 1.3.6 Sociological Approach 1.3.7 Geographical Approach 1.3.8 Interdisciplinary Approach 1.3.9 Systems Approach 1.4 The Importance of Managerial Perspective to Study of Tourism 1.5 What is Tourism? 1.6 Definition of a Tourist 1.7 Definition of Tourist Adopted by different Countries 1.8 Comprehensive Classification of Travellers 1.8.1 Traveller 1.8.2 Visitor 1.8.3 Tourist 1.8.4 Excursionist 1.8.5 Transit Visitor 1.9 Difference between Travel and Tourism 1.10 Summary 1.11 Glossary 1 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 1.12 Self-Assessment Exercise 1.13 Further Readings 1.0 Introduction: Welcome to the study of a dynamic group of industries that have developed to serve the needs of travellers worldwide – tourism! Tourism is the business of travel. Whether we are travellers or we are serving traveler’s needs, this exciting and demanding group of visitor services industries touches all our lives. In this unit you will understand the different perspectives on the study of tourism, know the meaning of the term ‘tourism’, ‘visitor’, ‘tourist’, ‘excursionist’, ‘transit traveller’ and the difference between travel and tourism. You will also come to know of different definitions adopted by different countries on the term ‘tourist’. 1.1 Objectives: To understand the basic concepts of tourism management. To understand the need to study Tourism management in view of the changing scenario. To familiarize learners with different perspectives of Tourism. 1.2 Changing Facets of Tourism: Human beings are innately curious concerning the world in which we live. We yearn to know what other places look like - what the people, their culture, the animals and plant life, and landforms may be elsewhere. Today, higher levels of education and the influence of television and other communication media have combined to create in us a much greater awareness of our entire world. We are now in global economy and our industries must be globally competitive. We must think globally. Material prosperity in many countries, with accompanying higher standards of living, has made travel attainable for hundreds of millions of us. Although travel can be undertaken for many reasons, the most common are pleasure, business, and study. In this block we explore the multiplicity of social and 2 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 economic phenomena that bring about and are created by this vast worldwide industry. The subject of travel is exciting and fascinating. Human beings have been moving from place to place for about 1 million years. Our early ancestors, Homo erectus, originated in eastern and southern Africa. But remains of these same forms of early humankind have also been found in China and Java (Indonesia). It has been estimated that migrations of this type took about 15,000 years, but this is a brief span of time in the long history of humanity. Various theories have been proposed regarding the motivation for such amazing journeys. Foremost is that these wanderings were in search of food and to escape from danger. Another theory is that people observed the migrations of birds and wanted to know where the birds came from and where they were going. Recently, in the most dramatic discovery of its kind ever made, the preserved body of a man dubbed the “iceman,” who died 5,000 years ago, was found in the ice in mountainous northern Italy. Some of the scientists studying his body and accoutrements have concluded that he was returning to his home in what is now Switzerland from a journey to the south of what is now Italy. Since the times of the wanderings of ancient peoples, we have been traveling in ever-widening patterns about the earth. From the days of such early explorers as Marco Polo, Ibn battute, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and James Cook to the present, there has been a steady growth in travel. Tourism is one of the world’s most rapidly growing industries. Much of its growth is due to higher disposable incomes, increased leisure time and falling costs of travel. As airports become more enjoyable places to pass through, as travel agency services become increasingly automated, and as tourists find it easier to get information on places they want to visit, tourism grows. The Internet has fuelled the growth of the travel industry by providing on line booking facilities. It has also provided people with the power to explore destinations and cultures from their home personal computers and make informed choices before finalizing travel plans. With its immense information resources, the Internet allows tourists to scrutinize hotels, check weather forecasts, read up on 3 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 local food and even talk to other tourists around the world about their travel experiences for a chosen destination. This new trend has made the tourism job very challenging. The holiday makers want a good rate of return on their investment. They are to be lured with value additions and improved customer service. This also put emphasis on the regular flow of manpower with specific skills at the appropriate levels to match and cater to global standards. The success of the hospitality industry comes from provision of quality rooms, food, service and ambience. There is no doubt that fitness has increasingly become a larger part of everyone’s life. And business and leisure travellers alike look to maintain their fitness goals while away from home. Awareness should be created about the environment and education. A collective effort and co-operation with powerful networking are the need of the hour. People should be acting as the watchdogs of the society as far as environmental issues are concerned. Eco-tourists are a growing community and tourism promotions have to adopt such eco-practices which could fit this growing community. Another growing trend in the tourism scene is the Incentive Market and the scope of the destination to attract conferences and convention traffic. Here the prospects are better for those destinations where state of the art infrastructure has been developed along with a safe and clean image. Tourism today is much more than just developing products. It is more about quality, insightful thinking and ability to have global information about technology, partners, contacts and responding quickly to global and regional trends. The fundamental task before tourism promoting is to facilitate integration of the various components in the tourism trade as active participants in the nation’s social and cultural life. There is a long road ahead. All must work towards a society where people can work and participate as equal partners. Tourism should be a vehicle for international cooperation and understanding of the various civilizations and a harbinger of peace. From the foregoing we can see how fast the face of tourism is changing and how challenging the job of travel agencies is now. There is therefore a need for proper training of the personnel working in the industry through thorough and detailed 4 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 study of the subject A unified approach to the subject is also needed since at present people from different fields have been studying tourism from different perspectives. 1.3 Different Approaches to study Tourism: Tourism commonly is approached through a variety of methods. However, there is little or no agreement on how the study of tourism should be undertaken. The following are several methods that have been used: Institutional Approach: The institutional approach to the study of tourism considers the various intermediaries and institutions that perform tourism activities. It emphasizes institutions such as the travel agency. This approach requires an investigation of the organization, operating methods, problems, costs, and economic place of travel agents who acts on behalf of the customer, purchasing services from airlines, rental car companies, hotels, and so on. Product Approach: The product approach involves the study of various tourism products and how they are produced, marketed, and consumed. For example, one might study an airline seat - how it is created, the people who are engaged in buying and selling it, how it is financed, how it is advertised, and so on. Repeating this procedure for rental cars, hotel rooms, meals, and other tourist services-gives a full picture of the field. Unfortunately, the product approach tends to be too time consuming, it does not allow the student to grasp the fundamentals of tourism quickly. Historical Approach: The historical approach is not widely used. It involves an analysis of tourism activities and institutions from an evolutionary angle. It searches for the cause of innovations, their growth or decline, and shifts in interest. 5 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 Managerial Approach: The managerial approach is firm oriented (microeconomic), focusing on the management activities necessary to operate a tourist enterprise, such as planning, research, pricing, advertising, control, and the like. It is a popular approach, using insights gleaned from other approaches and disciplines. Regardless of which approach is used to study tourism, it is important to know the managerial approach. Products change, institutions change, society changes, this means that managerial objectives and procedures must be geared to change to meet shifts in the tourism environment. The Journal of Travel Research and Tourism Management, leading journals in the field, both feature this approach. Economic Approach: Because of its importance to both domestic and world economics, tourism has been examined closely by economists, who focus on supply, demand, balance of payments, foreign exchange, employment, expenditures, development, multipliers, and other economic factors. This approach is useful in providing a framework for analysing tourism and its contributions to a country’s economy and economic development. The disadvantage of the economic approach is that whereas tourism is an important economic phenomenon, it has noneconomic impacts as well. The economic approach does not usually pay adequate attention to the environmental, cultural, psychological, sociological, and anthropological approaches. Sociological Approach: Tourism tends to be a social activity. Consequently, it has attracted the attention of sociologist, who have studied the tourism behavior of individuals and groups of people and the impact of tourism on society. This approach examines social classes, habits, and customs of both hosts and guest. The sociology of leisure is a relatively undeveloped field, but it shows promise of progressing rapidly and becoming more widely used. As tourism continues to make a massive impact on society, it will be studied more and more from a social point of view. 6 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 Geographical Approach: Geography is a wide-ranging discipline, so it is natural that geographers should be interested in tourism and its spatial aspects. The geographer specializes in the study of location, environment, climate, landscape, and economic aspects. The geographer’s approach to tourism sheds light on the location of tourist areas, the movements of people created by tourism locales, the changes that tourism brings to the landscape in the form of tourism facilities, dispersion of tourism development, physical planning, and economic, social, and cultural problems. Since tourism touches geography at so many points, geographers have investigated the area more thoroughly than have scholars in many other disciplines. Because the geographers’ approach is so encompassing dealing with land use, economic aspects, demographic impacts, and cultural problems, a study of their contributions is highly recommended. Interdisciplinary Approaches: Tourism embraces virtually all aspects of our society. We even have cultural tourism, which calls for an anthropological approach. Because people behave in different ways and travel for different reasons, it is necessary to use a psychological approach to determine best way to promote and market tourism products. Since tourists cross borders and require passports and visas from government offices, and since most countries have government-operated tourism development departments, we find that political institutions are involved and are calling for a political science approach. Any industry that becomes an economic giant affecting the lives of many people attracts the attention of legislative bodies (along with that of the sociologists, geographers, economists, and anthropologist,) which create the laws, regulations, and legal environment in which the tourist industry must operate, so we also have a legal approach. The great importance of transportation suggests passenger transportation as another approach. The fact simply is that tourism is so vast, so complex, and so multifaceted that it is necessary to have a number of approaches to studying the field, each geared to a somewhat different task or objective. Figure 1.1 illustrates the interdisciplinary nature of tourism studies and their reciprocity and mutuality. 7 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 The Systems Approach: What is really needed to study tourism is systems approach. A system is a set of interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole and organized to accomplish a set of goals. It integrates the other approaches into a comprehensive method dealing with both micro and macro issues. It can examine the tourist firm’s competitive environment, its market, its results, its linkages with other institutions, the consumer, and the interaction of the firm with the consumer. In addition, a system can take a macro viewpoint and examine the entire tourism system of a country, state, or area and how it operates within and relates to other systems, such as legal, political, economic, and social systems. 1.4 The Importance of Managerial Perspectives to the Study of Tourism: Now due to higher disposable incomes, increased leisure time and falling cost of travel, the Tourism industry has shown a very high growth and since tourism is a service industry it comprises of a number of tangible and intangible components. The tangible elements include transport system-air, rail, road, water and now, space; hospitality services accommodation, food and beverage, tours, souvenirs; and related services such as banking, insurance and safety and security. The intangible elements include: rest and relaxation, culture, escape, adventure, new and different experiences. As there are number of bodies involved the need arises for a management of services related to this industry and so the study of Tourism acquires a great practical necessity and usefulness. Tourism industry is very fast growing and this industry involves activities and interests of Transport Undertakings, Owners of Tourist Sites and Attractions, Various tourist Service Providers at the tourist destinations and Central and Local Government, etc. Each of these serves both the resident population and the tourists and their management must reconcile the needs of tourists with the needs of the resident population. So it becomes important to study tourism from the perspective of Management, since the management of various bodies in this industry in invaded. 8 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 1.5 What is Tourism? When we think of tourism, we think primarily of people who are visiting a particular place for sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. They may spend their leisure time engaging in various sports, sunbathing, talking, singing, taking rides, touring, reading, or simply enjoying the environment. If we consider the subject further, we may include in our definition of tourism people who are participating in a convention, a business conference, or some other kind of business or professional activity, as well as those who are taking a study tour under an expert guide or doing some kind of scientific research or study. These visitors use all forms of transportation, from hiking in a wilderness park to flying in jet to an exciting city. Transportation can include taking a chairlift up a Colorado mountainside or standing at the rail of a cruise ship looking across the blue Caribbean. Whether people travel by one of these means or by car, motor coach, camper, train, taxi, motorbike, or bicycle, they are taking a trip and thus are engaging in tourism. That is what this block is all about-why people travel (and why some don’t) and the socioeconomic effects that their presence and expenditures have on a society. Any attempt to define tourism and to describe its scope fully must consider the various groups that participate in and are affected by this industry. Their perspectives are vital to the development of a comprehensive definition. Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified: 1. The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed. 2. The businesses providing tourist goods and services: Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying goods and services that the tourist market demands. 9 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 3. The government of the host community or area: Politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is related to the incomes their citizens can earn from this business. Politicians also consider the foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures, either directly or indirectly. 4. The host community: Local people usually see tourism as cultural and employment factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between large numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or harmful or both. Tourism: Thus, tourism may be defined as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments, and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors. Tourism is a composite of activities, services, and industries that delivers a travel experience: transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, shops, entertainment, activity facilities, and other hospitality services available for individuals or groups that are traveling away from home. It encompasses all providers of visitor and visitor-related services. Tourism is the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportations, and all other components, including promotion that serves the needs and wants of travelers. Finally, tourism is the sum total of tourist expenditures within the border of a nation or a political subdivision or a transportation-centered economic area of contiguous states or nations. This economic concept also considers the income multiplier of these tourist expenditures. One has only to consider the multidimensional aspects of tourism and its interactions with other activities to understand why it is difficult to come up with a meaningful definition that will be universally accepted. Each of the many definitions that have arisen is aimed at fitting a special situation and solving an immediate problem, and the lack of uniform definitions has hampered study of tourism as a discipline. Development of a field depends on 10 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 (1) Uniform definitions (2) Description (3) Analysis (4) Prediction and (5) Control. Modern tourism is a discipline that has only recently attracted the attention of scholars from many fields. The majority of studies have been conducted for special purposes and have used narrow operational definitions to suit particular needs of researchers or government officials; these studies have not encompassed a systems approach. Consequently, many definitions of “tourism” and “the tourist” are based on distance traveled, the length of time spent, and the purposes of the trip. This makes it difficult to gather statistical information that scholars can use to develop a database, describe the tourism phenomenon, and do analyses. The problem is not trivial. It has been tackled by a number of august bodies over the years, including the League of Nations, the United Nations, the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the National Tourism Resources Review Commission, and the U.S. Senate’s National Tourism Policy Study. The following review of various definitions illustrates the problems of arriving at a consensus. We examine the concept of the movement of people and the terminology and definitions applied by the World Tourism Organization and those of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Later, a comprehensive classification of travelers is provided that endeavors to reflect a consensus of current thought and practice. World Tourism Organization: The International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics convened by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) in Ottawa, Canada, in 1991 reviewed, updated, and expanded on the work of earlier international groups. The Ottawa Conference made some fundamental recommendations on definitions of Tourism, 11 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 travellers, and tourists. The United Nations Statistical Commission adopted WTO’s recommendations on tourism statistics on March 4, 1993. Tourism: WTO has taken the concept of tourism beyond a stereotypical image of “holiday- making.” The officially accepted definition is: “Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.” The term usual environment is intended to exclude trips within the area of usual residence and frequent and regular trips between the domicile and the workplace and other community trips of a routine character. Main Characteristics of Tourism identified from the Definition: 1. Tourism arises from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. 2. There are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay including activities at the destination. 3. The journey and the stay take place outside the usual place of resident and work, so that tourism gives rise to activities, which are distinct from those of the resident and the working population of the places, through which th tourist travels and in which they stay. 4. The movement to destinations is of temporary, short term character, with the intention of returning to the usual environment within a few days, weeks or months. 5. Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent resident or employment remunerated from within the places visited. Check Your Progress-I: 1. Which of the following activities can be put under the term Tourism? a) Ms. Tina goes to the nearby market to shop for groceries. b) Mr. Ajay who stays in Faridabad, goes to Nehru Place to pay his phone bills. 12 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 c) Mr. Raj, a resident of Delhi, goes to Mumbai and takes up a job there. d) Ms. Sita a resident of Mumbai, goes for a weekend to Goa. 1.6 Different Definitions of Tourist: The 19th Century Dictionary defines ‘tourist’ as a “person who travels for pleasure of traveling, out of curiosity, and because he has nothing better to do.” The term ‘tourist’, the Oxford Dictionary tells us, was used as early as the year 1800. According to the Dictionnare Universal, the ‘tourist’ is a person who makes a journey for the sake of curiosity, for the fun of traveling, or just to tell others that he has traveled. The term ‘tourist’ in the sense of a pleasure tour is, however, of recent origin. In the words of Jose Ignacio De Arrilliga, “tourism in its first period was considered as a sport or rather as a synthesis of automobiles, touring, cycling camping, excursions and yachting. In the early nineteenth century, the term ‘tourist’ assumed a meaning of ‘one who makes a tour or tours’, especially one who does this for recreation or who travels for pleasure, object of interest, scenery or the like. Definition by League of Nations: All the above definitions of the terms ‘tourist’ are of general nature and, therefore, could not serve the purpose of measurement. It was, however, the League of Nations which did a pioneering work in defining the term for the purposes of statistical measurements. Realizing the importance of collecting tourist statistics and of securing international compatibility, the Committee of Statistical Experts of the League of Nations in the year 1937 established the definition of the term ‘tourist’. The League of Nations with the concurrence of member countries defined the term ‘foreign tourist’ as: “Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours” The following persons are considered as tourists as per the above definition: (i) Persons traveling for pleasure, domestic reasons or for health, etc. (ii) Persons traveling to meetings, or in a representative capacity of any kind (scientific, administrative diplomatic, religious, athletic, etc.) (iii) Persons traveling for business purposes. 13 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 (iv) Persons arriving in the course of a sea cruise, even when they stay for less than 24 hours. (The latter should be reckoned as a separate group, disregarding if necessary their usual place of residence.) The following category of persons are not considered as tourists: (i) Persons arriving, with or without a contract of work, to take up an occupation or engage in any business activity in the country. (ii) Persons coming to establish a residence in the country. (iii) Students and young persons in boarding establishments or schools. (iv) Residents in a frontier zone and persons domiciled in one country and working in an adjoining country. (v) Travellers passing through a country without stopping, even if the journey takes more than 24 hours. The above definition was confirmed by the United Nations in the year 1945 and it was as stated that the ‘tourist’ was a person who stayed in a foreign country for more than 24 hours and less than 6 months for any non-immigrant purpose. The definition was adopted by many countries for the compilation of travel statistics. United Nations-Rome Conference: In 1963, the United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism held in Rome considered a definition and recommended that it be studied by the United Nations Statistical Commission. A revised definition was prepared and adopted. the conference considered an overall definition of the term ‘Visitor’, which for statistical purposes describes: Any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reasons other than following and occupation remunerated from within the country visited. 14 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 This definition covers: (i) Tourists, i.e., temporary visitors staying at least twenty four hours at the destination visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following headings: (a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion, and sport); (b) Business, family, mission, meeting. (ii) Excursionists, i.e., temporary visitors staying less than twenty-for hours at the destination visited (including travelers on cruises). The above definition excludes travelers who, in the legal sense, do not enter the country (e.g., air travelers who do not leave an airport’s transit area). The Expert Statistical Group on International Travel Statistics convened by the United Nations Statistical Commission recommended in 1967 that countries use the definition of ‘visitor’ proposed by the United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism in Rome in 1963. The Group considered that it would be desirable to distinguish within the definition of visitor a separate class of visitors, who might be described as ‘day visitors’ or ‘excursionists’ defined as consisting of visitors on day excursions and other border-crosses for purposes other than employment, cruise passengers, and visitors in transit who do not stay overnight in accommodation provided within the country. The special characteristic of this category of visitors distinguishing it from the main class of visitor, is that there is no overnight stay. In 1968 the Commission approved the Rome definition. The various definitions discussed above have gradually received general acceptance. According to recent studies. Published by the World Tourism Organisation, nearly 75 percent of the countries world over use these definitions in collection of international travel statistics. Main Characteristics of Tourists identified from the above Definition are mentioned below: 15 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 1. He takes up his journey of his own free will. 2. He takes up the journey primarily in search of enjoyment. 3. The money spent on the visit is the money derived from home, not money earned from the places of visit. 4. He finally returns to his point of origin. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS-II: From the below list who all are included in the definition of a Tourist? a) Mr. Chand, a resident of Delhi goes for a two-day conference to Hyderabad. b) Ms. Rina, a resident of Mumbai goes for a heart transplant to America. c) Ms. Mina, a resident of Delhi takes a flight for America and the flight has a stopover of 36 hours in Singapore. Does she a tourist in Singapore? 1.7 Definitions of tourist adopted by different countries: India: The definition of ‘foreign tourist’ adopted by the Government of India’s Tourist Department as per the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, Rome, 1963 is as follows: “A foreign tourist is a person visiting India on a foreign passport, of whose journey can be classified under one of the following headings” 1. Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport.) 2. Business, family, mission, meeting. The following category of persons are, however not regarded as foreign Tourists: 1. Persons arriving with or without a contract, to take up and occupation or engage in activities remunerated from within the country; 2. Persons coming to establish residence in the country; 16 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 3. Excursionist i.e., temporary visitor staying less than twenty four hours in the country (including travelers on the crusies). The following are not included in statistics: 1. Nationals of Pakistan and Bangladesh; 2. Nationals of Nepal entering India through land routes along Indo-Nepal border; 3. All foreigners entering India from Bhutan by land Definition of a domestic tourist in India: Domestic Tourist- A per son who travels within the country to a place other than his usual place of residence and stays at hotels or other accommodation establishment run on commercial bases or in dharamshalas or stays with friends and relative and uses sightseeing facilities, or goes on a pilgrimage for a duration of not less than 24 hours or one night and not more than 6 months at a time for any of the following purposes: Pleasure (holiday, leisure, sports and so on) Pilgrimage, Religious and Social functions. Study and Health. The following are not regarded as domestic tourists: Persons arriving with or without a contract to take up an occupation or engage in activities remunerated from within the state center. Persons visiting their home town or native place on leave or a short visit for meeting relations and friends, attending social and religious functions and staying in their own houses or with relatives and friends and not using any sightseeing facilities. Foreigners resident in Indian: Here we observe that as per the India definition, a traveler must hold a foreign passport to be included in the category of an International Visitor; this implies that Indians settled abroad and holding Indian Passports will not be counted as 17 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 International Visitors when they come to India for recreation, business or other such purposes. However, nonetheless they are counted as Domestic Visitors and so here we see that coategorisation is based on nationality rather than place of residence. But as per WTO definition they should have been included in the list of International Visitors. From this we can clearly see the difference in the Indian definition and the one given by WTO. United States: The Western Council for Travel Research in 1963 employed the term visitor and defined a visit as occurring every time a visitor entered an area under study. The definition of tourist used by the National Tourism Resources Review Commission in 1973 was: “a tourist is one who travels away from home for a distance of at least 50 miles (one way) for business, pleasure, personal affairs, or any other purpose except to commute to work, whether he stays overnight or returns the same day.” The National Travel Survey of the U.S. Travel Data Center in 1994 reports on all round-trips with a one-way route mileage of 100 miles or more, and since 1994 on all trips involving one or more nights away from home, regardless of distance. Trips are included regardless of purpose, excluding only crews, students, military personnel on active duty, and commuters. Canada: In a series of quarterly household sample surveys known as the Canadian Travel Survey which began in 1978, trips qualifying for inclusion are similar to those covered in the National Travel Survey in the United States. The main difference is that in the Canadian survey, the lower limit for the one-way distance is 50 miles (80 kilometers) rather than 100 miles. The 50-mile figure was a compromise to satisfy concerns regarding the accuracy of recall for shorter trips and the possibility of the inclusion of trips completed entirely within the boundaries of a large metropolitan area such as Toronto. The determination of which length of trip to include in surveys of domestic travel has varied according to the purpose of the survey methodology employed. Whereas there is general agreement that commuting journeys and one-way trips should be excluded, qualifying distances 18 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 vary. The province of Ontario favors 25 miles. In Canada’s international travel surveys the primary groups of travelers identified are nonresident travelers, resident travelers, and other travelers. Both nonresident and resident travelers include both same-day and business travelers. Commuters are included and are not distinguished from other same-day business travelers. Other travelers consist of immigrants, former residents, military personnel, and crews. United Kingdom: The National Tourist Boards of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland sponsor a continuous survey of internal tourism, the United Kingdom Tourism Survey (UKTS). It measures all trips away from home lasting one night or more, taken by residents for holidays, visits to friends and relatives (non holiday), or for business, conferences, and most other purposes. In its findings the UKTS distinguishes between short (1 to 3 nights) and long (4+nights)-duration holiday trips. The International Passenger Survey collects information on both overseas visitors to the United Kingdom and travel abroad by U.K. residents. It distinguishes five different types of visits: holiday independent, holiday inclusive, business, visits to friends and relatives, and miscellaneous. Australia: The Australian Bureau of Industry Economics in 1979 placed length of stay and distance travelled constraints in its definition of tourist as follows: “A person visiting a location at least 40 km from his usual place of residence, for a period of at least 24 hours and not exceeding twelve months.” In supporting the use of the WTO definitions, the Australian Bureau of Statistics notes that the term “’usual environment’ is somewhat vague.” It states that “visits to tourist attractions by local residents should not be included” and that visits to second homes should be included only “where they are clearly for temporary recreational purposes.” 19 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS –III: 1. Mr. Rohit, an Indian goes to work in America and after five months he comes to India and visits the Jagannath Temple is Orissa. As per the definition is he an International Tourist? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.8 Comprehensive Classification of Travelers: Traveler Terminology of International Tourism Underlying the foregoing conceptualization of tourism is the overall concept of traveler. Traveler is defined as “any person on a trip between two or more countries or between two or more localities within his/her country of usual residence.” Travelers may be included in tourism statistics or may not be. All types of travelers engaged in tourism are described as visitors, a term that constitutes the basic concept of the entire system of tourism statistics. Visitors are persons who travel to a country other than the one in which they generally reside for a period not exceeding 12 months, whose main purpose is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Visitors are subdivided into two categories: 20 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 1. Tourists, i.e., temporary visitors staying at least twenty four hours in the country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following headings: (a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion, and sport); (b) Business, family, mission, meeting. 2. Excursionists, i.e., temporary visitors staying less than twenty-for hours in the country visited (including travellers on cruises). The above definition excludes travellers who, in the legal sense, do not enter the country (e.g., air travelers who do not leave an airport’s transit area – Transit Visitor). The drawback of definition of a Visitor as per WTO is that it does not talk about visits made within the country. For these purposes a distinction is drawn between a Domestic and International Visitor Domestic Visitor: A person who travels within the country he is residing in, outside the place of his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months. International Visitor: A person who travels to a country other than the one in which he has a usual residence for a period not exceeding 12 months. Cruise Passenger: He is a visitor who arrives in the country aboard cruise ships and who does not spend a night in an accommodation establishment in the country. The broad class of travelers categorized as migrants, both international and domestic, is also commonly excluded from tourism or travel research. They are excluded on the grounds that their movement is not temporary, although they use the same facilities as other travelers, albeit in one direction, and frequently require temporary accommodation on reaching their destination. The real significance of migration to travel and tourism, however, is not in the one-way trip in itself, but in 21 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 the long-run implications of a transplanted demand for travel and the creation of new travel destinations for separated friends and relatives. Notes: (1) Visitors who spend at least one night in the country visited. (2) Foreign air or ship crews docked or in lay over and who use the accommodation establishments of the country visited. (3) Visitors who do not spend at least one night in the country visited although they may visit the country during one day or more and return to their ship or train to sleep. (4) Normally included in excursionists. Separate classification of these visitors is nevertheless recommended. (5) Visitors who come and leave the same day. (6) Crews who are not residents of the country visited and who stay in the country for the day. (7) When they travel from their country of origin to the duty station and vice-versa (including household servants and dependents accompanying or joining them). (8) Who do not leave the transit area of the airport or the port? In certain countries, transit may involve a stay of one day or more. In this case, they should be included in the visitor statistics. (9) Main purposes of visit as defined by the Rome Conference (1963). Other groups of travellers are commonly excluded from travel and tourism studies because their travel is not affected by travel promotion, although they tend to compete for the same types of facilities and services. Students and temporary workers traveling purely for reasons of education or temporary employment are two leading examples. Another frequently excluded group consists of crews, although they can be regarded as special subsets of tourists and excursionist. 22 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS-IV: 1. Ms. Mina, a resident of Delhi takes a flight for America and the flight has a stopover of 36 hours in Singapore. Is she a tourist in Singapore? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.9 Differences between Travel and Tourism: Though the words Travel and Tourism are synonymized and used interchangeably but Tourism is a wider concept and encompasses a lot more than travel alone. Travel implies journeys undertaken from one place to another for any purpose including journeys to work and as a part of employment, as a part of leisure and to take up residence; whereas Tourism includes the journey to a destination and also the stay at a destination outside one’s usual place of residence and the activities undertaken for leisure and recreation. All tourism includes some travel, but not all travel is tourism. A person may often travel for a wide variety of purposes of which tourism is only one. However if properly handled, a part of the travel for non- tourism purposes can be motivated into travel for tourism as an additional purpose. For example a person on a journey as a part of employment to a place with one or more tourist attractions like a spot of scenic beauty or historical significance, a pilgrimage, a lake, etc. can be induced to spare some time and money for a short visit and or stay for tourism purposes alone. In this sense every traveler is a ‘potential’ tourist and is upto the mangers of the industry to tap this ‘potential’ and convert the traveler into an ‘actual’ tourist. 23 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS-V: 1. When gypsies go from one destination to another, is that covered under travel or tourism? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. If Mr. Ravi, working in a software company in Delhi, is transferred to Bangalore would it be covered under travel or tourism? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. If Mr. Ravi, who is transferred to Bangalore from Delhi, decides to go for a weekend to Mysore would it be travel or tourism? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 1.10 Summary: In this lesson we have seen how travel and tourism has changed over time and acquired new dimensions with the development of various facilities and infrastructure. The rapid growth in the movement of people, both domestically and internationally, has brought about an industry of vast proportions and diversity. Also, it is universal-found in all countries of the world, but in greatly varied qualities and proportions. The economic importance and future prospects are also worthy of careful study. These considerations lead to the ways in which the study of tourism can be under taken. There are a number of basic approaches to the study of tourism, and in this book we include all of them in the various chapters. By the time you complete the block you will know a great deal about the social and economic implications of tourism, and you will have developed a keen interest in our world and fascinating panorama of places, peoples, cultures, beauty, and learning that travel provides in such abundance. 1.11 Glossary:  Recreation: The action and activities of people engaging in constructive and personally pleasurable use of leisure time. Recreation may include passive or active participation in individual or group sports, cultural functions, natural and Human history appreciation, non-formal education, pleasure travel, sightseeing and entertainment  Tangible: Something that you can touch and see.  Intangible: Something that you can only feel.  Perspective: Outlook. 25 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 1.12 Self-Assessment Exercise: 1. Identify and describe four perspectives contained in the definition of tourism, in terms of your home community. 2. Why do bodies such as the United States need specific tourism definitions? Why does a state or country need them? A county? A city? 3. What approach to tourism study does this course take? Which approach interests your most? 4. Have travel patterns changed a great deal in the past 20 years? What elements have not changed? 5. Why are geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, and economists interested in tourism? 6. What is the definition Tourism? 7. Who all are included in the definition of a tourist as per WTO? 8. What is the difference between? Travel and Tourism Domestic and International Tourist. A Tourist and an Excursionist. 1.13 Further Readings:  Bhatia, A.K. Tourism Development Principles and Practices, Sterling Publishers, 2005.  Kamre, K.K. Basics of Tourism: Theory, Operation and Practice, Kanishka Publishers, 2006.  Rania, C.L. and Raina A.K. Fundamentals of Tourism Principles and Practices, Kanishka Publisher, 2005.  Negi. J. Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles, Gitanjali Publishing House, 1990. 26 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102  Mc Intosh. et. Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies, Wiley, 1995.  Cook R.A. et. Tourism the Business of Travel, Pearson, 2006.  Walker. J.R, Introduction to Hospitality, Pearson, 2006.  Basket A.J. and Medlik.S. Tourism past Present and Future, ELBS, 1988.  Mill and Morrison, Tourism Systems, Practice Hall, 1992  Law. A.A, A Companion to Tourism, Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 27 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 UNIT-2 TOURISM PLANT FACILITIES: INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE Structure: 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Need for development of Infrastructure 2.3 Touristic Infrastructure 2.4 Touristic Superstructure 2.5 Role of State in development and maintenance of Infrastructure and Superstructure. 2.6 Types of Tourism: 2.6.1 On the basis of origin and destiny 2.6.2 On the basis of Movement Pattern 2.6.3 On the basis of seasoned character of Tourism 2.6.4 On the basis of 2.6.5 On the basis of Sociological Aspect 2.6.6 On the basis of socioeconomic aspect of demand. 2.6.7 On the basis of socioeconomic aspect of demand. 2.6.8 On the basis of purpose of visit. 2.7 Forms of Tourism: 2.7.1 According to member of Passengers 2.7.2 According to arrangements 2.7.3 According to duration 2.7.4 According to means of Transportation used 2.7.5 According to effect on Balance of Payment 28 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 2.7.6 According to Quantitative basis 2.7.7 According to Qualitative Basis. 2.8 Summary 2.9 Glossary 2.10 Self-Assessment Exercise 2.11 Further Readings 2.0 Introduction: In this unit you will understand the meaning and importance of touristic infrastructure and superstructure in growth and development of tourism at a destination. You will also come to know the role played by public and private sector in development of infrastructure and superstructure. The second half of the unit explains the various basis of classification of tourism. To understand the phenomenon of tourism better, it has been classified into various types and forms of Tourism. 2.1 Objectives:  To understand the meaning of touristic infrastructure and superstructure.  To explain various forms of Tourism.  To explain various types of Tourism. 2.2 Need for development of Infrastructure: The term ‘tourist’ infrastructure denotes to all those built in services which are essential for modern social life and economic development. It includes all the transport facilities such as roads, railways, and airports, water supplies and sewerages systems, supplies of energy such as electricity and gas and communication facilities. These services are commonly supplied by the public authorities. Touristic infrastructure means the development of the accommodation sector, transport system, touristic sports, travel agencies, tour operators, the 29 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 entertainment industry, arts and crafts, the sourvenir industry and so on. Basically, infrastructure includes all forms of construction on and below ground required by any inhabited area in intensive communication with the outside world and as a basis for extensive human activity within. Economists frequently put stress on the development of the touristic infrastructure as it is the pre-requisite for its accelerated economic growth. And that is why it is observed that high level of capital investment in building infrastructure is a characteristic of all the developing countries. The existing infrastructure in India does not cope with the need of serving the touristic economy. In this connection provision of hotels and other supplementary accommodation facilities can be regarded as the key-note to promote tourism in India. Touristic infrastructure is an essential feature of the developing economy for its rapid growth and development. Tourism is one of the important factors for eradication of unemployment, earning foreign exchange and it also plays a vital role in the regional development of nation. In the rural areas where anticipated returns on public and private investment of the development of nation. In the rural areas where anticipated returns on public and private investment of the development of the touristic activity by itself in reality may turn out to be nil, if the employment is not realistically planned and done in stages. Therefore, on must be cautious in planning the provision of touristic infrastructure in these areas. The economic exploitation of these areas by tourists generally depends on the natural and economic resources of vast regions more difficult to access, frequently involving problems of connection infrastructural work, the supply of consumer’s goods and skilled labour etc. The influx of tourists have accentuated the need for touristic infrastructure. The discovery and development of the new tourist resorts involve increase in the movement of people, goods and services to the under developed regions. The construction of hotels, production of goods and services etc. largely depend on and is determined by available touristic infrastructure. 30 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 The discrepancy between the existing infrastructure and the growing requirement of the economy reveal the importance of building tourist infrastructure. The development of tourism may entail a more complete utillisation of the system of infrastructure and of services and in turn improve the productivity of related investment. The building up of touristic infrastructure is aimed at extending inter-regional economic ties which promote and accelerate the formation of domestic market. Expansion of transport system increases the ties of the countryside with the tourist spots and promotes the disintegration of the natural economy. The territory is an asset which must be exploited for the benefit of the entire economy. The importance of the transport facilities has a great impact on the socio-economic conditions of a developing economy. It is observed that weakness of transport links between various tourist places in the exterior is a feature of the developing economy which is also one of the factor responsible for their mounting economic difficulties. There is a need to open new tourist spots, important from the point of view of domestic as well as foreign tourists, with a simultaneous transport construction. Shortage of capital and difficulties of planning in condition of economic backwardness has been on the way of building suitable infrastructure for the development of tourism. In addition to this, it is also observed that the existing capacities of the infrastructure because the demand for means of transport is subjected to big seasonal fluctuations. It is noticed that large hotels and transport facilities are utilized for shorter periods and the rest of period they are partly used. Thus there is a question of efficient use of existing infrastructure. Since the maintenance of the whole infrastructure in condition of tropical climate, monsoons, and short temperature fluctuation is expensive, its use to optimums capacity is very acute in building new infrastructure. It is realized that while exploitation of land water resources for agricultural development constitutes the important bas for the regional development of the nation, touristic riches of the country offer an additional element of considerable significance for the economic development of the region. India faces a lot of problems in building the necessary touristic infrastructure which plays a crucial role in accelerating economic development. The 31 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 state should exert all-pervading pressures on their entire economy to make good hotels, transports, power electricity and all other services needed for this propose. An increase in the production of the electric power meets the basic requirements of the economy and above all promotes the development of the industry. As the industry develops, the demand for electric power rises. The development of tourism requires such factors like financial resources and technical personnel for large scale exploration and evaluation of the tourist areas. This will certainly determine the possibility of modern tourism. Lack of technical personnel’s has also been one of the greatest bottleneck in smooth running of this highly specialized industry. There are already for regional technical institutes at Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkate and Chennai and number of Food Craft Centers are also run, which are training young men and women to take assignment mainly in the accommodation sector. There is a growing need for personnel in the field of tourism management. Tourism education has largely been neglected, but the proper and efficient functioning of tourist industry requires a complete knowledge about the latest techniques developed in the field. In the frame work of planning, the integrated economic development in the regions, it is of utmost importance to accord priority to the construction of a regionally adequate infrastructure along with the measures of land and water resources development of the regions. There is also urgent need for a detailed research relating to the different aspects of tourist industry, in order to lay a sound base for its future development. 2.3 Touristic Infrastructure: An integrated package of infrastructural facilities water power, road, air transportation, tourist attractions etc. as give in figure 2.1, is the basic urgent requirement for India to achieve its goal. Boosting tourist traffic in this country and others in the region depended largely on the extent to which these minimum facilities are provided to the tourists. The place of tourism in national planning varies according to the priority accorded to it. Many countries regard it as luxury industry and accord it a low priority in their national plans. The plans of nation are based on the priorities, infrastructure, inputs available and the importance of 32 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 balanced socio economic development. The successful setting up of the tourist industry is dependent basically upon the growth and development of the general economic infrastructure of the nation. The place of tourism in national planning varies according to the priority accorded to it. Many countries regard it as luxury industry and accord it a low priority in their national plans. The plans of nation are based on the priorities, infrastructure, inputs available and the importance of balanced socio economic development. The successful setting up of the tourist industry is dependent basically upon the growth and development of the general economic infrastructure of the nation. The infrastructure requirements may be divided into the following groups: Those which provide lines of access and communication with the outside world. Those which enable the movement of people at the destination. Those which supply essential services of lighting, heating power, water, drainage and sewage disposal for the development. Tourist may reach a particular destination by road, rail or water or by air or by a combination of these modes of transportation. To provide the necessary infrastructure may accordingly call for the construction of the roads, railway lines, harbours, airport. Runways. These all are required to carry the required volume of traffic to and from the tourist areas. There is also a need for telecommunication and other means of communication. The access work has to be extended to provide means of communication and movement within the area. In addition, network of utility services extending over the whole area of development has to provide for the public conveniences and night lighting etc. The underground and service installations described above are of paramount importance to successful tourism. Construction of these require considerable period of time. It is best to build roads of adequate dimension initially instead of small inadequate road which later have to be torn up and replaced with better and more adequate facilities. Great care should be taken in the construction of roads. They should be hard, all weather surfaced, be properly graded and drained. They should 33 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 be safe and built to international standard. Service installations such as road side facilities, road side parks, road side picnic facilities, rest park which include toilet facilities, scenic turnouts, auto repair and service facilities are all needed for tourism. The airport runway should be built to international standard. The runways may be used for the new super-jets and there may not be heavy expenditure on modifications in future. Roadside parks, picnic tables, rest areas, scenic turnouts and similar road side park type facilities should be regularly maintained to keep the park in a neat orderly condition. Service stations should be provide in sufficient quantity. The attendants at these stations should be courteous, hospitable and friendly. They must have the knowledge of tourist stations in their immediate vicinity and advise the tourists concerning accommodation, shopping and entertainment in their community. Infrastructure:  WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM  SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS  NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL GAS LINES.  ELECTRIC CONNECTION SYSTEMS  DRAINAGE SYSTEMS  HIGHWAYS  ROAD DRIVE  PARKING LOTS  PARKS  NIGHT LIGHTING  AIRPORT RUNWAYS  PARKING AREAS.  ACCESS DRIVES  FACILITIES AT AIRPORT  MARINE & DOCK FACILITIES  BUS AND TRAIN STATIONS FACILITIES 34 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102  RAILWAY LINES  OTHER TOURISM INSTALLATIONS. 2.4 Touristic Superstructure: The super structural services are also needed for tourism development. It include, access facilities for transport (airport terminals, rail and coach stations) hotels, motel and other accommodation units, café, bars and sport recreational facilities and entertainment. Most of the super-structural facilities are provided by private companies or individual entrepreneurs central state and local governments also give financial and other aids for these facilities as given in figure 2.2 and 2.3. Touristic Superstructure:  Accommodation  Entertainment  Restaurant  Shopping Touristic superstructure comprises all the individual facilities within a tourist area and consists of passenger traffic terminals, accommodation, hotel motel, catering and entertainment and shopping etc. These are mostly costly of all the elements as they involve the construction of building. Most of these facilities are provide by individual developers and operators. These are planned individually or may be components of an overall plan. Passenger traffic terminals, airport building and terminal, port facilities, railway, bus and coach terminals etc. are usually planned in conjunction with the related infrastructure. The capacity of a destination is determined by the capacity of its accommodation units. There is a need to establish an optimum, accommodation capacity which is economically viable for the operators and in turn for the economic prosperity of the community. Other facilities like catering, entertainment and shops does not represent much of the planning problems. These are readily provided by commercial entrepreneurs. The nature and Varity of these facilities matters much and goes to the root of the nature of the tourist destination. In almost all the tourist planning, these facilities are being 35 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 regulated. Special care should be taken of the architectural design of building. The hotel building should be distinctively designed in accordance with the local environment. The tourists immerse themselves in an environment totally different from that which they are accustome to in their everyday life. Air-conditioning, central heating, and plumbing and other modern comfort amenities must also be used in the building of the hotel. Accommodations are of great importance for successful tourism. They are fundamental to tourism. The hotel must provide the various types of physical facilities, prices ranges locations and services offered which meet the expectations, wants and needs of the travelers. The demand for accommodations varies according to the social class, price that the guest are willing to pay, level of prices and similar other consideration. Suitable accommodation should be available for all segments of the market. In planning accommodations, the point to be noted are the nature of the environment, the destination itself, the expected markets, the mode of transportation the type activities engaged in at the destination etc. Before any investment in hotels and similar lodging facility is made, the traveling and vacation habits of the prospective guests should be carefully studied. Construction of large luxury hotels and development of holiday resorts could come into the picture as of part of a comprehensive approach. Shortage of hotel accommodation has been one of the inhibiting factors in the development of tourism in India, and whatever accommodation is available is concentrated in the certain metropolitan cities and hill stations. There are many tourist attractions. Where are no suitable accommodation facilities? We require both primary and secondary type of accommodation. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS-I: Which of the following fall under infrastructure and which fall under superstructure. Airport terminal Railway station Railway track Road 36 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 Hospital Electricity Supply lines. Resort Stadium Post Office Police station Water supply pipelines Water treatment plants Sewerage disposal systems Multiplex Bus Stand Run way at the airport. 2.5 Role of Maintenance of Infrastructure and Superstructure: All the states have started taking part in almost all the sphere which are related to the welfare of the public. Tourism is no exception to this. The state creates services which are indirectly useful to tourism. It encourages and supports the private sector and creates a few pilot schemes. The importance of tourism in the national economy is gaining a place in almost all the countries of the world. It is an expanding industry. Expansion of tourism increases the level of employment by creating new jobs. Construction of new building is one of the part of tourism activities which constitutes a capital investment and provides work for a number of people. There is a market for certain products produced in the country and with the application of multiplier effect and accelerated effect, almost all the section of the society are benefited. Thus tourism is a public utility infrastructure. The public authorities have an important role in the creation of necessary infrastructure for tourism. Tourism infrastructure consists of all the units that exist for handling tourist traffic. Tourist demand cause the creation of transport and communication facilities, urbanism, irrigation, etc., resulting in a general economic improvement of benefit to all the inhabitants. Intervention by public authorities to support and promote national tourism, has assumed a completely new appearance over the last few years. State intervention takes the form of setting up bodies for controlling tourism activities by giving financial support to private organizations operating in the sector for setting up 37 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 advertising agencies abroad, for creating tourism study centers and for the development of research and survey in order to gain a better knowledge of internal and external markets. Tourism infrastructure is usually understood to include: Supply of network and mains: This includes water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, sewers, garbage etc. Basic public utilities and services: This is the administration of religious places, health, education, culture, commerce, police etc. The infrastructure ensures the operation of facilities essential to modern life like health, communication, supplies, administration safety etc. To meet the needs of tourist, it is not enough to see that they reach their destination comfortably and quickly and are suitably housed and fed. They make trip for a particular purpose. Such facilities therefore, should be afford able to them. Along with transport and accommodations there is a whole range of supplementary units for the utilization of tourist resources. Some events i.e. international games, exhibitions, conferences lead to the construction of several permanent structure. After the event is over, the buildings remain and are used for other purposes. A country wishing to receive tourists must give them the best of reception by making available the necessary public services. Roads are needed for travel. Car park, beaches, health services, security, services, port post and telephone facilities are very much needed. At any place the tourists may be in the need of al these facilities. These services should be provided in such a way that tourists do not feel any inconvenience and the quality should be of at least of that standard which the tourists enjoy in their own country. Some of the infrastructure helping tourism may not have been created for purely tourist purpose, but their smooth running will help for the reputation of the country in the field of tourism. Water, gas and electricity services should be provided. There must be postal connections and places must have medical facilities. For example, clinics should be established at winter resorts, children’s nurseries and game rooms have to be built. The economic activity of a country benefits from the existence of 38 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 correct infrastructure. This is particularly for the countries which are at developing stage. In addition to the above, the state also provides specialized tourist equipment at the resorts e.g. equipment at ski-resorts, small pleasure ports and air field in the tourist areas. These installation are beyond the scope of private enterprise as the initial investment is much higher as compared to the returns. The setting up of a museum, restaurants, work of art and safeguarding the countryside can only be financed by public funds. Thus we find that the state takes number of activities which are a must for tourism development in a country. Some of these activities are social responsibilities and some of them are beyond the scope of private sector. The extent of the state’s role in tourism varies according to the conditions and circumstances peculiar to each country. The Politic economic-constitutional system, socio-economic development degree of tourism development etc. vary from nation to nation. In general, in almost all the centrally planned economies, the state is the sole initiator, executor and administrator of all tourism programmes. 2.6 Types of Tourism: Tourism is an economic product meeting the demand of the human beings and as such its market is created according to fluctuation of supply and demand. The majority of the demand of tourism enumerate the motives which can prompt a person to make a journey for tourist region. These motives are varied and do exercise a decisive influence on the destination of the journey. Thus the diversity of touristic motivations generate the various types of tourism. The types of tourism can be categorized under the various heading. On the Basic of Origin and Destiny: Tourism is not limited within the boundaries of a nation. Tourists may travel to a foreign country or within their own borders. The following types of tourism are found in the tourist flow patterns within a national boundary: 39 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 Inbound Tourism: In this category are included the tourists received by a certain country from other countries, the later being the origin country of the tourist: Outbound Tourism: There are many persons of a country who go abroad. Outgoing tourism comprises of tourists normally residing in the country and going abroad. Domestic Tourism: The national inhabitants of a country travel occasionally to other places within their national territories. The movement of tourist within the country of nationality is known as domestic tourism. On The Basis Of Movement Pattern: The tourists stay in a place for a long time or they travel continuously and spend little time in various tourist places. On the basis of how the tourists spend their time, the following distinctions can be made. Residential Tourism: Residential tourism comprises of those tourists who have a holiday period of over on month and spend it in one specific tourist place. These tosurist choose the quieter and peaceful places with a mild climate. Residential tourism usually takes place in the peak season i.e. the highest point of the total demand. Seasonal Tourism: Seasonal tourism comprises of those tourists who have a holiday period of not more than one month. These tourists also remain in one specific place for not more than month. The main point of difference in the residential and seasonal tourism is the time factor. Roving Tourism. There are certain categories of tourists who travel throughout their holiday period. They travel from places to places and never spend more than 5 nights anywhere. They are continuously on the move. Their purpose of travel is different from those 40 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 of residential and seasonal tourists. They are most wide spread in spring and autumn: On The Basis The Seasonal Character Of Tourism: There are various factors influencing the mass tourist’s flows during a particular season. Some of the incentives for travel for a sporting nature depend on natural conditions and the seasons - hunting, fishing, winter sports etc. There are also religious festivals-fairs, art and music festivals, trade fairs exhibitions which attract the tourists during a particular season. The following types of tourism belong to this category: Winter Tourism: In most of the European countries, this tourism takes place in the month of December to March. Winter tourism have two prime incentive-the search for snow and search for sunshine. Summer Tourism: Summer tourism take place during the summer months. The main incentives for this type of tourism are sun-shine and bathing, preferably in the sea. In he European countries, it is a very varied type of mass tourism. It has low average quality than that of other seasons. Circumstantial Tourism: It is a localized tourism as it is attracted by traditional festivals of a religious artistic, sportive, folklorist nature. On the Basis of the Incentives There are various incentives which generate the tourist flow patterns. Therefore, tourism may be classified as follows: Recreational Tourism Tourists who wish to devote their holidays to rest, to recuperate their physical and psychic and who wish to refresh themselves when tired are included in the 41 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 categories of recreational tourism. There’s is the longest stay in tourist resorts which generate relaxation to them - by the sea, in the hills, in the rest centers which ensure for them the sought after comfort. Their main preference is the climatic resorts. The tourists having intellectual incentives, want to see new things, know new people, their history, art and local customs and their natural surroundings are also included recreational tourism. Pleasure Tourism or Leisure Tourism: It includes those tourists who leave on holiday for a change of climate out of curiosity, to relax, to see something new, enjoy good scenery, unfamiliar folk lore, and the quiet and noisy modern tourist centers. Some tourist of this category fined pleasure in traveling from the fact of constantly changing places and surroundings. The constant expansion of industrialization and automation, the anonymity and hectic pace of life, and the growing lack of leisure in a frequently irksome routine job lead men today to look to leisure activities and travel as escape from the pressures and strains they are subjected to. These tourists look for peace and quietness in their surroundings. Sporting Tourism: Like sport itself, tourism is a mass phenomenon of this century. Like sports too, it is only natural in its potential neither good nor evil in essence and can be positive in its effects only if it is subjected to wise planning and guidance. This tourism is motivated by the wish to practice sports. Water and winter sports, hunting and fishing are in good demand. In this case there are big sports football, hockey, boxing championship etc. which attract the country not only the sportsmen concerned, but also thousands of followers and other interested people. There are also sporting tourism of the devotees. There are winter sports, natural, mountain climbing, trekking, hiking, sailing, golf, hunting, fishing, sports, canoeing, water skiing, skating, under sea fishing, dancing, beach games, mini- golf, hydro-cycling, and the various indoor amusements which offer fun and diversion. Countries which are well placed to develop sports have a good scope for tourist flow. They can get good benefits from the sporting tourism. For the 42 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 elite sportsmen, tourism in one of the strongest motivating forces. “Citius, Altuis, Vor Tius” is all very well, but more enjoyable in Tokyo than in Birmingham or Belgrade. The thought that a high performance will qualify one for world travel is perhaps the major motivation for the top flight athlete. India is place for existing sports. Polo is played at the important clubs in the principal cities of India. Skiing in Himalayas, golf courses, yacht clubs, trekking, sun bathing water sports are some of the specialties in the field of sports. Business or Technical Tourism: According to some theoreticians, sociologists and economists a business journey cannot be regarded as tourist journey because it lacks the voluntary element’. According to them, business journeys are professional journeys and do not leave to the person concerned either the choice of destination or time of his journey and thus the fundamental idea of liberty of the individual in tourism is absent. On the other side, all the definition of tourism include business journeys under tourism. Business tourism implies not only the professional journey of industrialist but also all other journeys to fairs and exhibitions or of technical achievements which awaken or rather generate interest among people who have nothing in common with the profession in question. The inclusion of business journey into tourism is also due to the fact that businessmen behave not only as consumers but often during their free time, as real tourists by profiting from the attractions offered by the country. f the Socio-Economic Aspects of Demand: Tourism can again be classified on the basis of the economic aspect of demand:- Self-financing Tourism: It includes the tourists who finance their own tour to satisfy demand. All the incoming, outgoing and domestic tourism belong to this category. Self-financing tourism is profitable both for the private tourist enterprise and for the national economy. 43 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 Juvenile Tourism: This classification of tourism is based on the informative and educative objective of tourists. Social Tourism: Social tourism is found in sector of the population whose income level does not permit to meet their demands. Social tourism is made feasible with the help of and through all sorts of facilities provided by the state and by some of the private enterprises. It is observed that the benefit of social tourism goes to the national population as most of the tourism to this category belong to domestic tourism and very few to outgoing tourism. According to Range: Tourism may also be classified according to its ranges:- Domestic Tourism: In this case people travel outside their normal domicile to other areas within the country. People find it easy to travel domestically because there are no language, currency and documentation barrier. International Tourism: It is a kind of tourism wherein people travel to a country other than in which they normally live and which forms separate national unit within its own political and economic system. Due to the different currencies internal tourism has repercussions on the balance of payments as each country has to balance its transactions with the rest of the world. There are also obstacles put by the authorities for crossing the national frontiers, with the result, there is need for documentation – passports visa and other conditions of entry and movement. This all regulates the flow of the tourists. Now a days, due to the improvement in the language skills, currency and customs and the growing free movement of people between developing countries, the distinction between domestic and international tourism is diminishing. 44 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 On the Basis of Purpose of Visit: Tourism can also be classified on the basis of purpose of visit of the tourists:- Holiday Tourism There is a now a significant demand recorded by the tourist industry for active holidays, both national and international. In some pursuits i.e. climbing and skiing, the element of risk is uppermost. Old resorts based their attractions on holidays and sports. In holiday camps, a great majority of people showed a desire for a physical recreation and there was strong correlation between good behaviour and sports participation. It is seen that optional vacation planning improved attitudes towards physical activities, both during holiday and on returning home. People have a great interest in hobbies holidays. Family walks and common cacation, as well as camping and many of the family tourist recreations are valuable. Business Tourism Common Interest Tourism: It includes tourists with other specific purposes for their journeys and some-times sub-divided further into: o Visit to friends and relatives. o Study tourism o Religious tourism and o Miscellaneous purpose tourism. On the Basis of Sociological Aspects: Some other terms have been often applied more or less discriminately to tourism, in particular, mass, popular and social tourism, to which it is desirable to attach more precious meaning at the outset. Mass Tourism: When large numbers of people participate in tourism, it is called as mass tourism. It is essentially a quantitative motive and is based n the proportion of population participating in tourism or on the volume of tourist activity. 45 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 Popular Tourism: It is qualitative motion and by its nature it may give rise to mass tourism. It denotes activities meeting with a wide acceptance by people, because of their attractiveness and availability. The acceptance by people may be as it meets their needs or tastes and is availabil9ity at a low price. Social Tourism: Social tourism is the type of tourism produced by those who could not be able to meet the cost without social interventions i.e. without the assistance of an association to which the individual belongs, or by the states Problems in the Development of Social Tourism: The worker throughout the world are being allowed paid holidays either by law or by collective agreement. Large number of workers are obliged to spend their holidays at home partly because of lack of means for tourist expenses and partly because of lack of means for tourist expenses and partly because of lack of information, transport difficulties and shortage of suitable accommodation. All those problems can easily be solved through organized social tourism. The financial difficulties can be overcome through subsides and saving schemes, experience and information can be solved through package deals with carriers and accommodation problem can be solved through contracts with resorts. Thus organized social tourism can bring tourism within the reach of many who would otherwise be unable to travel. The problem of finance can be dealt with by the use of saving fund. The trade union can take an active part in the saving schemes. The members of these unions can contribute and in holiday time they may be allowed to withdraw a little larger than deposits. The saving fund scheme is very useful in Belgium, France and Australia. There can be some holiday funds which can be organized jointly by some unions and employers, with the participation of transport and hotels and transport enterprises and the state or local authorities. In France, works committees subside travel and run holiday homes for the workers, partly by organizing contributions. In Netherlands, some employers grant holiday bonus of upto 2% of the annual wage, in addition to normal holiday pay. 46 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 In the United Kingdom, holiday bonuses are also granted to the workers. The amount is fixed in proportion to length of services. In Belgium, workers are paid a “holiday wages” which under the law must be double the normal wages, and employer some time grants cash benefits for travel. In Russia, the trade unions pay the whole or most of the lodging expenses in workers rest homes. In Poland the state pays part of expenses of travel and accommodation. In New Zealand, the state employees are benefited from price reduction hotels. Another form of financial assistance is the provision facilities such as holiday centers or through state subsidy or tax allowance. In France, nonprofit making associations for population education, sports, culture and tourism are exempted from the turnover tax and entertainment tax. The state gives assistance in the form of equipment for camps and for youth organizations. In East Germany, the authorities finance the investment of all services. In Norway, state loans are awarded either interest free, or at reduced rate for the development of holiday centers. In the case of transport difficulties, transport companies often cooperate in special reduced fare schemes. Chartered flight can help a lot in reducing a travel cost to the individuals. In USA some carriers operate credit schemes as “Travel now pay later”. In Federal Republic of Germany, 33% for group of 25 or more and even greater reductions for students, school children or youth organizations are provided for railway travel. In Belgium cheap rail tickets are issued to the workers and their families during the holiday season on presentation of a social security card or certificate from the employer. In Hungry 50% reduction is offered to all person entitled to holidays with pay. In Czechoslovakia, a free rail ticket is attached to the workers holiday form. The problem of accommodation is another difficulty for the development of social tourism. Hotels being beyond the reach of low income groups. From the point of view of social tourism, supplementary accommodation is very important. Holiday centers for workers have been established by a number of trade unions and employers. In Argentina, a number of trade unions and employers. In Argentina, a number of holiday centers have been established in beauty spots at sea-side consisting of special boatels, bungalows, and chalets. These are provided with some 47 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 other recreational facilities. In Switzerland, there are number of holiday centers for social tourism. There is a famous health resorts Leysin-with the progress of medicine, it was meant that it would gradually diminish but with the cooperation of certain organization, the resort was adopted to attract a new type of tourists. Small golf courses, a swimming pool, tennis court and arrangements of schemes were establishment and sanatoria and hotels were converted to meet the new demand. Caravan camps and hotels are popular with young tourists. Camping has the advantage of being one of the least expensive form of holiday. Financial aid is given to camps by the state in France and other countries. In Greece, camps are operated by some large industrial firms for the benefit of their employees. In most of the countries, these camps are run by camping clubs and youth movement. As regards the lack of information, the public authorities, trade unions and the national tourist organisation and other bodies must give attention for supplying the information’s of the special attraction of different resorts. In USA, there are information offices in large cities. These offices issue publication advising workers for spending their holiday. In Canada bulletins are issued to the trade union offices and other organisations. “We have been greatly impressed by the importance attached to social tourism in the concept of the developing economy of our country. The object of social tourism is not only to provide holidays to people of the lower income groups who normally are unable to afford them, but to fit them into schemes of the newly developed ideas of paid holidays for workers, assistance in the youth travel movement as well as to the movement of pilgrims throughout our land. Our objective is the welfare state. The welfare state depends for its existence upon the willing cooperation of the working classes and the peasantry who form 98% of the population of our country. The welfare state has to function for their benefit and would have no meaning if it did not. One of the objectives of the welfare state must necessarily be of paid holidays to workers and subsidized travel for the youth of our country. It is one of the essential items and is a kind of education for the young people to be able to see their country, meet the people of cultural interest as well as of industrial importance. 48 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 It is only thus that the lack of understanding of each other’s needs, of the different people that live in this country, can be put to an end. Further such social tourism world create deep interest and enthusiasm for the great industrial revolution, we are witnessing. Planned economy has to be brought home gradually to large masses of our people by affording them an opportunity of seeing our industrial plans in action. So visit to Nangal Bhakra, to the steel plants, to Sindri Chittaranjan. Bangalore and other centers must necessarily be arranged on a confessional basis for those wanting to see the sites and acquaint themselves with the spot of the great industrial revolution. ” In 1958, the Standard and Rate Structure Committee recommended that” The system of paid holidays for workers should be introduced in every hotel establishment and extended elsewhere. This must be a compulsory provision. Subsidized tours on every large basis should be organized by the railways, for the student community and young people generally; Subsidised tours should be organized on a large scale for pilgrims to travel from their homes to the places of pilgrimage throughout India. Other countries earmark large sum of money for this particular purpose of oracle tourism. Cultural Tourism: Cultural Tourism covers all those aspect of travel where by people learn about each other’s ways of life and thought. Personal and international contact have always been an important way of spreading ideas about other cultures. Tourism is an important means of promoting cultural relations and international cooperation. Development of cultural factors within a nation can be viewed as means of enhancing resources for tourism. The whole way in which a country represents itself to tourists can be considered its cultural factors. The food, drinks, hospitality manufactured and craft product and other aspects of a nation’s life, appeal to travelers and visitors. The success of tourism depends not only on better transportation and hotels, but also on adding a particular national flavour in keeping 49 Tourism Resources of India ETS-102 with traditional ways of life and in projecting a favourable image of the benefits of such goods and services. Cultural tourism is characterized by a service of motivation such as the desire to learn and to study in a center famous for its high standards of living and teaching, to study the habits of the institutions and the life of foreign people to visit historical monuments (traces of past civilization) the great modern achievement, the art galleries, the great religion centers, to participate in art festivals and celebrations, to take part in and assist in music theater, dance, folklore festivals etc. India

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