Ethics Reviewer PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ETHICAL THEORIES AND APPROACHES Group-3 Reporter OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student shall be able to: Define what is ethics, Identify the Basic Ethics Approaches, and Identify the Ethical theories.  ETHICS - also called a moral philosophy, the di...

INTRODUCTION TO ETHICAL THEORIES AND APPROACHES Group-3 Reporter OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student shall be able to: Define what is ethics, Identify the Basic Ethics Approaches, and Identify the Ethical theories.  ETHICS - also called a moral philosophy, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. - Originally, Ethics came from the ancient Greek work “Ethos”, meaning character. WHAT MOTIVATES DECISIONS? Can be good or bad?  EPICURUS - MATERIALIST NATURAL NECESSARY NATURAL UNNATURAL DESIRE UNNECESSARY DESIRE UNNECESSARY DESIRE - you are saying that - Epicurus thinks that - he thinks all having this particular these desires should be unnatural desires are desire is normal, eliminated. unnecessary. understandable, - Thus, despite his excusable, and not to hedonism, Epicurus advocates a surprisingly be condemned ascetic way of life.  BASIC THEORIES AND FRAMEWORKS IN ETHICS 5 FRAMEWORKS OF ETHICS 1. Utilitarian Approach 2. Rights Approach 3. Fairness/Justice Approach 4. Common Good Approach 5. Virtue Approach  UTILITARIAN - Utilitarianism holds that the APPROACH most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest EXAMPLE: good for the greatest number A principals decides to cancel a field trip for the entire school while creating the least because severe weather is amount of harm or predicted. Although some preventing the greatest students are disappointed, the decision is made to ensure the amount of suffering. safety of the majority.  RIGHTS - is focused on an APPROACH individual's rights, not the betterment of society. It is EXAMPLE: A teacher allows a student to concerned with treating express their opinion in a people as an ends, not a classroom debate, even if it is controversial, because the means to an end. student has the right to free speech as long as it’s respectful. FAIRNESS/JUSTICE - all equals should be APPROACH treated equally. Today we use this idea to say that EXAMPLE: ethical actions treat all The school administration human beings equally-or if ensures that all students are given equal access to unequally, then fairly resources like computers and based on some standard textbooks, regardless of their that is defensible. background or socioeconomic status.  COMMON GOOD - is a term in ethics that states APPROACH that individuals in a given society realize and act with the knowledge EXAMPLE: that what is good for society is You participate in a also good for them as individuals. neighborhood clean-up day, The approach recognizes that the picking up litter and helping to individual and the greater society maintain public spaces because it improves the are linked together. quality of life for everyone in the community, not just yourself.  VIRTUE - urges us to pay attention APPROACH to the contours of our communities and the habits EXAMPLE: of character they encourage You find an expensive phone and instill. The moral life, on a park bench and, driven then, is not simply a matter by honesty, you turn it in to of following moral rules and lost and found rather than of learning to apply them to keeping it, even though no specific situations. one witnessed you finding it.  7 ETHICAL THEORIES 1. Utilitarianism 5. Egoism 2. Deontology 6. Religion or divine command theory 3. Virtue Ethics 7. Natural Law 4. Ethics of Care 8. Social contract theory UTILITARIANISM - Greatest good for the greatest number of people. EXAMPLE: Workplace: A manager decides to cut bonuses for all employees to avoid laying off a few workers. While this affects everyone's earnings, it prevents job losses and benefits the majority.  DEONTOLOGY - an ethical theory that says actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Its name comes from the Greek word “Deon”, meaning “Duty”. Actions that align with these rules are ethical, while actions that don't aren't.  VIRTUE ETHICS - is person rather than action based. It looks at the moral character of the person carrying out an action. EXAMPLE: Personal Life: A person chooses to be honest when their friend asks for their opinion on an outfit, even though it might be uncomfortable to give constructive criticism. They believe in the virtue of honesty.  ETHICS OF CARE - is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action centers on interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue. EoC is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by some feminists and environmentalists since the 1980s. EXAMPLE: Personal Life: A person chooses to be honest when their friend asks for their opinion on an outfit, even though it might be uncomfortable to give constructive criticism. They believe in the virtue of honesty.  EGOISM - is the normative theory that the promotion of one's own good is in accordance with morality. In the strong version, it is held that it is always moral to promote one's own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. EXAMPLE: A student cheats on a test to get a good grade, focusing solely on benefiting themselves without concern for others. RELIGION OR DIVINE COMMAND THEORY - is the belief that things are right because God commands them to be. In other words, it means that things which are considered wrong or unethical are wrong because they are forbidden by God. It is an absolutist theory.  NATURAL LAW - is an ethical theory that claims that humans are born with a certain moral compass that guides behaviors. These inherited rules essentially distinguish the "rights" and "wrongs" in life.  SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY - people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior. EXAMPLE: In school, students agree to follow the dress code, understanding that it promotes a respectful and focused learning environment for everyone THANK YOU!  ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY WEEK 3 Ethics vs. Morality Moral & Non-Moral Standard MORAL - Norms or prescriptions that serve as framework for determining what ought to be done, or what is right or wrong action. e.g. utilitarianism, Aristotle’s virtue, Aquinas’ Law NON-MORAL - Social rules, demands of etiquette and good manners. a. May or may not be followed, as these are also called folkways, and can be changed i. e.g. no talking while mouth is full Tell if the following is moral or non-moral Do not commit murder. standard. Wear black when mourning. Do not lie. If you are male, stay by the danger side. Go with the fashion or you are not in. Do not sweep the floor at night. Moral & Non-Moral Standard  Philosophy love of wisdom Philo = “to love” sophy = “wisdom” PHILOSOP HY Is defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the highest principles of things. involves a set of views and opinions from distinguished people of the society. When Man is confronted with Mystery, or something whose causes are still unknown, he wonders why? What is your personal philosophy in life? “WONDER is the beginning of WISDOM”  3 Branches of Ethics Meta-ethics Normative Ethics Applied Ethics  01 Meta Ethics The study of nature of ethical language. two contrasting views about the nature of moral statements and their truth- values. Non- Cognitivis Cognitivis m m Moral statements are like Moral statements are like facts and can be true or opinions, commands, or false. feelings and can’t be true or false. Examples of Cognitivism: Moral Realism If we say, "murder is wrong," a 1 (Objective Facts) moral realist would argue that this is true because there is an Moral realism holds that moral objective moral fact about the judgments are true or false based on wrongness of murder, regardless objective moral facts that exist of what anyone thinks. independently of human beliefs or feelings. These facts are like scientific facts—real and discoverable. Examples of Cognitivism: Moral Constructivism The statement "keeping promises 2 (Constructed Facts) is good" might be true because, through social contracts or Moral constructivism suggests that agreements, we construct the moral truths are not found but value of promise-keeping as constructed through rational processes, essential to trust and cooperation. social agreements, or cultural practices. Examples of Cognitivism: Moral Relativism If someone says, "eating meat is 3 (Cultural or Personal Facts) wrong," a moral relativist might say this is true within a culture that Moral relativism holds that moral truths values animal rights highly, but not depend on the beliefs, practices, or in a culture where meat-eating is a norms of a particular culture or norm. individual. What is morally true in one context might not be in another. Examples of Cognitivism: Moral Naturalism The statement "helping others is 4 (Natural Facts) good" might be true because it promotes human well-being, Moral naturalism posits that moral truths which can be observed and are based on natural facts about the measured. world, such as facts about human well- being, flourishing, or social cooperation. Examples of Cognitivism: Divine Command Theory 5 (Theological Facts) The statement "lying is wrong" might be true because it is This theory holds that moral truths are commanded by a divine authority. grounded in the commands or will of a divine being. What is morally right or wrong is determined by what God (or gods) decrees. two contrasting views about the nature of moral statements and their truth- values. Non- Cognitivis Cognitivis m m Moral statements are like Moral statements are like facts and can be true or opinions, commands, or false. feelings and can’t be true or false. Examples of Non- Cognitivism: 1 Emotivism When you say something like "Cheating is wrong," emotivism Emotivism is a non-cognitivist theory claims you're really expressing that suggests moral statements are your personal dislike of cheating expressions of our emotions or feelings rather than stating a fact about it. rather than statements of fact. Examples of Non- Cognitivism: 2 Prescriptivism When you say, "You should help others," prescriptivism says you're Prescriptivism is another non-cognitivist giving a command or advice rather theory that suggests moral statements than stating a fact. function as commands or prescriptions rather than factual claims. They tell others what to do or how to behave.  Summary Emotivism: Moral statements show how you feel. Saying "Cheating is bad" is like shouting "I don’t like cheating!" It’s all about expressing emotions. Prescriptivism: Moral statements are like giving instructions. Saying "You should be honest" is like saying "Here’s how you should act." It’s about guiding behavior, not stating facts.  02 Normative The study of theories that work Ethics out moral action(utilitarianism, Natural Moral Law, etc.)  Examples of Normative Ethics 1. Consequentialism a. The rightness or wrongness of actions depends on their outcomes. Choose actions that produce the best results. i. Example: Deciding whether to donate money to a charity or spend it on a personal luxury. 1. Explanation: If donating money to a charity helps more people and creates greater overall happiness, consequentialism would support donating the money because it has the better outcome.  Examples of Normative Ethics 2. Deontology a. The rightness or wrongness of actions depends on following moral rules or duties, regardless of the outcomes. i. Example: Returning a lost wallet to its owner even if it means you must go out of your way. 1. Explanation: According to deontology, returning the wallet is the right thing to do because it follows the moral duty of honesty and respect for others’ property, no matter how inconvenient it is for you.  Examples of Normative Ethics 3. Virtue Ethics c. The rightness or wrongness of actions depends on whether they align with being a good person and developing good character traits. c. Example: Volunteering at a local shelter to help those in need. c. Explanation: Virtue ethics focuses on developing virtues like compassion and generosity. Volunteering is seen as good because it reflects the virtue of kindness and helps build a moral character.  Examples of Normative Ethics 4. Ethical Relativism 4. Moral standards are not universal but vary between cultures or individuals. What is considered right or wrong depends on cultural or personal beliefs. 4. Example: Different cultures have different practices for greeting others, such as bowing in Japan and shaking hands in the U.S. c. Explanation: Ethical relativism accepts that there is no single right way to greet people; what’s considered appropriate varies by culture. This view respects diverse cultural practices without imposing a universal standard.  Examples of Normative Ethics 5. Contractualism 5. Moral principles are based on agreements or social contracts that rational individuals would agree upon for mutual benefit. 5. Example: Agreeing on office rules for respectful communication. c. Explanation: Contractualism suggests that creating rules everyone agrees on, like being respectful at work, is moral because it’s based on a mutual agreement that benefits everyone involved.  Summary Consequentialism: Do what has the best results (e.g., donate money to help many people). Deontology: Follow moral rules or duties (e.g., return a lost wallet because it’s the right thing to do). Virtue Ethics: Act in ways that show good character (e.g., volunteer to show kindness). Ethical Relativism: Recognize that moral norms vary by culture or individual beliefs (e.g., different greeting practices in different cultures). Contractualism: Agree on rules that everyone can accept (e.g., setting fair workplace policies).  03 Applied Ethics The study of specific moral issues (abortion, euthanasia...etc.)  Examples of Applied Ethics 1. Medical Ethics Focuses on ethical issues in the medical field, including patient care, medical practices, and health policies. Example: Deciding whether to approve a patient's request for assisted suicide.  Explanation: Medical ethics involves considering principles like patient autonomy (the right to make decisions about one's own body) and the duty of healthcare providers to do no harm. The decision involves weighing these principles to determine what is ethically appropriate.  Examples of Applied Ethics 2. Business Ethics Deals with ethical issues in business practices, including how businesses should act and make decisions that impact employees, customers, and society. Example: A company choosing whether to pay fair wages to workers in developing countries. Explanation: Business ethics involves evaluating whether practices like paying fair wages align with moral principles of fairness and respect for workers, even if it might increase costs for the company.  Examples of Applied Ethics 3. Environmental Ethics Focuses on the moral relationship between humans and the environment, including issues like conservation, sustainability, and animal rights. Example: Deciding whether to build a new factory in a protected natural area. Explanation: Environmental ethics involves considering the impact of human activities on the environment, such as the potential harm to wildlife and natural habitats, and whether it’s morally acceptable to proceed with the development.  Examples of Applied Ethics 4. Bioethics Addresses ethical issues related to biological and medical research, including genetics, cloning, and the use of biological technologies. Example: Evaluating the ethics of genetic modification in humans. Explanation: Bioethics involves assessing the moral implications of advancing technologies like gene editing, considering both potential benefits and risks to individuals and society.  Examples of Applied Ethics 5. Legal Ethics Focuses on ethical issues in the practice of law, including how legal professionals should conduct themselves and handle cases. 4. Example: A lawyer deciding whether to disclose confidential information about a client. Explanation: Legal ethics involves balancing the duty to maintain client confidentiality with other ethical obligations, such as preventing harm or adhering to legal requirements.  Examples of Applied Ethics 6. Technology Ethics Examines ethical issues related to the use of technology, including privacy, cybersecurity, and the social impact of technological advancements. Example: Deciding how to handle user data collected by an app. Explanation: Technology ethics involves evaluating whether the collection and use of personal data respect users' privacy and consent, and how to ensure data security and responsible use.  Summary Medical Ethics: Deals with right and wrong in healthcare (e.g., should we allow assisted suicide?). Business Ethics: Deals with right and wrong in business practices (e.g., should companies pay fair wages?). Environmental Ethics: Deals with right and wrong in relation to nature (e.g., should we build on protected land?). Bioethics: Deals with right and wrong in biological research (e.g., is genetic modification ethical?). Legal Ethics: Deals with right and wrong in the practice of law (e.g., should lawyers keep client secrets?). Technology Ethics: Deals with right and wrong in using technology (e.g., how should user data be protected?). INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS GE 6 | Ethics - Week 2 Why do you need to study ethics as a subject in college? People like to think that their traditions are already clear and unquestionable to serve as basis for how they should act. Tradition - a way of behaving or a belief that has been established for a long time, or the practice of following behavior and beliefs that have been so established Reference: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tradition Culture is a system of codes that gives the world meaning and shapes to the behavior of people. It also determines proper behavior. Culture refers to the sets of values and ideals that we understand to define morality, good and evil, appropriate and inappropriate. Pampanga penitents Polygamy in the Philippines (Muslim) Courtship in the Philippines Whose conception of the good is “the good”?  Rig ht Good What is Ethics?  What is Ethics? The word "ethics" is derived from the Greek word ethos (character), and from the Latin word mores (customs). In the legal context, ethics defines how individuals choose to interact with one another.  What is Ethics? In philosophy, ethics defines what is good for the individual and for society and establishes the nature of duties that people owe themselves and one another. Reference: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/ethics  What is Ethics? a set of moral principles : a theory or system of moral values Reference: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic  Why it is easier to do evil than to do good? Ethical questions arise when human beings intuit that their actions must authentically fullfill their freedom in response to a ground of authentic human existence. Examples Eating Buying Voting Talking Great Philosophers (Greece) Pythagoras Socrates Plato Aristotle Plato - proverbial statements “Know yourself” and “An unexamined life is not worth living” Plato - enhanced the ethical orientation of philosophy by presenting on human life struggle to live more thoughtfully; that is to live according to certain idea or form of what is life ought to be. Aristotle - discussed the necessity of finding one’s purpose and practicing moderation in life if one has to achieve eudaimonia or hapiness. Morality vs. Ethics Many people think of morality as something that’s personal and normative, whereas ethics is the standards of “good and bad” distinguished by a certain community or social setting. Reference: https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference- between-morality-and-ethics  It is possible for a person to be moral but not ethical or ethical but not moral? Example: Your local community may think adultery is immoral, and you personally may agree with that. However, the distinction can be useful if your local community has no strong feelings about adultery, but you consider adultery immoral on a personal level. By these definitions of the terms, your morality would contradict the ethics of your community. In popular discourse, however, we’ll often use the terms moral and immoral when talking about issues like adultery regardless of whether it’s being discussed in a personal or in a community-based situation. Reference: https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference- between-morality-and-ethics  Why is ethics important in the 21st century? Ethics will play an important role in this century if public sector leaders are to find solutions for the challenges that lie ahead. Values-based leadership is a framework to provide an environment that will raise the ethical bar by bringing clarity to what is important and creating a stronger, more ethical culture. Reference: https://switzeronleadership.com/published-articles/role-ethics- 21st-century-call-values-based-leadership/ POLITICS AND SOCIETY GROUP 2  GROUP MEMBERS AIVAN RECHILLE RICA GILYN  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the concept of Politics Determine the relationship between Ethics and Politics Identify the importance of Ethics and Society. Evaluate the relationship between Ethics and Society.  WHAT IS ETHICS? Ethics are standards of moral conduct that individuals and group set for themselves. Define what is right and wrong How things should be handled Defines character traits/life standards ETHICS AND POLITICS WHAT IS POLITICS POLITICS Derived from the Greek word "polis" or city state Meaning, Political community whose membership is restricted mainly to its citizens. Aristotle Described human being as a political animals. Introduced ethics and politics in Nicomachean ethics (book). Plato Mentor of Aristotle explored ethics and politics in his book republic. Stated that those who rule must wisely and well. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND POLITICS * Ethics is taken up in school. * To help student to understand. themselves and guide the to live life well. * A well-lived is fulfilment. * To achieve/sustain fulfilment is the task of politics. SOLIDARITY- Cannotes inclusion, participation and recognition. DISCRIMINATION- disqualification of an individual from his or her ETHICS AND SOCIETY WHAT IS SOCIETY Is defined as a community where individuals can pursue their personal and communal well-being. And sharing common customs, traditions, and institutions, and interacting with each other in a political and social context. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND SOCIETY Ethics provide the moral framework that guides individual behavior and societal interactions and society is one that fosters and secures a way of life that allows each citizen to experience freedom and fulfillment, WHY ETHICS IS IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY Ethics serve as a guide to moral daily living and helps us judge whether our behavior can be justified. Ethics refers to society’s sense of the right way of living our daily lives. HOW DOES ETHICS AFFECT OUR SOCIETY society based on ethical principles can foster a more inclusive and compassionate environment for all individuals, regardless of their cultural or ethnic backgrounds. By emphasizing the needs for empathy and understanding for others. WHAT IS SOCIAL APPLICATION OF ETHICS Refers to the practical implementation of ethical principles and values in various social contexts, aiming to promote fairness, justice, and well- being for all members of society. POLITICAL SOCIETY This is used in different ways generally revolving around the process by which the interest and values of civil society are articulated and aggragated for action by government. FUNCTION OF POLITICAL IN THE SOCIETY Politics helps define who we are as a community, nation, or even global citizens. Through shared values, symbols, and narratives, that creates the rules and regulations that govern our lives. And also protecting individual freedoms and rights. THANK YOU.  Reference https://youtu.be/aruTH4StHU0?si=8IaB3w4y09xjLd66  ETHICS CRITICAL THINKING FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF SELF  GROUP 1 JENNY CAROLYN ALYANAH  Learning Targets Identify the Nine Elements of 01 Critical Thinking. Differentiate Critical Thinking 02 from Ordinary Thinking Relate Self- Cultivation from 03 Ethical Responsibility  Report Contents 01 02 03 04 Critical Thinking Formation of Self Understanding the Philosophical Ethics self Nine Elements of Transformation of Cognitive Personal Ethics Critical Thinking Self Development Ordinary Thinking Interrelation Stages of Moral Moral Philisophy Development Key Aspects of Self-Cultivation Three Major Ordinary Thinking Heinz Dilemma Divisions of Ethical Difference Between a Ethical Honneth’s Spheres Philosophy Critical Thinker and Responsibility of Recognition an Ordinary Thinker What is CRITICAL THINKING? Critical thinking is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in a clear, rational, and logical manner. It involves questioning assumptions, identifying biases, considering alternative perspectives, and making well- informed decisions based on evidence and reasoning rather than emotion or anecdote.  Ethics & Critical Thinking  Nine Elements of CRITICAL THINKING  1. CLARITY It means ensuring that your thoughts, questions, and arguments are clear and easy to understand. To make certain that the meaning of your words can’t be lost or misinterpreted. 2. PRESICION It means providing details that are exact and specific. It involves the avoidance of using vague words  3. ACCURACY It means making sure that the information you use or present is true, correct, and free from errors. 4. RELEVANCE It means ensuring that the information or arguments you consider are directly related to the issue or question at hand. To keep the focus on what truly matters.  5. DEPTH It means looking beyond the surface of an issue to understand the complexities and underlying factors. It involves recognizing and addressing the nuances of a problem. 6. BREADTH It means considering multiple perspectives and alternatives. It is to ensure that you are not overlooking other viewpoints or potential solutions.  7. LOGIC It means ensuring that your reasoning makes sense and that your conclusions follow logically from the evidence and premises, free from contradictions. 8. SIGNIFICANCE It means focusing on the most important information or issues, rather than getting distracted by trivial details. It helps prioritize what matters most in a discussion or decision.  9. FAIRNESS It means being objective, open-minded, and impartial in your thinking. It involves treating all viewpoints equally without letting personal biases influence your judgment. In essence, Critical Thinking helps individuals make reasoned judgments that are well thought out and not influenced by personal biases or unfounded assumptions. ORDINARY THINKING What is ORDINARY THINKING? Ordinary thinking refers to the day-to-day, habitual way of processing information and making decisions without the deliberate, analytical effort that characterizes critical thinking. It requires little to no effort, most of the time it is reflexive, simply recalling past impressions or experiences and applying them to current stimuli.  Key Aspects of ORDINARY THINKING  1. ROUTINE RESPONSES It means reacting to situations based on past experiences, habits, or societal norms rather than careful analysis. 2. SURFACE LEVEL UNDERSTANDING Taking things at face value without questioning deeper meanings or underlying assumptions. 5. UNEXAMINED ASSUMPTIONS Accepting information or beliefs without challenging their validity or considering alternatives. 6. AUTOMATIC THINKING Relying on intuition or gut feelings rather than reflective reasoning. 7. BIAS AND PREJUDICE Allowing personal biases or emotions to influence thoughts and decisions, often unconsciously.  What’s the difference between a CRITICAL THINKER and an ORDINARY THINKER ? a CRITICAL while an ORDINARY THINKER is: THINKER is: Analytical Routine-based Curious Accepting Logical Subjective Reflective Unreflective Deliberate Quick to Judge In summary, Critical Thinkers engage in a more thoughtful, rigorous, and reflective process. Whereas, Ordinary Thinkers tend to rely on automatic, surface-level thinking that may not fully address the complexities of a situation. In summary, Critical Thinkers engage in a more thoughtful, rigorous, and reflective process. Whereas, Ordinary Thinkers tend to rely on automatic, surface-level thinking that may not fully address the complexities of a situation.  Application to ETHICS Critical Thinkers: They are more likely to arrive at ethical decisions that are well-reasoned, fair, and consistent with moral principles, even in complex or ambiguous situations. Their approach promotes integrity and a deeper understanding of ethical issues.  Application to ETHICS Ordinary Thinkers: They may arrive at ethical decisions that are more influenced by social norms, personal biases, or emotions, potentially leading to decisions that are less just or well- considered. Their approach may lack depth and may not fully address the complexities of moral issues.  FORMATION and TRANSFORMATION of Self  What is the FORMATION OF SELF?  Initial Development The formation of the self begins early in life, influenced by factors such as: Family Culture Education Experiences It is the process through which a person develops their basic sense of identity, including their beliefs, values, and roles in society.  Influences During the formation stage, individuals are shaped by external influences such as: Parents Peers Teachers Societal Norms These influences contribute to the development of a person’s worldview, personality, and behavior patterns  Identity Construction This stage involves constructing a self-concept, which includes how individuals see themselves and how they believe others perceive them. It’s about understanding one’s strengths, weaknesses, desires, and goals.  Stability The formation of the self generally involves establishing a relatively stable identity. This identity may include aspects such as a person’s career, relationships, values, and personal goals.  What is the TRANSFORMATION OF SELF?  Change and Growth The transformation of the self refers to a deeper, often more intentional process of change that occurs after the initial formation. It involves re-evaluating and sometimes fundamentally altering one’s beliefs, values, behaviors, and identity.  Triggering Events Transformation is often triggered by significant life events, challenges, or periods of introspection that prompt an individual to question their current self-concept. These could include experiences like loss, trauma, success, or spiritual awakening.  Re-Evaluation In the transformation process, individuals critically assess their previous beliefs and behaviors, recognizing what no longer serves them. They might adopt new perspectives, develop new skills, and change their way of relating to themselves and others. Formation and Transformation of Self The concepts of "formation" and "transformation" of the self refers to the processes through which a person develops their identity, beliefs, values, and behaviors over time. While they are related, they represent different stages or aspects of personal growth and development.  Authenticity Transformation often leads to a more authentic self, where individuals align more closely with their true values and desires rather than those imposed by external influences. It is a move towards greater self-awareness, self- acceptance, and purpose.  On-Going Process Unlike formation, which can result in a relatively stable identity, transformation is often an ongoing process. As individuals continue to grow and evolve, they may undergo multiple transformations throughout their lives. Interrelation Between FORMATION and TRANSFORMATION of Self Formation is FOUNDATIONAL: The formation of the self provides the initial structure and framework upon which transformation can occur. Without a formed identity, transformation might lack direction or purpose. Transformation REFINES and REDEFINES: While formation creates the self, transformation refines or even redefines it. Transformation allows individuals to move beyond their initial identity to a more evolved and self-aware version of themselves. Individuals who undergo Self-Transformation may turn to Self-Cultivation to refine and stabilize their new identity or worldview, ensuring that their transformation leads to sustained growth and improvement. What is SELF-CULTIVATION? It refers to the ongoing, intentional process of improving oneself—morally, intellectually, emotionally, and spiritually. It emphasizes the development of virtues such as honesty, compassion, integrity, courage, and humility. It is a lifelong process, where individuals strive to become better versions of themselves by reflecting on their actions, learning from their experiences, and making conscious efforts to improve their character. What is Ethical Responsibility? It refers to the duty to act in ways that are morally right, fair, and just. It is rooted in the recognition of one’s duty to respect the rights and dignity of others, to contribute to the common good, and to avoid causing harm. It means being accountable for one’s actions, understanding the consequences of those actions, and making amends when necessary. Self-Cultivation and Ethical Responsibility are deeply interconnected, as the process of cultivating oneself inherently involves developing the qualities and virtues that enable a person to act ethically and responsibly in various aspects of life. As individuals cultivate qualities like honesty, empathy, and fairness, they become more capable of fulfilling their ethical responsibilities in a meaningful and consistent manner. SELF-CULTIVATION and ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY are mutually reinforcing. The process of cultivating oneself—through the development of virtues, self-awareness, and alignment with one’s values— naturally leads to a stronger sense of ethical responsibility. In turn, fulfilling ethical responsibilities further promotes self- cultivation by challenging individuals to continually improve and act in ways that are just, compassionate, and morally sound. Understanding the self Plato who introduced the maxim “ Know thy self “,there are Eastern philosophical traditions which placed high regards for understanding the self such as China and India. Greek called the self “PSUCHE” Anima or soul for medieval masters. Mind for the modern thinkers. In this new science, it is called psychology.  SIGMUND FREUD Austrian neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis He created psychoanalysis to treat psychopathology. ID “pleasure principle” Drives instinct/urges/fantasies that are primarily sexual/aggressive, present at infancy to seek immediate satisfaction. Says “I WANT” EGO “reality principle” The rational/abstract mind, and logical. The ego uses defense mechanisms and adaptation to resolve internal conflicts. Says “I Think/Evaluate” SUPEREGO “moral principle” Regulated by guilty conscious and morals. Aims for perfection or compromise. Says “I Should/Ought”  JEAN PIAGET Swiss psychologist who was the first to make a systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in children. He is thought by many to have been the major figure in 20th- century developmental psychology. LAWRENCE KOHLBERG American psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development.  Moral Development Moral development is the process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong (morality) and engage in reasoning between the two (moral reasoning). STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level 1. Preconventional Morality It is the earliest period of moral development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children's decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences of breaking the rules. There are two stages within this level: STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) The earliest stages of moral development, obedience and punishment are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange) At the individualism and exchange stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. Reciprocity is possible at this point in moral development, but only if it serves one's own interests. STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level 2. Conventional Morality The next period of moral development is marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society. STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships) Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of the interpersonal relationship of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence relationship Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order) This stage is focused on ensuring that social order is maintained. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority. STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level 3. Postconventional Morality At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality. The two stages at this level are: STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights) The ideas of a social contract and individual rights cause people in the next stage to begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Stage 6 (Universal Principles) Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.  HEINZ DILEMMA In this scenario, a woman has cancer and her doctors believe only one drug might save her. This drug had been discovered by a local pharmacist and he was able to make it for $200 per dose and sell it for $2,000 per dose. The woman's husband, Heinz, could only raise $1,000 to buy the drug. He tried to negotiate with the pharmacist for a lower price or to be extended credit to pay for it over time. But the pharmacist refused to sell it for any less or to accept partial payments. Rebuffed, Heinz instead broke into the pharmacy and stole the drug to save his wife. Kohlberg asked, "Should the husband have done that?"  AXEL HONNETH A German Philosopher describes humans as beings that constantly seek recognition. In his famous theory of recognition, he argues that recognition is necessary for how we humans maintain a good relationship with ourselves, and for how we develop our identity.  Self and PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS Philosophical ethics refers to the systematic study of moral values and principles, and how they apply to individual and collective behavior. It examines the nature of ethics, the principles that guide ethical behavior, and the methods for making ethical decisions. PERSONAL ETHICS Personal ethics refer to the moral principles and values that guide an individual's behavior, decision-making, and actions in their personal and professional life. Personal ethics are unique to each individual and are shaped by their beliefs, experiences, and cultural background. They help individuals make choices that align with their values, principles, and sense of what is right and wrong. MORAL PHILOSOPHY Moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of morality, moral values, and principles. It examines questions such as what is right and wrong, what is good and bad, and how we should live our lives. Three Major Divisions of ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY  1. VIRTUE ETHICS Virtue Ethics focuses on the character and virtues of a person rather than specific actions. It suggests that being a good person with good habits (virtues) will naturally lead to good actions.  2. DEONTOLOGY Deontology is about following rules or duties. It argues that certain actions are right or wrong based on a set of rules, regardless of the consequences.  3. CONSEQUENTIALISM Consequentialism judges whether something is right or wrong based on the outcome. The best action is the one that produces the best overall results.  THANKS FOR LISTENING !