Ethics Chapter 1 PDF

**Meta-Ethics** **[Realism]** is independent of perceivers and argues that morality is objective, hence it can be right or wrong. **[Intuitionism]** argues that moral decisions can be true or false independent of the person making them. They are self-evident, therefore we do not need any justifica...

**Meta-Ethics** **[Realism]** is independent of perceivers and argues that morality is objective, hence it can be right or wrong. **[Intuitionism]** argues that moral decisions can be true or false independent of the person making them. They are self-evident, therefore we do not need any justifications or proof. They are obvious, and standardized, hence we can compare them to universal truths. **[Naturalism]**: The moral facts or properties are not simple and can always be affected by factors like needs, wants, and pleasure. Since they are more complex and are not always obvious, we must investigate them. Naturalism believes that moral facts can be both true and false, hence morality is objective. **[Subjectivism]** in meta-ethics is a theory that argues that moral judgments are based on individual feelings, preferences, or attitudes rather than objective truths. **[Relativism]**: Relativism is subjectivism at the social and cultural level. It argues that society determines what is considered morally right and wrong and moral standards vary across different societies, regions, and historical periods. **[Non-cognitivism]** claims that moral statements express feelings or opinions, not facts, so they can\'t be true or false. **[Cognitivism:]** says that moral statements can be true or false and that they are real moral facts. (objective). **Conclusion:** **Objectivistic** or objective ka matlab hy k koi bhi chez aek hakikat hy, jesy k hamary laws. Murder krna ki saza hy or hamn us sy nijat nhi mily gy chahy hamary jo bhi apny views hn or hamary mutabiq wo kitna hy durust nah ho. **Subjectivism** sy murad hy k wo chez mehnz ham tk mahdood hy. Hamary views or opinions hn, hamary imagination. Jesy k hamara dosron ko treat krna, jhoot bolna, wada torna, kherat krna Jab yh chez society tk a jae to us ka matlab hy k, gae ki poja krna, rozy rakhna, chritmas manana etc. **Normative** **[Consequentialism]** argues that the consequences of action determine if it is right or wrong. - utilitarianism: if the action benefits a larger number. - egoism: if the actions benefit the agent. - altruism: If the actions benefit others even if it means they are not favorable to the agent. **[Deontology]**: Deontology is an ethical theory that says actions are right or wrong based on rules and duties, not on their outcomes. It emphasizes doing what's morally right, regardless of the consequences. **[Virtue theory:]** Virtue Theory is an ethical approach that emphasizes developing good character traits, like honesty and kindness. It focuses on being a good person and acting according to those virtues rather than just following rules or worrying about outcomes. **Conclusion** - Consequentialism is about results. - Deontology is about duty. - Virtue is about character.