ESW Summary (1) PDF

ESW!Summary!! ! History!dates!timeline:! 5! 43!CE:!Roman!Invasion! 5! 430!CE:!Anglo5Saxon!Invasion! 5! 865!CE:!First!Viking!Invasions! 5! 1066!CE:!Battle!of!Hastings! 5! 1215!CE:!Magna!Carta! 5! 1337!CE:!Start!Hundred!Years’!war! 5! 1348!CE:!Black!Death! 5! 1455!CE:!War!of!the!Roses! 5! 1492!CE:!“Discovery”!of!the!Americas! 5! 1534!CE:!Establishment!Church!of!England! 5! 1620!CE:!Puritan!colonization!of!America! 5! 1760!CE:!Start!Industrial!Revolution! 5! 1776!CE:!American!Declaration!of!Independence! 5! 1789!CE:!French!Revolution! 5! 1815!CE:!Battle!of!Waterloo! 5! 1837!CE:!Start!reign!Queen!Victoria! 5! 1861!CE:!Start!American!Civil!War! 5! 1914!CE:!Start!WWI! 5! 1929!CE:!Wall!Street!crash!(a.k.a.!Black!Tuesday)! 5! 1940!CE:!Start!WWII! 5! 1945!CE:!First!detonation!nuclear!device! 5! 1947!CE:!Independence!of!India!and!Pakistan! 5! 1962!CE:!Cuban!Missile!Crisis! 5! 1979!CE:!Election!Thatcher!as!PM! 5! 2013!CE:!Completion!Freedom!Tower! ! ! 43#CE:#Roman#Invasion## ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1! ! 430#CE:#Anglo4Saxon#Invasion# In!430!CE,!the!Anglo5Saxon!invasion!refers!to!the!arrival!of!Germanic!tribes!from!regions! such!as!modern5day!Denmark!and!Germany,!known!as!the!Anglo5Saxons,!to!Britain.! These!tribes!gradually!migrated!and!settled!in!various!parts!of!Britain,!displacing!the! Romano5British!population!and!establishing!their!own!kingdoms.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 865#CE:#First#Viking#Invasions# ! ! ! 1066#CE:#Battle#of#Hastings# ! At!the!Battle!of!Hastings!on!October!14,!1066,!King!Harold!II!of!England!was!defeated!by!the! invading!Norman!forces!of!William!the!Conqueror.!By!the!end!of!the!bloody,!all5day!battle,! Harold!was!dead!and!his!forces!were!destroyed.!Harold!was!the!last!Anglo5Saxon!king!of! England,!and!the!battle!changed!the!course!of!history!and!established!the!French5speaking! Normans!as!the!new!rulers!of!England,!which!in!turn!brought!about!a!significant!cultural,! economic!and!military!transformation,!and!helped!to!create!the!modern!English!language.! ! 2! ! 1215#CE:#Magna#Carta# Magna!Carta!was!issued!in!June!1215!and!was!the!first!document!to!put!into!writing!the! principle!that!the!king!and!his!government!was!not!above!the!law.!It!sought!to!prevent! the!king!from!exploiting!his!power,!and!placed!limits!of!royal!authority!by!establishing!law! as!a!power!in!itself.! ! ! 1337#CE:#Start#Hundred#Years’#war# The!Hundred!Years'!War!was!a!conflict!between!the!monarchs!of!France!and!England.! Starting!in!1337!and!not!finally!ended!until!1453,!the!war!lasted!for!116!years,!albeit!not! with!continuous!fighting!but!also!long!periods!of!peace!included.!The!name!we!use!today! for!the!war!was!only!coined!in!the!19th!century.!The!Hundred!Years'!War!is!traditionally! divided!into!three!phases!for!the!purposes!of!study!and!to!reflect!the!important!periods!of! peace!between!the!two!countries:! !!!!!!!!!!!!5The!Edwardian!War!(133751360)!after!Edward!III!of!England! 5The!Caroline!War!(136951389)!after!Charles!V!of!France.! 5The!Lancastrian!War!(141551453)!after!the!royal!house!of!England,!the!Lancasters.! ! ! 1348#CE:#Black#Death# The!catastrophic!plague!known!as!the!Black!Death!hit!Europe!in!1348!and!swept! through!the!continent!rapidly.!It!would!eventually!kill!between!a!third!and!half!of!the! population.!These!huge!death!tolls!sparked!off!a!chain!of!events!that!would!change!the! position!of!the!peasant!in!England!forever.!Because!so!many!had!died,!there!were!far! fewer!people!to!work!the!land:!peasants!were!therefore!able!to!demand!better!conditions! and!higher!wages!from!their!landlords.!Many!advanced!to!higher!positions!in!society.! ! ! 1455#CE:#War#of#the#Roses# Series!of!dynastic!civil!wars!between!the!houses!of!Lancaster!and!York!for!the!English! throne.!The!wars!were!named!for!the!emblems!of!the!two!houses,!the!white!rose!of!York! and!the!red!of!Lancaster.!Both!claimed!the!throne!through!descent!from!Edward!III.! Lancastrians!held!the!throne!from!1399,!but!the!country!fell!into!a!state!of!near!anarchy! during!the!reign!of!Henry!VI,!and!during!one!of!Henry’s!bouts!with!madness!in!1453!the! duke!of!York!was!declared!protector!of!the!realm.! ! ! ! ! ! 3! ! 1492#CE:#“Discovery”#of#the#Americas# the!"Discovery"!of!the!Americas!refers!to!the!arrival!of!Christopher!Columbus!in!the! Americas,!marking!a!significant!historical!event.!Columbus,!sailing!under!the! sponsorship!of!Spain,!reached!the!Caribbean!islands!and!subsequently!explored!parts! of!present5day!Central!and!South!America,!believing!he!had!reached!Asia.!This!event!is! commonly!referred!to!as!the!"Discovery"!of!the!Americas!because!it!initiated!widespread! European!exploration,!colonization,!and!subsequent!interactions!between!Europe!and! the!indigenous!peoples!of!the!Americas.!The!year!1492!is!often!seen!as!a!turning!point! in!history,!leading!to!the!Columbian!Exchange,!the!establishment!of!European!colonies,! and!the!eventual!colonization!and!transformation!of!the!Americas!by!European!powers.! ! ! 1534#CE:#Establishment#Church#of#England# This!event!occurred!during!the!reign!of!King!Henry!VIII!of!England.!Seeking!a!divorce! from!his!first!wife,!Catherine!of!Aragon,!and!wanting!to!assert!his!authority!over!the! English!church,!Henry!VIII!broke!away!from!the!authority!of!the!Pope!in!Rome.!The!Act! of!Supremacy,!passed!by!the!English!Parliament,!declared!the!King!as!the!supreme! head!of!the!Church!of!England,!effectively!establishing!it!as!a!separate!entity!from!the! Roman!Catholic!Church.!This!marked!the!beginning!of!the!English!Reformation!and!had! significant!religious,!political,!and!cultural!implications!for!England!and!its!relationship! with!the!Roman!Catholic!Church.! ! ! 1620#CE:#Puritan#colonization#of#America# This!refers!to!the!arrival!of!a!group!of!English!Puritans,!known!as!the!Pilgrims,!to!the! shores!of!present5day!Massachusetts.!Seeking!religious!freedom!and!the!ability!to! practice!their!faith!without!persecution,!the!Pilgrims!established!the!Plymouth!Colony.! The!Pilgrims!played!a!significant!role!in!the!early!settlement!of!New!England!and!their! principles!of!religious!liberty!and!self5governance!had!a!lasting!impact!on!the! development!of!American!society.!Their!arrival!is!often!associated!with!the!founding!of! the!first!successful!English!colony!in!New!England!and!the!subsequent!migration!of! other!Puritan!groups!to!America,!contributing!to!the!diverse!religious!landscape!of!the! United!States.! ! ! 1760#CE:#Start#Industrial#Revolution# The!Industrial!Revolution!originated!in!Great!Britain!and!gradually!spread!to!other!parts! of!the!world.!It!was!characterized!by!the!mechanization!of!production,!the!introduction!of! new!technologies,!and!the!transformation!from!agrarian5based!economies!to! industrialized!ones.!Inventions!such!as!the!steam!engine,!textile!machinery,!and!the! development!of!factories!revolutionized!manufacturing!processes!and!increased! productivity.!This!period!saw!rapid!urbanization,!the!rise!of!the!factory!system,!and! significant!changes!in!social!and!economic!structures.!The!Industrial!Revolution!had!far5 reaching!effects!on!various!aspects!of!society,!including!the!economy,!labor!practices,! living!conditions,!and!the!overall!trajectory!of!human!history.! ! ! ! 4! ! 1776#CE:#American#Declaration#of#Independence# The!Declaration!of!Independence!was!a!document!written!by!a!committee!led!by! Thomas!Jefferson,!declaring!the!American!colonies'!independence!from!British!rule.!It! asserted!the!inherent!rights!of!individuals,!including!life,!liberty,!and!the!pursuit!of! happiness,!and!outlined!grievances!against!the!British!government.!The!Declaration!of! Independence!served!as!a!catalyst!for!the!American!Revolutionary!War,!which!ultimately! led!to!the!formation!of!the!United!States!of!America!as!an!independent!nation.!It!is! considered!a!foundational!document!in!American!history,!emphasizing!principles!of!self5 governance,!individual!rights,!and!the!consent!of!the!governed.! ! ! 1789#CE:#French#Revolution# The!French!Revolution!was!a!result!of!widespread!discontent!with!the!monarchy,! economic!inequality,!and!political!oppression.!The!revolution!saw!the!rise!of! revolutionary!ideals!such!as!liberty,!equality,!and!fraternity,!and!it!aimed!to!overthrow!the! monarchy!and!establish!a!republic.!The!revolution!witnessed!events!such!as!the! storming!of!the!Bastille,!the!Reign!of!Terror,!and!the!rise!of!Napoleon!Bonaparte.!It! brought!significant!changes!to!French!society,!including!the!abolition!of!feudalism,!the! establishment!of!a!new!legal!system,!and!the!spread!of!revolutionary!ideas!throughout! Europe.!The!French!Revolution!had!a!lasting!impact!on!global!history,!inspiring!other! revolutionary!movements!and!shaping!political!ideologies.! ! ! 1815#CE:#Battle#of#Waterloo# The!Battle!of!Waterloo!was!fought!near!the!town!of!Waterloo!in!present5day!Belgium!and! was!the!final!battle!of!the!Napoleonic!Wars.!It!was!fought!between!the!French!forces,!led! by!Napoleon!Bonaparte,!and!a!coalition!of!European!powers,!primarily!led!by!the!Duke! of!Wellington!and!the!Prussian!General!Gebhard!von!Blücher.!The!battle!resulted!in!a! decisive!victory!for!the!coalition!forces,!effectively!ending!Napoleon's!rule!and!his! attempt!to!regain!control!of!Europe.!The!Battle!of!Waterloo!had!far5reaching! consequences,!leading!to!the!restoration!of!monarchy!in!France,!the!reshaping!of! European!borders,!and!the!establishment!of!a!new!balance!of!power!in!Europe.! ! ! 1837#CE:#Start#reign#Queen#Victoria# Queen!Victoria!ascended!to!the!throne,!marking!the!beginning!of!her!reign!as!the!Queen! of!the!United!Kingdom!of!Great!Britain!and!Ireland.!Queen!Victoria's!reign,!known!as!the! Victorian!era,!lasted!until!1901!and!is!considered!one!of!the!most!significant!periods!in! British!history.!Her!reign!was!characterized!by!profound!social,!cultural,!and!political! changes.!The!Victorian!era!witnessed!advancements!in!industrialization,!urbanization,! and!the!expansion!of!the!British!Empire.!It!was!a!time!of!great!economic!growth!and! technological!progress,!with!innovations!such!as!the!steam!engine!and!the!development! of!railways!transforming!society!and!the!economy.!Queen!Victoria's!reign!also!saw! significant!social!reforms,!including!the!improvement!of!working!conditions,!the! expansion!of!education,!and!the!expansion!of!voting!rights.!The!Victorian!era!was! marked!by!a!strict!moral!code!and!a!focus!on!family!values.! ! ! 5! ! 1861#CE:#Start#American#Civil#War# The!American!Civil!War!was!fought!between!the!Northern!states!(known!as!the!Union)! and!the!Southern!states!(known!as!the!Confederacy)!primarily!over!the!issue!of!slavery.! The!Southern!states!seceded!from!the!Union!in!response!to!the!election!of!Abraham! Lincoln,!who!opposed!the!expansion!of!slavery.!The!war!lasted!for!four!years!and! resulted!in!significant!loss!of!life!and!widespread!devastation.!The!American!Civil!War! had!profound!implications!for!the!United!States,!including!the!abolition!of!slavery,!the! preservation!of!the!Union,!and!the!reshaping!of!the!nation's!political!and!social! landscape.!It!led!to!the!Emancipation!Proclamation,!which!declared!the!freedom!of! slaves!in!Confederate!territory,!and!ultimately,!the!passage!of!the!Thirteenth! Amendment,!which!abolished!slavery!throughout!the!United!States.!The!war!also! highlighted!the!importance!of!federal!authority!over!state!sovereignty!and!had!long5 lasting!effects!on!the!relationship!between!the!federal!government!and!individual!states! ! ! 1914#CE:#Start#WWI# marking!one!of!the!deadliest!and!most!significant!conflicts!in!human!history.!World!War! I,!also!known!as!the!Great!War,!was!a!global!conflict!primarily!centered!in!Europe.!It!was! triggered!by!the!assassination!of!Archduke!Franz!Ferdinand!of!Austria5Hungary!in!June! 1914.!The!war!involved!major!world!powers!and!their!alliances,!with!the!Central!Powers! consisting!of!Germany,!Austria5Hungary,!and!the!Ottoman!Empire,!and!the!Allied! Powers!consisting!of!France,!Russia,!the!United!Kingdom,!and!later!joined!by!the!United! States!and!other!nations.!World!War!I!was!characterized!by!trench!warfare,!new! technological!advancements!such!as!machine!guns!and!chemical!weapons,!and! massive!loss!of!life.!It!brought!about!significant!changes!in!warfare!strategies,!led!to!the! collapse!of!empires,!and!reshaped!the!geopolitical!landscape.!The!war!ended!in!1918! with!the!signing!of!the!armistice,!leading!to!the!Treaty!of!Versailles!in!1919.!The!war's! aftermath!had!far5reaching!consequences,!including!political!and!territorial!restructuring,! the!redrawing!of!national!boundaries,!and!the!seeds!of!future!conflicts.! ! ! 1929#CE:#Wall#Street#crash#(a.k.a.#Black#Tuesday)# the!Wall!Street!Crash!occurred,!marking!the!beginning!of!the!Great!Depression,!one!of! the!most!severe!economic!downturns!in!history.!The!Wall!Street!Crash,!also!known!as! Black!Tuesday,!refers!to!the!stock!market!crash!that!took!place!on!October!29,!1929,!in! New!York!City.!The!crash!was!triggered!by!a!combination!of!factors,!including!excessive! speculation,!overvalued!stocks,!and!widespread!panic!selling.!The!stock!market!collapse! had!a!domino!effect!on!the!economy,!leading!to!a!sharp!decline!in!industrial!production,! unemployment,!and!a!wave!of!bank!failures.!The!consequences!of!the!Wall!Street!Crash! were!devastating.!It!led!to!a!prolonged!period!of!economic!hardship!and!poverty!for! millions!of!people!around!the!world.!The!Great!Depression!had!far5reaching!effects!on! society,!politics,!and!international!relations,!contributing!to!the!rise!of!extremist! ideologies!and!fueling!social!unrest.! ! ! ! ! 6! ! 1940#CE:#Start#WWII# World!War!II!began,!marking!one!of!the!most!devastating!and!widespread!conflicts!in! history.!World!War!II!was!a!global!war!involving!many!nations!and!lasting!until!1945.!It! was!primarily!driven!by!the!aggressive!expansionist!policies!of!Nazi!Germany!under! Adolf!Hitler.!,!Germany!launched!its!Blitzkrieg!campaign!and!swiftly!conquered!several! European!countries,!including!Denmark,!Norway,!Belgium,!the!Netherlands,!and!France.! The!Battle!of!Britain!took!place!in!the!same!year,!where!the!Royal!Air!Force!successfully! defended!Britain!against!German!air!attacks.!World!War!II!involved!major!military! campaigns!across!Europe,!Africa,!Asia,!and!the!Pacific.!It!was!marked!by!significant! events!such!as!the!Holocaust,!the!bombing!of!Pearl!Harbor,!the!D5Day!invasion!of! Normandy,!the!Battle!of!Stalingrad,!and!the!atomic!bombings!of!Hiroshima!and! Nagasaki.!The!war!resulted!in!immense!loss!of!life,!extensive!destruction,!and! widespread!suffering.!It!brought!about!significant!geopolitical!changes,!the!fall!of!fascist! regimes,!the!emergence!of!the!United!States!and!the!Soviet!Union!as!superpowers,!and! the!establishment!of!new!international!organizations!such!as!the!United!Nations.! ! ! 1945#CE:#First#detonation#nuclear#device# This!event!is!commonly!referred!to!as!the!Trinity!Test.!It!took!place!on!July!16,!1945,!in! the!desert!of!New!Mexico,!United!States,!as!part!of!the!Manhattan!Project.!The! successful!detonation!of!the!nuclear!device,!code5named!"Trinity,"!demonstrated!the! feasibility!of!nuclear!weapons!and!ushered!in!the!atomic!age.!The!Trinity!Test!was!a! precursor!to!the!use!of!atomic!bombs!in!warfare!during!World!War!II.!Less!than!a!month! after!the!Trinity!Test,!the!United!States!dropped!atomic!bombs!on!the!Japanese!cities!of! Hiroshima!and!Nagasaki.!These!bombings!resulted!in!the!loss!of!hundreds!of!thousands! of!lives!and!had!a!profound!impact!on!the!outcome!of!World!War!II.!The!development! and!use!of!nuclear!weapons!during!this!period!raised!significant!moral,!ethical,!and! geopolitical!questions.!It!led!to!the!arms!race!between!the!United!States!and!the!Soviet! Union!during!the!Cold!War!era!and!prompted!efforts!to!prevent!the!proliferation!of! nuclear!weapons.! # ! 1947#CE:#Independence#of#India#and#Pakistan# The!independence!of!India!and!Pakistan!was!a!result!of!the!partition!of!British!India,! which!had!been!under!British!colonial!rule!for!nearly!two!centuries.!The!partition!was! based!on!religious!lines,!with!predominantly!Hindu5majority!areas!becoming!part!of! India,!and!predominantly!Muslim5majority!regions!forming!the!new!nation!of!Pakistan.! The!partition!was!accompanied!by!widespread!violence,!communal!riots,!and!mass! migrations,!resulting!in!the!displacement!of!millions!of!people!and!tragic!loss!of!life.!India! and!Pakistan!gained!their!independence!from!British!rule!on!August!15,!1947.!India! adopted!a!democratic!and!secular!system!of!governance,!while!Pakistan!adopted!an! Islamic!republic!model.!The!partition!had!a!lasting!impact!on!the!political,!social,!and! cultural!dynamics!of!the!region,!as!well!as!on!the!relationship!between!India!and! Pakistan.! ! ! ! 7! ! 1962#CE:#Cuban#Missile#Crisis# The!Cuban!Missile!Crisis!occurred,!representing!a!critical!moment!during!the!Cold!War! between!the!United!States!and!the!Soviet!Union.!The!Cuban!Missile!Crisis!was!a!135day! confrontation!that!began!when!the!United!States!discovered!Soviet!missile!installations! in!Cuba.!The!crisis!was!triggered!by!the!Soviet!Union's!decision!to!deploy!nuclear! missiles!in!Cuba,!which!was!seen!as!a!direct!threat!to!the!United!States.!The!presence! of!these!missiles!raised!fears!of!a!potential!nuclear!conflict!and!brought!the!world!to!the! brink!of!a!catastrophic!war.!The!Cuban!Missile!Crisis!was!a!watershed!moment!in!the! Cold!War,!as!it!highlighted!the!potential!for!nuclear!war!and!the!need!for!improved! communication!and!diplomatic!channels!between!the!superpowers.!It!served!as!a!wake5 up!call!for!both!sides,!leading!to!increased!efforts!to!establish!measures!for!arms!control! and!nuclear!non5proliferation.! ! ! 1979#CE:#Election#Thatcher#as#PM# Margaret!Thatcher!was!elected!as!the!Prime!Minister!of!the!United!Kingdom,!marking!a! significant!event!in!British!political!history.!Margaret!Thatcher,!often!referred!to!as!the! Iron!Lady,!became!the!first!female!Prime!Minister!of!the!UK!and!served!in!that!position! until!1990.!Thatcher's!election!as!Prime!Minister!represented!a!shift!towards! conservative!policies!and!marked!the!beginning!of!a!period!characterized!by!her! leadership!style!and!economic!reforms.!Her!government!implemented!a!series!of!free5 market!economic!policies,!known!as!Thatcherism,!which!aimed!to!reduce!state! intervention!in!the!economy,!privatize!industries,!deregulate!markets,!and!promote! individual!entrepreneurship.!Thatcher's!tenure!as!Prime!Minister!had!a!profound!impact! on!British!society!and!politics.!Her!policies!brought!about!significant!changes!in!the!UK's! economic!landscape!and!contributed!to!a!period!of!economic!growth.!However,!her! policies!also!led!to!social!and!economic!divisions,!and!her!government!faced!criticism!for! its!handling!of!labor!unions,!social!welfare,!and!the!widening!wealth!gap.! ! ! 2013#CE:#Completion#Freedom#Tower# The!construction!of!the!Freedom!Tower,!officially!known!as!One!World!Trade!Center,! was!completed!in!New!York!City,!United!States.!The!Freedom!Tower!is!a!symbolic!and! significant!structure!built!on!the!site!where!the!World!Trade!Center!twin!towers!once! stood!before!the!tragic!events!of!September!11,!2001.!The!completion!of!the!Freedom! Tower!was!a!momentous!milestone!in!the!rebuilding!and!revitalization!of!the!World! Trade!Center!site.!It!serves!as!a!tribute!to!the!lives!lost!in!the!9/11!attacks!and!stands!as! a!symbol!of!resilience,!strength,!and!hope.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8! IMPORTANT!DATES!IN!ENGLISH!SPEAKING!WORLDS!HISTORY!IN!RIGHT!ORDER:! ! ! Neolithic!period:!Approximately!3000!bCE! ! Celtic!migrations:!700!bCE! ! Roman!Invasion!of!Britain:!43!! ! Anglo5Saxon!Invasion!of!Britain:!400!! ! First!Viking!Invasions!of!Britain:!800! ! Battle!of!Hastings:!October!14,!1066!(William!the!Conqueror)! ! The!Anarchy:!113551153! ! House!of!Plantagenet:!11545!1485! ! Magna!Carta:!June!15,!1215!! ! Start!of!the!Hundred!Years'!War:!1337!! ! Black!Death:!1348!! ! House!of!Tudor:!140551603! ! War!of!the!Roses:!145551487!! ! "Discovery"!of!the!Americas:!1492!(Christopher!Columbus)! ! Renaissance!(time!period)!14th!–!17th!century!(peak!in!15th!–!16th)! ! King!Henry!VIII:!150951547! ! Reformation!16th!century! ! Establishment!of!the!Church!of!England!(Act!of!supremacy):!1534!! ! Reign!Queen!Elizabeth!1:!155851603! ! Puritan!colonization!of!America:!1620!(Mayflower!voyage)! ! English!Civil!War:!164251651! ! English!Common!Wealth:!164951660! ! English!Restoration:!1660! ! Settlement!of!Canada!by!the!Iroquois:!17th!century!! ! Settlement!of!Canada!by!the!French:!17th!century! ! Seven!Years’!War:!175651763! ! English!Conquest!of!Quebec:!1759! ! Enlightenment!time!period!late!17th!–!late!18th!century! ! Start!of!the!Industrial!Revolution:!1760!! ! American!Revolution:!176551983! ! American!Declaration!of!Independence:!July!4,!1776!! ! Establishment!of!the!New!South!Wales!colony!in!Australia:!1788! ! George!Washington:!178951797! ! French!Revolution:!178951799!! ! Romantic!literary!period!180051850! ! Battle!of!Waterloo:!June!18,!1815!! ! Start!of!Queen!Victoria's!reign:!June!20,!183751901! ! Abraham!Lincoln:!186151865! ! Start!of!the!American!Civil!War:!April!12,!1861!! ! Slavery!Abolished!USA:!1865! ! 9! ! Establishment!of!the!Canadian!Dominion:!1867! ! The!Boer!War:!1899! ! Start!of!World!War!I:!July!28,!1914!! ! Wall!Street!crash!(Black!Tuesday):!October!29,!1929!! ! The!Great!Depression:!192951939! ! Franklin!D.!Roosevelt:!193351945! ! Social!Security!Act:!1935! ! World!War!II:!September!1,!19395!1945! ! Pearl!Harbor:!1941! ! D5Day:!June!6!1944! ! First!detonation!of!a!nuclear!device!(The!Atomic!age):!1945!! ! Elizabeth!II:!195252022! ! Independence!of!India!and!Pakistan:!August!15,!1947!! ! Cuban!Missile!Crisis:!October!16528,!1962!! ! Election!of!Margaret!Thatcher!as!Prime!Minister:!May!4,!1979!! ! 9511:!2001! ! Completion!of!the!Freedom!Tower:!2013!CE! ! ! PP!Week!4:! What#Is#Cultural#Identity?#Nature#vs#Nurture# 5Cultural!identity!refers!to!the!sense!of!belonging!and!identification!with!a!particular!culture!or! group.!It!encompasses!the!shared!customs,!traditions,!beliefs,!values,!language,!and!behaviors! that!define!a!group!and!distinguish!it!from!others.!Cultural!identity!is!shaped!by!various!factors,! including!nationality,!ethnicity,!religion,!language,!geography,!historical!experiences,!and!social! norms.! What!does!it!mean!to!be!“English”! “Englishness”,!like!any!other!cultural,!identity,!is!an!invention,!a!collection!of!different!narratives.! ! Why#is#England#a#popular#destination#for#migrants#between#+/4#1000BC#–#1000CE?# 5! Good!temperature!for!agriculture! 5! Sufficient!rain! 5! Little5no!flooding! 5! Plenty!of!game!! 5! Forests!easily!cleared!for!agriculture!(grain)! 5! The!sea!is!the!“highway”!of!the!Middle!Ages!! (The!Middle!Ages,!also!known!as!the!medieval!period,!is!a!historical!era!that!spanned! approximately!from!the!5th!century!to!the!15th!century!in!Europe.!It!is!commonly!divided! into!three!main!periods:!the!Early!Middle!Ages!(also!known!as!the!Dark!Ages),!the!High! Middle!Ages,!and!the!Late!Middle!Ages.)! ! Timeline#Migration#patterns#Great#Britain#+#where#they#came#from:# 5! 3000!bCE!Neolithicum!=!Afrika/!middle!east! ! 10! 5! 700!bCE!Celts=!eastern!Europe!(Russia,!Ukraine,!etc)! 5! 43!CE!Romans=!Italie!! 5! 400!CE!Anglosaxons=!(!3!groups!Jutes=!Northern!Denmark,!Angles=!Southern! Denmark,!Saxons=!Germany)! 5! 800!CE!Vikings=!Norway,!Sweden! 5! 1066!CE!Normans=!France! ! Some#facts#about#the#Celts:# 5! The!ancestor!of!many!people!from!Scotland,!Wales!and!Ireland! 5! A!bronze5age!culture! 5! Early!priests!were!called!Druids! 5! Subjugated!by!the!Romans! 5! Church!brought!Christianity!to!the!ordinary!people! ! Roman#Britain#Heritage:# 5! Roads!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5Villas! 5! Towns!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5!Towns! 5! Administrative!system!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5!Comfortable!homes! 5! Farming!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5!Central!Heating! 5! Baths! Some#facts#about#the#Anglo4Saxons#(and#Jutes):# 5! Entered!Britain!when!the!Romans!left! 5! Fought!the!population!and!drove!them!to!the!furthest!edges!of!the!land! 5! Days!of!the!week!were!named!after!their!gods! 5! Established!the!Witan!! 5! Divided!the!country!into!shires!! 5! Augustine!preached!Christianity!to!them! 5! Edward!the!confessor!belonged!to!this!group! ! Some#facts#about#the#Vikings:# 5! Initially!they!destroyed!many!monasteries! 5! King!Alfred!held!out!against!them! 5! The!area!they!ruled!was!known!as!Danelaw! 5! They!were!a!nuisance!to!King!Ethelred! 5! King!Canute!belonged!to!this!group! 5! They!found!York!and!Dublin! ! Some#facts#about#the#Normans:# 5! Defeated!Harold!at!the!Battle!of!Hastings!1066! 5! Came!from!Normandy!! 5! Were!disliked!by!the!Godwinsons! 5! William!I!(the!conqueror)!crowned!on!Christmas!day!1066! 5! Were!descended!from!the!Vikings!(Norsemen)! ! ! 11! What#is#Beowulf:# Is!a!poem!that!combines!Anglosaxon!and!Viking!cultures.!It! suggests!a!coherent,!shared!cultural!identity!for!peoples!with!very! different!cultural!backgrounds!and!political!interests.! 5! Poem!(more!than!3000!lines)! 5! Composed!+/5!7th!–!10th!Century!! 5! Language:!Old!English!(Old5!Anglo5Saxon!–!(laagduits)!+!Old!Norse! 5! Heroic!narrative!of!concerning!the!deeds!of!a!Scandinavian!prince!called!Beowulf! 5! Written!in!England! 5! But!setting!events!is!Scandinavia! 5! In!a!‘Once!upon!a!time’!that!is!partly!historical.! Old#English=#Old#Saxon#(laagduits)#+#Old#Norse# 5! In!root!Germanic!language! 5! 8!cases!(note!the!much!longer!sentences!of!the!modern!English!translation)! 5! Similar!phonetic!properties!to!(old)!Frisian! 5! Strong!Old!Norse!influence!(e.g.!in!the!alphabet!and!words!that!have!to!do!with!violence! (knive>!knife)! ! English!Kings!and!Queens!in!order:! William!the!Conqueror!(106651087)! William!II!(108751100)! Henry!I!(110051135)! Stephen!(113551154)! Henry!II!(115451189)! Richard!I!(118951199)! John!(119951216)! Henry!III!(121651272)! Edward!I!(127251307)! Edward!II!(130751327)! Edward!III!(132751377)! Richard!II!(137751399)! Henry!IV!(139951413)! Henry!V!(141351422)! Henry!VI!(142251461,!147051471)! Edward!IV!(146151470,!147151483)! Edward!V!(1483)! Richard!III!(148351485)! Henry!VII!(148551509)! Henry!VIII!(150951547)! Edward!VI!(154751553)! Mary!I!(155351558)! Elizabeth!I!(155851603)! James!I!(160351625)! Charles!I!(162551649)! Commonwealth!Interregnum!(164951660)! Charles!II!(166051685)! James!II!(168551688)! William!III!and!Mary!II!(168951694)! William!III!(169451702)! Anne!(170251714)! ! 12! George!I!(171451727)! George!II!(172751760)! George!III!(176051820)! George!IV!(182051830)! William!IV!(183051837)! Victoria!(183751901)! Edward!VII!(190151910)! George!V!(191051936)! Edward!VIII!(1936)! George!VI!(193651952)! Elizabeth!II!(195252022)! Charles!III!(20225!present)! ! PP!week!5! ! ! The#Norman#Conquest:# 5! The!invasion!of!England!1066!by!William!of!Normady!begins!to!transform!England!from! a!“patchwork”!of!tiny!kingdoms!into!a!single!possesion!with!one!5military5!leader!(fuedal! system)! 5! After!a!few!decades,!all!Anglo5Saxon!nobility!have!been!replaced!with!Norman! aristocracy!who!owe!fealty!to!the!English/Norman!king.! 5! William!continues!to!make!claims!in!France!setting!up!protracted!conflicts!between! England!and!France,!setting!up!protracted!conflicts!between!England!and!France,!as! well!as!between!different!branches!of!his!family.! English#–#French#animosities:# 5! The!Anarchy!(113551153)! 5! House!of!Plantagenet!(11545!1485)! 5! Hundred!Years’!War!(133751453)! 5! War!of!the!Roses!(145551487)! 5! House!of!Tudor!(140551603)! ! 13! 5! PP!week!6! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # # # # # Roman#Catholic#vs#Protestant## ! ! 5! For!our!increasingly!securalized!society,!the!difference!between! being!a!Catholic!and!a!Protestant!might!seem!insignificant,!but!in! the!16th!century,!this!distinction!is!cause!for!culture!wars,!civil! wars,!actual!wars,!persecution,!violence!and!murder...! ! Why#did#King#Henry#VIII#establish#a#new#protestant#church,#the#Church#of#England:# 5! Money! 5! Divorce!.! Separation#of#State#and#Church:# 5! While!most!modern!nations!now!have!separated!church!and!state,!England!steadfastly! persists!with!declaring!the!monarch!“the!supreme!governor”!of!the!Church!of!England.! As!such,!the!monarch!and!Head!of!State!is!obliged!to!be!of!a!particular!faith.!! English#Civil#War#(164241651)# 5! Royalists!(Cavaliers)!vs.!Parliamentarians!(Roundheads)! 5! Who!is!in!control?!King!or!Parliament?! 5! Scotland!refused!to!adopt!Charles!of!England! 5! The!King!wants!to!quell!the!rebellion!but!needs!Parliament!to!help!pay!the!bill! 5! The!king!seemed!preoccupied!with!his!own!power,!rather!than!leading!the!people! ! 14! English#Common#Wealth#(164941660)# 5! The!U.K.’s!only!experiment!with!being!a!Republic! 5! Charles!I!executed! 5! Oliver!and!Richard!Cromwell! 5! The!U.K.!was!never!really!a!republic.!The!Cromwells!effectively!functioned!as!dictators! ! English#Restoration#(1660)# 5! Ends!the!U.K.’s!experiment!with!Republicanism! 5! Charles!II!becomes!Monarch!! 5! England,!Scotland!and!Ireland!reunited!under!one!banner.! ! PP!week!7! ! ! The#Enlightenment:# 5! Starts!in!the!late5!17th!century!(Newton,!Bacon,!Lock,!Descartes)! 5! Attempts!to!reform!society!using!reason! 5! Challenges!traditions,!faith,!supernaturalism!and!superstition! 5! Promotes!knowledge!through!scientific!method!(i.e.!using!empirical!data!and! measurable!evidence)! 5! Suggests!a!materialistic!and!mechanistic!universe!in!which!everything!in!nature!can!be! observed!and!rationalized.! Enlightenment!effects:! 5! Propelled!industrial!revolution! 5! Reformed!society!by:!using!reason,!challenging!faith!and!superstitions! 5! Belief!fuelled!American!&!French!revolutions! ! # ! 15! The#Industrial#Revolution## 5! Practical!applications!of!the!lessons!of!the!Enlightenment!(for!better!of!worse)! 5! Move!from!agriculture!to!an!industrial!society! 5! Country!side!less!and!less!important!! 5! Urbanization,!cheap!labour!for!factories! 5! Very!poor!working!conditions! 5! Child!labour! 5! Explosive!population!growth!! 5! Rise!in!5average5!income! 5! Birth!of!the!bourgeoisie! Romanticism:# 5! Intellectually!it!marked!a!violent!reaction!to!the!Enlightenment! 5! Politically!it!was!inspired!by!the!revolutions!in!America!and!France! 5! Emotionally!it!expressed!an!“extreme”!assertion!of!the!self!and!the!value!of!personal! experience.!The!stylistic!keynote!of!Romanticism!is!“intensity”!its!watchword!is! “imagination”,!and!its!topic!is!“nature”! ! The#French#Revolution#(178941799):# 5! Introduced!a!different!form!of!“technology”:!a!political!philosophy! that!suggested!equality!and!liberty!for!all.! 5! Initially!led!to!a!failed!experiment!with!Republicanism!and!quickly!dissolved!into!a! dictatorship!(remember!the!English!Civil!War?)! 5! Napoleonic!Wars!dictate!international!relationships,!including!England’s,!for!decades!to! come.! 5! Remember!Pride!and!Prejudice?!The!novel!is!set!during!the!Napoleonic!Wars.!Why! does!the!text!not!seem!concerned!for!its!wealthy,!land5owning!characters?! ! PP!week!8! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16! Some!“hard”!technologies!that!helped!to!maintain!the!British!Empire:! Navy:! 5! Started!by!Henry!VIII!and!Elizabeth!I!to!help!deter!the!Catholic5Spanish!Armada! 5! Further!expanded!under!Victoria! 5! Very!effective!at!protecting!overseas!interests! 5! Notice!that!almost!all!parts!of!the!empire!have!access!to!the!sea! Telegraph:! 5! Effective!use!of!the!lessons!learned!during!the!Industrial!Revolution! 5! Reduced!communication!time!from!weeks!to!days! 5! Centralized,!control,!bureaucracy!and!military!structure! 5! Allowed!for!the!expansion!of!the!stock!markets,!esp.!futures!trading! ! Some!“Soft”!technologies!that!helped!to!maintain!the!British!Empire:! Map5making!and!time5keeping:! 5! Who!gets!to!decide!which!part!of!the!glove!is!in!the!“center”! 5! What!projection!is!used?!3D!globes!don’t!fit!on!2D!paper,!so!certain!countries!must! appear!smaller!and!other!larger!than!they!actually!are! Social!Darwinism:! 5! Misappropriation!of!Darwin’s!theory!of!evolution!to!help!“explain”!that!the!British!are! superior!to!other!ethnicities!and!are!therefore!justified!–or!even!obliged5!to!control!other! peoples.! 5! Phrenology:!a!pseudo5science!that!measures!people’s!physical!features!–!usually!their! skulls5!to!“explain”!the!relative!superiority!or!inferiority!of!their!social!class,!national! identity!or!ethnicity.! Poetry! ! Toward!the!close!of!the!century!some!of!this!confidence!begins!to!dissipate,!besides!the!country! coming!to!a!close!and!the!end!of!Queen!Victoria’s!reign,!what!changes!occur!in!the!19th!century! that!question!certain!Victorian!certitudes”! 5! Darwin:!man’s!situation!not!special!in!the!eyes!of!god!but!a!random!accident!of! indifferent!nature! 5! Freud:!man!no!longer!the!conscious!agent!of!their!own!destiny!but!driven!by!strange,! shameful,!subconscious!desires! 5! Marx:!social!classes!no!longer!“natural”!and!merited!but!institutions!of!abuse!and!social! injustice! 5! Modernist:!broke!with!traditions!and!openly!experimented!with!new!gender!roles!and! sexual!mores!that!questioned!“traditional”!family!life.! ! Important#days/events#in#English#History#in#Order:# 5! 43!CE:!Roman!Invasion! 5! 430!CE:!Anglo5Saxon!Invasion! 5! 865!CE:!First!Viking!Invasions! 5! !William!the!conqueror/!Battle!of!Hastings!(1066)! 5! Signing!of!the!Magna!Carta!(1215)! ! 17! 5! 100!Years’!War!(133751453)! 5! Black!Death!(1348)! 5! Wars!of!Roses!(145551485)! 5! King!Henry!VIII!(150951547)! 5! Establishment!Church!of!England!(1534)! 5! Act!of!supremacy!(1534)! 5! Queen!Elizabeth!I!(155851603)! 5! English!Civil!War!(164251651)! 5! Queen!Victoria!(183751901)! 5! Elizabeth!II!(195252022)! Middle!Ages!(time!period)!5th!–!15th!century!(Early!MA!(5th!–!10th,!Middle!MA!11th!513th!,!Late!MA! (14th!–!15th)! Renaissance!(time!period)!14th!–!17th!century!(peak!in!15th!–!16th!)! Reformation!(16th!century)! Restoration!(1660)! Enlightenment!(time!period)!late!17th!century!to!late!18th!! Age!of!revolution:! 5Industrial!Revolution!(176051840)! 5French!Revolution!(178951799)! 5American!Revolution!(176551983)! The!Atomic!Age!(1945!(nuclear!weapons)! Romantic!literary!period!(180051850)! ! PP!week!9! Why!do!we!know!so!little!about!Native!American!cultures!before!European!settlement?! 5! Native!American!cultures!left!few!written!sources,!so!much!of!their!culture!is!prehistoric:! before!writing.!What!we!do!know!of!their!cultures!before!European!invasion!often! depends!on!archeological!sites,!such!as!“Serpent!Mound”!in!Ohio.! ! Different!Native!American!cultures:! 5! Adena#culture:!The!Adena!culture!existed!in!the!Ohio!River!Valley!and!parts!of!the! Eastern!United!States!from!around!1000!BCE!to!200!BCE.!They!are!known!for!their! elaborate!burial!mounds!and!complex!social!organization.!The!Adena!people!engaged!in! hunting,!gathering,!and!some!agriculture.! 5! Hopewell#tradition:!The!Hopewell!tradition!emerged!after!the!decline!of!the!Adena! culture!and!lasted!from!approximately!200!BCE!to!500!CE.!The!Hopewell!people!were! skilled!traders!and!had!vast!networks!of!exchange,!resulting!in!the!movement!of!goods,! ideas,!and!even!materials!like!copper!and!shells!across!regions.!They!are!recognized!for! their!monumental!earthworks,!such!as!mounds!and!geometric!enclosures.! 5! Mississippian#culture:!The!Mississippian!culture!thrived!between!800!CE!and!1500!CE! in!the!southeastern!and!midwestern!regions!of!North!America.!They!built!large,! sophisticated!mound!centers!with!religious!and!ceremonial!purposes,!such!as!Cahokia! in!present5day!Illinois.!The!Mississippian!people!practiced!agriculture,!had!social! hierarchies,!and!engaged!in!trade!and!extensive!cultural!interactions.! ! 18! 5! Ancestral#Pueblo#culture:!The!Ancestral!Pueblo!culture,!also!known!as!the!Anasazi,! existed!from!approximately!200!CE!to!1300!CE!in!the!southwestern!United!States,! including!present5day!Arizona,!Colorado,!Utah,!and!New!Mexico.!They!are!famous!for! their!elaborate!cliff!dwellings!and!pueblos!made!of!stone!and!adobe!bricks.!The! Ancestral!Pueblo!people!were!skilled!farmers,!cultivating!crops!such!as!corn,!beans,!and! squash,!and!were!adept!at!pottery5making!and!weaving.! 5! Pensacola#culture:!The!Pensacola!culture!developed!in!the!Florida!Panhandle!and! adjacent!regions!from!around!1100!CE!to!1700!CE.!They!were!influenced!by!the! Mississippian!culture!and!are!known!for!their!pottery!and!shell5tempered!ceramics.!The! Pensacola!people!lived!in!small!villages!and!practiced!agriculture,!fishing,!and!hunting.! ! Most!of!the!written!records!we!have!of!Native!American!cultures!are!from!European!sources.!As! such,!most!historical!records!we!have!about!Native!Americans!deal!with!conflict!and!atrocities.! ! 5! Trail#of#Tears:!The!Trail!of!Tears!refers!to!the!forced!removal!and!relocation!of!several! Native!American!tribes,!including!the!Cherokee,!from!their!ancestral!lands!in!the! southeastern!United!States!to!Indian!Territory!(present5day!Oklahoma)!in!the!1830s.!The! Indian!Removal!Act!of!1830!authorized!the!removal,!and!the!journey!became!known!as! the!Trail!of!Tears!due!to!the!immense!hardships,!suffering,!and!loss!of!life!endured!by! the!Native!Americans!during!the!forced!relocation.!It!is!a!tragic!chapter!in!American! history!that!resulted!in!the!displacement!and!death!of!thousands!of!Native!Americans.! 5! Dade#Battle:!The!Dade!Battle!took!place!on!December!28,!1835,!during!the!Second! Seminole!War!in!present5day!Florida.!It!was!a!conflict!between!the!United!States!Army! and!the!Seminole!Native!American!tribe.!The!battle!resulted!in!a!decisive!victory!for!the! Seminoles!and!marked!the!beginning!of!a!long!and!costly!war!for!the!United!States.! 5! Sand#Creek#Massacre:!The!Sand!Creek!Massacre!occurred!on!November!29,!1864,! during!the!Colorado!War.!A!force!of!Colorado!Territory!militia!attacked!a!peaceful!village! of!Cheyenne!and!Arapaho!Native!Americans!in!southeastern!Colorado.!The!militia! indiscriminately!killed!around!150!to!200!men,!women,!and!children,!sparking!outrage! and!condemnation.! 5! Battle#of#Little#Bighorn:!The!Battle!of!Little!Bighorn,!also!known!as!Custer's!Last!Stand,! took!place!on!June!25526,!1876,!in!present5day!Montana.!It!was!a!significant!clash! between!the!United!States!Army's!7th!Cavalry!Regiment,!led!by!Lieutenant!Colonel! George!Custer,!and!a!coalition!of!Lakota!Sioux,!Northern!Cheyenne,!and!Arapaho! tribes.!The!Native!American!forces,!led!by!Sitting!Bull!and!Crazy!Horse,!defeated! Custer's!regiment,!resulting!in!a!major!victory!for!the!Native!American!resistance!during! the!Great!Sioux!War!of!1876.! 5! Wounded#Knee#Massacre:!The!Wounded!Knee!Massacre!occurred!on!December!29,! 1890,!on!the!Pine!Ridge!Indian!Reservation!in!South!Dakota.!It!was!a!tragic!event!during! the!Ghost!Dance!movement!when!the!United!States!Army!confronted!a!group!of!Lakota! Sioux.!The!confrontation!turned!violent,!and!soldiers!opened!fire,!killing!around!1505300! Lakota!men,!women,!and!children.!The!Wounded!Knee!Massacre!marked!the!end!of! armed!conflicts!between!the!United!States!government!and!Native!American!tribes!on! the!Great!Plains.! ! 19! Native#American#Legacies:# Native!American!cultures!are!frequently!appropriated!by! contemporary!and!commercial!concerns.!More!often!than!not,! that!appropriation!is...unfortunate!and!inappropriate.!For! instance,!after!years!of!complaints,! ! 1492:# Christopher!Columbus!“discovers”!America.! ! The#US#as#a#modern#nation#state#has#its#origins#in#three#population#movements:# 5! Commerical!entepreneurs!(e.g.!Virginia!Colony)! 5! Religious!refugees!(e.g.!the!Puritan!settlements)! 5! Forced!“immigrants”!(African!Slave!Trade! ! The#Virginia#Colony:# 5! Was!one!of!the!earliest!English!colonies!established!in!North!America.! 5! Virginia!was!named!after!Queen!Elizabeth!I!of!England,!who!was!often!referred!to!as!the! "Virgin!Queen"!due!to!her!unmarried!status.! 5! The!main!settlement!in!the!Virginia!Colony!was!called!Jamestown!in!honor!of!King! James!I!of!England,!who!granted!the!charter!to!establish!the!colony.!The!settlement!was! founded!in!1607!by!the!Virginia!Company!of!London,!a!joint5stock!company.! 5! European!settlers!undertook!the!perilous!journey!to!establish!colonies!in!North!America! for!various!reasons.!These!reasons!included!economic!opportunities,!such!as!seeking! wealth!through!trade,!finding!new!resources,!and!cultivating!land!for!agriculture.! Religious!motivations!also!played!a!role,!as!some!sought!freedom!to!practice!their!own! faith!outside!the!constraints!of!the!Church!of!England.!Additionally,!some!individuals! sought!adventure!or!were!attracted!to!the!idea!of!starting!anew!in!a!new!land!with! potential!for!a!better!life.! ! The#Puritan#settlements:# 5! The!Puritan!Settlement!of!New!England!refers!to!the!establishment!of!Puritan! communities!in!the!northeastern!region!of!present5day!United!States!during!the!17th! century.! 5! The!Puritans!were!a!group!of!English!Protestants!who!sought!to!reform!and!purify!the! Church!of!England!from!within.!They!believed!in!a!strict!interpretation!of!the!Bible,! emphasizing!individual!piety,!predestination,!and!the!importance!of!living!a!moral!and! disciplined!life.!Puritans!valued!hard!work,!education,!and!the!pursuit!of!a!virtuous! society!based!on!their!interpretation!of!Christian!principles.! 5! The!Pilgrims,!who!were!a!specific!group!of!Puritans,!were!separatists!who!believed!in! completely!separating!from!the!Church!of!England.!They!were!deeply!committed!to!their! Christian!faith!and!feared!that!any!deviation!from!their!religious!beliefs!could!lead!to! spiritual!corruption.!They!saw!themselves!as!a!chosen!people,!a!"city!upon!a!hill,"!and! were!driven!to!create!a!pure!and!righteous!society!in!which!their!religious!beliefs!were! not!compromised.! ! 20! 5! Religious!concerns!and!influences!from!Puritanism!can!still!be!seen!in!contemporary! American!culture!and!politics.!The!notion!of!America!as!a!"city!upon!a!hill"!with!a!divine! mission!has!persisted!and!influenced!the!American!identity.!Moral!and!religious!values,! such!as!individual!responsibility,!hard!work,!and!the!importance!of!family,!continue!to! play!a!significant!role!in!shaping!American!society.!Religious!conservatism,!influenced! by!Puritanism!and!other!religious!traditions,!has!also!had!an!impact!on!contemporary! American!politics,!particularly!on!issues!related!to!morality,!social!values,!and!individual! freedoms.!However,!it's!important!to!note!that!American!society!is!diverse!and! encompasses!a!wide!range!of!beliefs!and!values!beyond!those!influenced!by! Puritanism.! ! Forced#“Immigration”:# 5! The!financial!success!of!mining!and!farming!colonies!was!dependent!largely!on!their! access!to!“free!labor”,!i.e.!slaves.! 5! A!Dutch!ship!carried!the!first!slaves!into!Jamestown!in!1619! 5! Over!12!million!people!were!forcefully!extracted!from!Africa!and!sold!in!the!Americas! ! PP!week!11! ! Why#did#the#US#begin#a#war#with#England?# The!United!States!began!a!war!with!England,!known!as!the!American!Revolutionary!War!or!the! War!of!Independence,!to!secure!its!independence!from!British!rule.!There!were!several!key! factors!that!led!to!this!conflict:! 5! Unfair!Colonial!Policies:!The!British!government!imposed!a!series!of!acts!and!policies,! such!as!the!Sugar!Act,!Stamp!Act,!and!Townshend!Acts,!that!placed!heavy!taxes!on!the! American!colonies!and!restricted!their!economic!activities.!The!colonists!saw!these! policies!as!unfair!and!a!violation!of!their!rights!as!British!subjects.! 5! Lack!of!Representation:!The!slogan!"No!taxation!without!representation"!reflected!the! colonists'!frustration!with!the!fact!that!they!had!no!voice!or!representation!in!the!British! Parliament,!which!was!making!decisions!affecting!their!lives!and!livelihoods.!The! colonists!believed!that!they!should!have!a!say!in!the!laws!and!policies!that!affected! them.! 5! Growing!Sense!of!Identity:!Over!time,!the!American!colonists!developed!a!sense!of! identity!as!distinct!from!their!British!counterparts.!They!saw!themselves!as!Americans! with!their!own!culture,!values,!and!aspirations.!This!growing!sense!of!identity,!coupled! with!the!desire!for!self5governance,!fueled!the!desire!for!independence.! 5! Inspired!by!Enlightenment!Ideas:!The!ideas!of!the!Enlightenment,!with!their!emphasis!on! individual!rights,!freedom,!and!government!by!consent,!had!a!significant!influence!on!the! American!colonists.!They!drew!inspiration!from!thinkers!like!John!Locke!and!believed! that!they!had!the!right!to!overthrow!a!government!that!violated!their!natural!rights.! 5! Battles!at!Lexington!and!Concord:!The!armed!conflict!between!British!troops!and! colonial!militiamen!in!Lexington!and!Concord!in!1775!marked!a!turning!point.!It! demonstrated!that!armed!resistance!was!necessary!and!that!the!colonists!were!willing!to! fight!for!their!rights!and!independence.! ! 21! These!factors,!among!others,!ultimately!led!to!the!American!colonies!declaring!their! independence!from!Britain!in!1776!and!engaging!in!a!prolonged!war!that!lasted!until!1783.!The! war!resulted!in!the!recognition!of!the!United!States!as!an!independent!nation!with!the!signing!of! the!Treaty!of!Paris!in!1783.! # France#got#involved#in#the#American#Revolutionary#War#for#several#reasons:# 5! Strategic!Interests:!France!saw!an!opportunity!to!weaken!its!long5standing!rival,!Britain,! by!supporting!the!American!colonies!in!their!fight!for!independence.!By!doing!so,!France! aimed!to!regain!territories!it!had!lost!to!Britain!in!previous!conflicts,!such!as!the!Seven! Years'!War!(175651763).! 5! Support!for!Republicanism:!France!was!also!motivated!by!ideological!reasons.!The! American!Revolution!represented!a!struggle!against!monarchy!and!the!fight!for! republican!ideals,!which!aligned!with!the!aspirations!of!French!Enlightenment!thinkers.! Supporting!the!American!cause!allowed!France!to!promote!these!principles!and! challenge!the!traditional!monarchical!order.! 5! Desire!for!Revenge:!France!had!a!deep5seated!desire!for!revenge!against!Britain!due!to! their!defeat!in!the!Seven!Years'!War.!They!saw!an!opportunity!to!strike!back!and! weaken!Britain's!global!power!by!supporting!the!American!colonies!in!their!bid!for! independence.! 5! Potential!Economic!and!Trade!Benefits:!France!anticipated!that!a!successful!American! revolution!would!open!up!new!trade!opportunities!and!strengthen!its!economic!ties!with! the!newly!formed!United!States.!They!hoped!to!secure!commercial!privileges!and! access!to!American!markets,!enhancing!their!own!economic!interests.! In!1778,!France!formally!allied!with!the!American!colonies!by!signing!the!Treaty!of!Alliance,! pledging!military!and!financial!support.!The!French!navy!played!a!crucial!role!in!the!American! victory,!particularly!in!the!decisive!Battle!of!Yorktown!in!1781.!French!assistance,!along!with! other!international!support,!proved!instrumental!in!ensuring!the!success!of!the!American! Revolution!and!the!establishment!of!the!United!States!as!an!independent!nation.! ! The!United!States!is!a!federal!republic,!meaning!it!has!a!central!government!that!shares!power! with!individual!states.!The!U.S.!Constitution,!ratified!in!1788,!serves!as!the!supreme!law!of!the! land!and!outlines!the!structure!of!the!federal!government.!It!establishes!a!separation!of!powers! among!the!executive,!legislative,!and!judicial!branches.!The!President!serves!as!the!head!of! state!and!government,!while!Congress,!consisting!of!the!Senate!and!the!House!of! Representatives,!holds!the!legislative!power.!The!Supreme!Court,!along!with!other!federal! courts,!exercises!the!judicial!power.! ! The!United!States!operates!under!a!system!of!checks!and!balances,!where!each!branch!has! powers!that!can!limit!or!check!the!actions!of!the!other!branches.!This!system!aims!to!prevent! any!one!branch!from!becoming!too!powerful.! ! France!is!a!unitary!semi5presidential!republic,!which!means!it!has!a!centralized!system!of! government.!The!French!Constitution,!currently!in!its!fifth!iteration,!sets!the!framework!for!the! organization!of!the!state.!The!President!of!France!serves!as!the!head!of!state!and!is!elected!by! ! 22! the!people.!The!President!appoints!a!Prime!Minister,!who!leads!the!government!and!is! responsible!for!implementing!policies.!France!has!a!bicameral!legislature,!consisting!of!the! National!Assembly!(lower!house)!and!the!Senate!(upper!house).!The!National!Assembly!holds! the!primary!legislative!power,!and!the!Senate!acts!as!a!legislative!advisory!body.!In!recent! years,!France!has!transitioned!to!a!semi5presidential!system,!where!both!the!President!and!the! Prime!Minister!share!executive!powers.!The!President!is!responsible!for!foreign!policy!and! defense,!while!the!Prime!Minister!oversees!domestic!policy.! ! PP!week!12! # American#Civil#War#(186141865):# 5! The!American!Civil!War!had!its!origins!in!the!deep5rooted!divisions!between!the! Northern!states,!which!were!largely!industrialized!and!favored!the!abolition!of!slavery,! and!the!Southern!states,!which!relied!on!slave!labor!and!desired!to!maintain!their!way!of! life.!These!tensions!over!issues!such!as!slavery,!states'!rights,!and!economic!differences! eventually!led!to!the!outbreak!of!the!Civil!War.! 5! Throughout!the!conflict,!major!US!presidents!played!crucial!roles.!Abraham!Lincoln,!the! 16th!President!of!the!United!States,!played!a!significant!role!in!shaping!the!course!of!the! war.!He!led!the!Union!(Northern!states)!during!the!war,!aiming!to!preserve!the!Union! and!ultimately!abolish!slavery.!His!Emancipation!Proclamation,!issued!in!1863,!declared! the!freedom!of!enslaved!people!in!Confederate5held!territories!and!furthered!the!war's! objectives.! 5! The!outcome!of!the!American!Civil!War!was!the!victory!of!the!Union!forces,!resulting!in! the!preservation!of!the!United!States!as!a!single,!indivisible!nation.!The!Confederate! states!were!brought!back!into!the!Union,!and!slavery#was#abolished!throughout!the! United!States!with!the!ratification!of!the!13th!Amendment!in!1865.! 5! The!repercussions!of!the!Civil!War!were!significant!and!far5reaching.!The!war!led!to!the! loss!of!countless!lives!and!widespread!destruction.!It!brought!about!significant!social,! political,!and!economic!changes!in!the!United!States.!The!abolition!of!slavery!was!a! monumental!achievement!that!reshaped!the!nation's!moral!and!social!fabric.!The!war! also!solidified!the!power!and!authority!of!the!federal!government,!marking!a!shift!from!a! loose!confederation!of!states!to!a!more!centralized!nation.! ! Besides#economics,#what#justifications#were#offered#by#the#Southern# states#to#continue#slavery?# !Abolishing!slavery!would!lead!to!chaos!and!anarchy.!This!argument! often!took!cues!from!the!“mob!rule”!during!the!French!Revolution.! !Historical!precedent!(e.g.,!Greeks!and!Romans!had!slaves).! !Biblical!exegesis.!Abraham,!especially,!was!forwarded!as!an!exemplary! owner!of!slaves!(“Thou!shalt!not!covet!thy!neighbour's!house,![...]!nor! his!manservant,!nor!his!maidservant”).!Also!look!towards!the!sons!of! Noah!and!how!they!populated!the!Earth!for!a!biblical!“explanation”!as!to! why!it’s!ok!to!subjugate!people!from!Africa.! !The!idea!that!black!people!were!not!really!people!but!“half!devil!and! ! 23! half!child”.!A!broad!swath!of!pseudoscientific!hogwash!(phrenology,! social!Darwinism,!etc.)!was!enlisted!to!support!such!ideas.! ! While#the#war#itself#ended#and#slavery#was#abolished,#there#are#ongoing#issues#and# evidence#that#suggest#the#legacy#and#unresolved#aspects#of#the#Civil#War.# 5! Racial!Inequality:!Although!slavery!was!abolished,!the!deep5rooted!racial!inequality!and! systemic!racism!that!existed!before!and!during!the!Civil!War!have!persisted!in!various! forms.!African!Americans!faced!segregation,!discrimination,!and!limited!opportunities!for! many!years!after!the!war.!The!struggle!for!civil!rights!and!equality!continued!long!after! the!war!ended,!with!significant!challenges!and!ongoing!debates!surrounding!racial! justice!still!prevalent!in!contemporary!American!society.! 5! Symbolism!and!Memorials:!The!presence!of!Confederate!monuments,!flags,!and! symbols!remains!a!contentious!issue.!These!symbols!are!seen!by!some!as!reminders!of! the!Confederacy's!defense!of!slavery!and!racism,!while!others!argue!for!their! preservation!as!a!part!of!history.!The!debates!surrounding!the!removal!or!preservation!of! Confederate!memorials!reflect!unresolved!tensions!and!differing!interpretations!of!the! war's!causes!and!legacy.! 5! Political!Divisions:!The!political!divisions!that!characterized!the!Civil!War!era!have! echoes!in!contemporary!American!politics.!While!the!war!settled!the!question!of! secession!and!the!unity!of!the!United!States,!political!polarization!and!ideological! differences!persist.!Political!debates!often!touch!upon!issues!such!as!states'!rights,! federal!power,!and!the!balance!between!individual!freedoms!and!the!role!of!government,! which!were!central!themes!during!the!Civil!War.! 5! Economic!Disparities:!Economic!disparities!between!regions!were!a!significant!factor! leading!to!the!Civil!War.!While!the!war!resolved!some!economic!issues,!such!as!the!end! of!slavery,!economic!disparities!between!regions!still!exist.!Economic!inequalities!and! regional!differences!continue!to!shape!political!and!social!dynamics!in!the!United!States.! 5! Historical!Interpretations:!Different!interpretations!of!the!causes!and!meaning!of!the!Civil! War!persist!among!scholars,!educators,!and!the!public.!The!ongoing!debates!about!the! war's!causes,!significance,!and!the!actions!of!key!figures!demonstrate!that!the! understanding!and!resolution!of!the!war's!complexities!are!far!from!unanimous.! ! List!of!U.S.!presidents!in!order! George!Washington!(178951797)! John!Adams!(179751801)! Thomas!Jefferson!(180151809)! James!Madison!(180951817)! James!Monroe!(181751825)! John!Quincy!Adams!(182551829)! Andrew!Jackson!(182951837)! Martin!Van!Buren!(183751841)! William!Henry!Harrison!(1841)! John!Tyler!(184151845)! James!K.!Polk!(184551849)! Zachary!Taylor!(184951850)! ! 24! Millard!Fillmore!(185051853)! Franklin!Pierce!(185351857)! James!Buchanan!(185751861)! Abraham!Lincoln!(186151865)! Andrew!Johnson!(186551869)! Ulysses!S.!Grant!(186951877)! Rutherford!B.!Hayes!(187751881)! James!A.!Garfield!(1881)! Chester!A.!Arthur!(188151885)! Grover!Cleveland!(188551889)! Benjamin!Harrison!(188951893)! Grover!Cleveland!(189351897)! William!McKinley!(189751901)! Theodore!Roosevelt!(190151909)! William!Howard!Taft!(190951913)! Woodrow!Wilson!(191351921)! Warren!G.!Harding!(192151923)! Calvin!Coolidge!(192351929)! Herbert!Hoover!(192951933)! Franklin!D.!Roosevelt!(193351945)! Harry!S.!Truman!(194551953)! Dwight!D.!Eisenhower!(195351961)! John!F.!Kennedy!(196151963)! Lyndon!B.!Johnson!(196351969)! Richard!Nixon!(196951974)! Gerald!Ford!(197451977)! Jimmy!Carter!(197751981)! Ronald!Reagan!(198151989)! George!H.!W.!Bush!(198951993)! Bill!Clinton!(199352001)! George!W.!Bush!(200152009)! Barack!Obama!(200952017)! Donald!Trump!(201752021)! Joe!Biden!(20215present)! ! PP!week!13# # England’s#summer:# 5! The!19th!century!in!England!is!often!referred!to!as!the!"summer"!due!to!its!long!period!of! relative!peace,!economic!growth,!and!nationalistic!pride.!England!experienced!economic! prosperity!driven!by!industrialization,!advancements!in!technology,!and!overseas!trade.! This!period!also!witnessed!the!rise!of!a!self5confident!culture!with!a!strong!sense!of! national!identity.! 5! The!empire!expanded!through!colonization,!acquisition!of!territories,!and!strategic! alliances.!It!relied!on!economic!exploitation,!including!the!extraction!of!resources!and!the! establishment!of!trading!networks,!to!sustain!its!power!and!influence.!! ! 25! 5! However,!the!end!of!the!Victorian!era!marked!the!beginning!of!the!decline!of!England's! imperial!project!and!nationalistic!confidence.!Internal!challenges,!such!as!economic! downturns!and!social!unrest,!as!well!as!external!factors!like!global!conflicts!and!the!rise! of!anti5imperial!movements,!contributed!to!the!erosion!of!England's!imperial!dominance.! The!loss!of!colonies!and!shifts!in!global!power!dynamics!signaled!the!waning!of! England's!influence.!! 5! World!War!II!had!a!transformative!impact,!not!only!on!England!but!also!on!the!United! States.!The!war!propelled!the!United!States!into!the!position!of!a!(neo)colonial!power! through!various!factors.!Military!spending!and!the!development!of!a!powerful!military5 industrial!complex!strengthened!the!United!States'!global!influence.!"Big!stick"!politics,! characterized!by!assertive!diplomacy!and!military!interventions,!further!solidified!its!role! as!a!global!power.!Additionally,!the!exportation!of!American!culture,!such!as!music,! films,!and!consumer!products,!contributed!to!the!spread!of!American!influence! worldwide.! ! PP!week!14! Australia#&#New#Zealand# ! First!Inhabitants!of!Australia:! Aboriginals! ! Which!European!is!commonly!credited!with!“discovering”!Australia?! Captin!Cook! ! How!did!Australia’s!Original!inhabitants!survive! As!hunter5gatherers! ! What!kind!of!colonist!did!England!initially!send!in!great!numbers!to!Australia! Convicts! ! Which!European!is!often!credited!with!“discovering”!New!Zealand! Abel!Tasman! ! Some#Historical#events#in#right#order:# 5! Reign!of!Elizabeth!I:!The!reign!of!Elizabeth!I!refers!to!the!period!from!1558!to!1603!when! Elizabeth!I!was!the!Queen!of!England.!Her!reign!is!known!as!the!Elizabethan!era,!a!time! of!cultural!and!economic!flourishing,!exploration,!and!the!defeat!of!the!Spanish!Armada.! 5! Establishment!of!the!New!South!Wales!colony!in!Australia:!The!establishment!of!the! New!South!Wales!colony!occurred!in!1788!when!Captain!Arthur!Phillip!led!a!British! expedition!to!establish!a!penal!colony!in!Australia.!It!marked!the!beginning!of!British! colonization!in!Australia!and!laid!the!foundation!for!future!European!settlement.! 5! American!Declaration!of!Independence:!The!American!Declaration!of!Independence!was! adopted!on!July!4,!1776.!It!proclaimed!the!thirteen!American!colonies'!separation!from! Great!Britain!and!their!formation!as!a!new!independent!nation,!the!United!States!of! America.! 5! The!Boer!War:!The!Boer!War!was!fought!between!1899!and!1902!in!South!Africa! between!British!forces!and!the!Boers,!descendants!of!Dutch!settlers.!It!was!primarily!a! conflict!over!British!imperial!control!and!the!Boers'!desire!for!independence.!The!war! resulted!in!British!victory!and!the!establishment!of!British!dominance!in!the!region! ! 26! What!idea!of!immigration!does!a!mosaic!suggest!to!you,!compared!to!a!melting!pot?! Multiculturalism! Progressive!immigration!laws! Rentention!of!“original”! identities!alongside!adoption!of! Canadian!culture! Visible!minorities! Progressive!language!policies! ! ! Who!is!Canada’s!Head!of!State! The!king!of!England! ! A!true!statement!about!languages!in!Canada! Canada!is!officially!bilingual! ! Which!province!contributes!most!obviously!to!Canada’s!political,!economic!and!cultural! landscape! Quebec! ! Some!Historical!Events!in!chronological!order:!! 5! Settlement!of!Canada!by!the!Iroquois:!The!settlement!of!Canada!by!the!Iroquois!refers! to!the!indigenous!Iroquois!people!establishing!their!presence!in!the!territory!now!known! as!Canada!long!before!European!colonization.!The!Iroquois!Confederacy,!a!powerful! alliance!of!Native!American!tribes,!had!established!communities!and!territories!in!the! region.! 5! !Settlement!of!Canada!by!the!French:!The!settlement!of!Canada!by!the!French!took! place!in!the!17th!century!when!French!explorers!and!settlers,!such!as!Samuel!de! Champlain,!established!colonies!in!North!America,!including!Quebec!and!Acadia.!They! established!fur!trading!posts!and!formed!alliances!with!indigenous!peoples,!particularly! the!Huron!and!Algonquin!tribes.! 5! English!Conquest!of!Quebec:!The!English!conquest!of!Quebec!occurred!in!1759!during! the!Seven!Years'!War!between!Great!Britain!and!France.!British!forces,!led!by!General! James!Wolfe,!defeated!the!French!army!under!General!Louis5Joseph!de!Montcalm,! resulting!in!the!surrender!of!Quebec!City.!The!victory!marked!a!turning!point!in!the! conflict!and!eventually!led!to!British!control!over!New!France.! 5! Establishment!of!the!Canadian!Dominion:!The!establishment!of!the!Canadian!Dominion! refers!to!the!confederation!of!the!British!colonies!of!Canada!(Ontario!and!Quebec),!New! Brunswick,!and!Nova!Scotia!in!1867.!This!event!resulted!in!the!formation!of!the! Dominion!of!Canada,!an!independent!self5governing!federation!within!the!British!Empire.! It!laid!the!foundation!for!the!modern!country!of!Canada!and!marked!a!significant!step! towards!its!eventual!full!independence.! ! Canada!is!a!very!young!nation5state! Canada!does!appear!to!present!as!heterogeneous:!it!is!home!to!a!wild!variety!of!original!and! immigrant!languages,!cultures!and!ethnicities.! ! 27! In!spite!of!its!progressive!politics!and!visible!minorities,!First!Nation!culture!remains!often! marginalized! Except!for!a!few!urban!areas,!population!density!in!Canada!is!very!low! Canada!is!big...very!big...! ! ! Chapter# Significant#historical# 24#3#line#description#including#indication#of# book# event/person# time.## Britain# # 1 Neolithic (new stone age) people The! Neolithic! people! were! the! first! invaders! (arrived! ~3000! BC),! who! crossed! the! narrow! sea! from! Europe,! probably! from! the! Spanish! peninsula! or! North! Africa.! They! kept! animals,! grew! crops! and! made! pottery.!They!were!small,!dark!and!long!headed!people!and!are!most!likely! the!forefathers!of!the!dark!haired!inhabitants!of!Wales!and!Cornwall!today.! They!settled!in!the!Western!parts!of!Britain!and!Ireland.! 1 Henges After!3000!BC!people!started!building!“henges”!circles!of!earth!banks!and! ditches!in!which!they!built!wooden!buildings!and!stone!circles.!They!were! centers! of! religious,! economic! and! political! power.! Most! famous! one! is! Stonehenge.! 1 Beaker (bronze age) people After! 2400! BC! new! groups! of! people! arrived! in! southeast! Britain! from! Europe!5!the!Beaker!people.!They!were!round!headed,!strongly!built!and! taller! than! the! Neolithic! people.! It’s! unknown! if! they! invaded! or! were! invited! because! of! their! military! or! metalworking! skills.! They! became! leaders!of!British!society.!Their!arrival!is!marked!by!first!individual!graves! fitted!with!pottery!beakers!hence!their!name.! 1 Celts (iron age) The!Celts!arrived!around!700!BC.!They!were!tall,!had!red!or!fair!hair!and! blue!eyes!and!most!likely!came!from!central!Europe!or!further!east!from! southern! Russia.! They! knew! how! to! work! with! iron! and! make! better! weapons!than!the!ones!made!out!of!bronze.!They!continued!to!arrive!in! waves!for!he!next!700!years!and!dominated!the!lowland!areas!of!Britain.! 1 Druids The!Celts!were!organised!in!different!tribes,!which!were!ruled!over!by!a! warrior! class! of! which! priests! named! Druids! were! important! members! 5! their!type!of!worship!included!human!sacrifice!(700BC).! 1 Roman occupation Britain!was!occupied!by!Romans!from!AD!43!to!AD!409.! 1 Hadrian’s wall The! Romans! conquered! the! whole! south! of! Britain,! but! could! not! reach! Scotland.!At!last!they!built!a!strong!wall!along!the!northern!border!named! after!the!Emperor!Hadrian,!who!planned!it.!At!the!time!Hadrian’s!wall!was! simply!intended!to!keep!out!raiders!from!the!north!but!it!also!marked!the! border!between!the!two!later!countries!England!and!Scotland.! 1 Characteristics of Roman Britain ! Towns!which!were!the!basis!of!administration!and!civilization.! The!Romans!left!about!20!large!towns!and!almost!100!smaller! ones.!Many!of!these!towns!were!at!first!army!camps!and!Latin! word!for!camp,!caster!has!remained!part!of!many!town!names! to!this!day:!Leicester,!Winchester,!Lancaster!etc.! ! The! towns! had! streets,! shops! and! markets! and! were! connected! by! roads,! which! later! became! the! main! roads! of! modern!Britain.! ! ! Another! big! change! during! the! Roman! occupation! was! the! growth! of! large! farms,! called! villas,! which! belonged! to! richer! Britons!and!were!close!to!towns.! 2 Saxon invaders After!AD430!Invaders!came!from!3!powerful!Germanic!tribes:! 5!Saxons!! 5!Angles! 5!Jutes! 2 Anglo-Saxon culture influence today The!strength!of!the!Anglo5Saxon!culture!is!obvious!even!today:!days!of! the!week!were!named!after!Germanic!gods.!Saxon!villages!were!family! ! 28! villages,!some!place!names:!! !ing!5>!meaning,!folk!or!family.!(Hastings,!family!of!Hasta)!! !ham!5>!meaning,!farm!(Nottingham)!! 5ton!5>!meaning!settlement!(Southampton)! 2 King Offa King!Offa!of!Mercia!(757596)!built!Offa’s!dyke,!which!was!the!length!of!the! Welsh! border,! to! keep! out! the! Celts.! He! was! the! first! King! of! England,! although! he! didn’t! control! all! of! England.! The! power! of! Mercia! did! not! survive!after!Offa’s!death.!At!that!time,!a!king’s!power!depended!on!the! personal! loyalty! of! his! followers.! In! this! period! there! was! a! change! in! things,! where! the! Saxon! kings! began! to! replace! loyalty! to! family! with! loyalty!to!lord!and!king.! 2 Witan The!Saxons!created!the!Witan.!The!Witan!probably!grew!out!of!informal! groups! of! senior! warriors! and! churchmen! to! whom! kings! like! Offa! had! turned!for!advice!or!support!on!difficult!matters.!By!the!10th!century!the! Witan!was!a!formal!body!issuing!laws!and!charters.!Even!today!the!king! or!queen!has!a!privy!council,!a!group!of!advisors!on!the!affairs!of!state.! 2 Shires/shire reeve (sheriff) The! Saxons! divided! the! land! into! new! administrative! areas,! based! on! shires! (Saxon! word),! or! counties! (Norman! word),! both! are! still! used.! These!shires,!established!at!the!end!of!the!10th!century!remained!almost! exactly!the!same!for!a!thousand!years.!Over!each!shire!there!was!a!shire! reeve,!the!Kings!local!administrator,!later!shortened!to!sheriff.! 2 Manorial system Each!village!had!a!manor!or!large!house!(manorial!system),!which!was!a! building! where! local! villagers! came! to! pay! taxes,! where! justice! was! administered!and!where!men!came!to!join!the!Anglo5Saxon!army.! 2 Alderman (warlords/earls) The! lords! of! the! manor,! alderman! were! first! local! officials! but! with! time! became! warlords,! or! earls.! Both! words! remain! today:! alderman! are! elected!officials!in!local!government!and!earls!are!high!ranking!nobles.! 2 Augustine, first Archbishop of In! 597! Pope! Gregory! the! Great! sent! a! monk,! Augustine,! to! re!establish! Canterbury Christianity!in!England.!He!went!to!Canterbury,!the!capital!of!the!king!of! Kent! because! the! kings! wife! came! from! Europe! and! was! already! Christian.!Augustine!became!the!first!Archbishop!of!Canterbury!in!601.! ‹2 Synod of Whitby in 663 In!663!at!the!Synod!(meeting)!of!Whitby!the!King!of!Northumbria!decided! to! support! the! Roman! Church.! Roman! church! extended! influence! over! Celtic! church.! By! 660! nearly! all! of! Britain! is! christianised! 5! only! Sussex! and!the!Isle!of!Wight!had!not!accepted!the!new!faith.! 2 Viking invasion The! Vikings,! which! means! either! “pirates”! or! people! of! the! sea! inlets,! came!from!Norway!and!Denmark!and!invaded!Britain!towards!the!end!of! the!8th!century.!At!first!they!only!raided!but!by!865!they!came!to!conquer! and!settle.! 2 Viking rule or Danelaw By!875!only!King!Alfred!of!Wessex!held! out!against!the!Vikings!and! he! won! a! battle! against! them! and! made! a! treaty:! Viking! rule! or! Danelaw,! which!was!recognized!in!east!and!north!of!England,!Alfred!was!recognized! as!King!in!the!rest!of!the!country.!He!built!boroughs!(one!of!the!common! endings!to!place!names!today!)!to!keep!the!Vikings!out.! 2 Danegeld The! Saxon! king! Ethelred! introduced! a! tax! system! called! Danegeld! (Danish!money)!5!money!payed!to!Vikings!to!keep!them!away,!this!money! came!from!his!people.! 2 Battle of Hastings 1066!Battle!fought!between!King!Harold!and!William,!Duke!of!Normandy,! also!referred!to!as!William!the!Conqueror.!William!won!and!was!crowned! William! I,! started! Norman! dominance! which! influenced! the! English! language,!administrative!and!judicial!systems.! 2 King William William!marched!to!London,!which!quickly!gave!in!when!he!began!to!burn! villages! outside! the! city.! He! was! crowned! king! of! England! in! Edward’s! new!church!of!Westminster!Abbey!on!Christmas!Day,!1066.! 3 Cymry These! Celts,! called! Welsch! by! the! Anglo!Saxons,! called! themselves! “cymry”,“fellow!countrymen”.! 3 Gruffyd ap (son of) Llewelyn In! 1039! Gruffyd! ap! (son! of)! Llewelyn! was! the! first! Welsh! king! strong! enough!to!rule!whole!Wales,!and!he!was!also!the!last.!Gruffyd!was!killed! by!a!cymry!while!defending!Wales!against!the!Saxons.!Welsh!kings!after! him! were! only! able! to! rule! Wales! after! they! had! promised! loyalty! to! Edward!the!Confessor.! 3 British slave Patrick In!AD!430!a!British!slave!Patrick!(who!became!the!patron!saint!of!Ireland)! ! 29! brought!Christianity!to!Ireland.! 3 Viking arrival in Ireland The!Golden!age!ended!in!9th!century,!with!the!arrival!of!the!Vikings.!The! raided!all!the!monasteries,!forced!the!Irish!to!untie,!Viking!trade!led!to!the! first!towns!and!ports!in!Ireland,!Dublin!was!founded!by!the!Vikings.! 3 Brian Boru The! high! kingship! of! Ireland! lasted! only! 12! years,! 100251014,! while! Ireland!was!ruled!by!Brian!Boru,!known!as!the! greatest!ruler!of!Ireland,! tried!to!create!one!single!Ireland,!he!died!in!battle!against!the!Vikings! 3 Societies in Scotland Scotland!had!two!different!societies:!! The!Highlanders!(north!of!Highland!line):!Picts!and!Scots! The!Lowlanders!(south!and!east!of!the!line):!Britons!and!Angles.! 3 Reasons for achieving unity between Unity!between!Picts,!Scots!and!Britons!was!achieved!for!several!reasons:!! Picts, Scots and Britons !!They!all!shared!a!common!Celtic!culture,!language!and!background.! !!Their!economy!mainly!depended!on!keeping!animals! !!Land!was!held!by!tribes,!not!individuals.!! !!The!spread!of!Celtic!Christianity.! 4 Norman conquest In!1066!William!the!Conqueror!became!king!of!England.!Fighting!between! the!Normans!and!Anglo5Saxons!lasted!for!20!years,!during!this!period!the! small! Norman! army! burnt,! destroyed! and! killed! in! places! they! couldn’t! control,!built!forts!to!guard!others.!By!1086!most!of!England!was!held!by! the! Normans,! only! 2! of! the! greater! landlords! and! only! 2! bishops! were! Saxon.!Over!4000!Saxon!landlords!were!replaced!by!200!Norman!ones.! 4 King William/feudal system William! organised! his! English! kingdom! according! to! the! feudal! system.! The!word!feudalism!comes!from!the!French!word!“feu”!which!the!Normans! used!to!refer!to!land!held!in!return!for!duty!or!service!to!a!lord.!The!central! idea!in!feudalism!was!that!land!was!owned!by!the!king!but!held!by!others,! called!“vassals”,!in!return!for!services!and!goods.! 4 Feudal system Basically!every!man!had!a!lord!and!every!lord!had!land.!At!each!level!a! man! had! to! promise! loyalty! and! service! to! his! lord.! The! promise! was! usually!made!by!the!lord!sitting!in!his!chair!and!his!vassal!kneeling!before! him,! his! hands! placed! between! those! of! his! lord! 5! this! homage! has! remained! part! of! the! coronation! ceremony! of! British! kings! and! queens! until!now.!The!lord!had!responsibilities!too,!he!had!to!give!his!vassals!land! and!protection.! 4 Domesday book By!1086,!William!wanted!to!know!exactly!who!owned!which!piece!of!land,! and! how! much! it! was! worth,! as! he! needed! this! information! to! plan! his! economy! and! to! know! how! much! tax! to! ask.! A!census! of! England! took! place,!a!survey!of!people!asking!each!settlement!about!their!worth.!This! was!very!unpopular!with!the!people!and!they!called!the!Domesday!book! which! still! exists! today! and! has! given! us! a! lot! of! information! about! this! period.! 4 Under Williams control William!controlled!2!large!areas:!! Normandy! 5! as! the! duke! of! Normandy! he! had! to! recognise! the! king! of! France!as!his!lord! England!5!he!was!the!king!as!there!was!no!lord!above!him.! 4 William’s heirs In!1087!William!died!and!left!three!sons:!William!Rufus,!Robert!and!Henry.! 4 Which countries did William Rufus, Robert!became!the!Duke!of!Normandy.!William!known!as!Rufus!became! Robert and Henry rule? king!of!England.In!1100!William!Rufus!died!in!a!hunting!accident,!he!was! at! the! time! in! charge! of! Normandy! because! Robert! went! to! fight! in! the! Holy!Land!against!the!Muslims.!Henry!acted!quickly!and!became!king!of! England.!Robert!was!very!angry!at!Henry!and!invaded!England.!Robert! failed! and! accepted! payment! to! go! back! to! Normandy.! Consequently,! Henry! wanted! more! and! in! 1106! he! invaded! Normandy! and! captured! Robert! 5! he! became! Duke! of! Normandy.! Through! this! Normandy! and! England!were!reunited!under!one!ruler.! 4 King John Richard!died!in!1199!and!his!brother,!John,!became!king,!who!was!very! unpopular!with!his!people,!mostly!the!nobles,!merchants!and!the!church,! because!of!his!greed!and!high!taxes.!Soon!England!lost!its!French!lands! to! the! king! of! France.! In! 1215! he! hoped! to! recapture! Normandy,! so! he! called!on! his!lords!to!fight!for! him,!but!they!no!longer!trusted!him.!They! marched! to! London! where! they! were! joined! by! angry! merchants! 5! they! forced! him! to! sign! an! agreement.! This! agreement! was! known! as! the! Magna!Carta,!or!the!Great!Charter.! 4 Magna Carta The!nobles!and!merchants!forced!King!John!to!sign!the!Magna!Carta!–! ! 30! an!agreement!that!disallowed!the!king!to!go!beyond!its!feudal!rights.!The! king! promised! all! freemen! protection! from! his! officers! and! the! right! to! a! fair!and!legal!trial.!At!the!time!less!than!one!quarter!of!the!English!were! freemen!and!were!serfs!or!a!little!better.!The!Magna!Carta!signaled!the! beginning!of!the!end!of!the!feudal!system.! 8 What!was!the!initial!trigger!for!the!War! When!Henry!IV!took!the!crown!by!force!after!Richard!II!was!deposed.! of!the!Roses? 1399! 8 What!brought!on!the!crisis!in!1327?! Edward!II!was!deposed!and!brutally!murdered.!His!son,!Edward!III,! became!king!at!the!age!of!11!and!punished!those!responsible!for!his! father's!death.! 8 Who!was!Owain!Glyndwr?! The! first! and! only! Welsh! prince! with! a! wide! support! throughout! Wales.! ! He!rebelled!against!the!English!king.! ! In!1400!he!was!proclaimed!Prince!of!Wales!by!his!supporters.! ! He!created!a!feeling!of!national!identity.! ! 8 What!ended!the!Hundred!Years!War?! When!England!lost!Cascony!in!1453.!They!had!now!lost!everything! of!France!except!for!the!port!of!Calais.! 8 What!made!Henry!V!so!heroic?! His!brilliant!campagnes!in!France.! 8 Who! inspired! the! French! during! their! Joan!of!Arc.!She!claimed!to!hear!heavenly!voices,!was!captured!by! victories!over!the!English!army?! the!Burgundians!and!given!to!the!English.!The!church!in!Rouen!burnt! her!as!a!witch!in!1431.! 8 What! is! William! Shakespeare's! play! About! Richard! III! murdering! his! two! nephews! after! his! brother,! Richard!III!about?! Edward!IV,!died!and!him!taking!the!crown.! 8 What! ended! the! "Wars! of! the! The! wars! ended! when! half! of! Richard's! army! changed! sides! at! Roses"and! why! were! these! wars! Bosworth,! helping! Henry! Tudor! defeat! and! kill! Richard! III.! Henry! named!"Wars!of!the!Roses"?! Tudor!was!crowned!king!on!the!battlefield.! ! 5!They!were!named!"Wars!of!the!Roses"!by!the!novelist!Walter!Scott! in! the! 19th! century,! because! York's! symbol! was! a! white! rose,! and! Lancaster's!a!red!one.! 8 The!Wars!of!the!Roses!went!on!over!a! Fighting!took!place!for!a!total!of!15!months!and!only!the!nobles!and! period! of! 25! years.! How! much! actual! their!armies!were!involved.! fighting! took! place! and! who! were! involved?! 8 What!was!the!"Auld!Alliance"?! The!support!Scotland!gave!France!during!the!Hundred!Years!War.! 8 What! benefits! did! Scotland's! alliance! The!Scotsmen!found!work!as!soldiers!for!the!French!king.! with!France!have?!Name!two.! ! 5!The!connection!with!France!helped!develop!education!in!Scotland.! Universities!were!founded.! ! St!Andrews!in!1412,!Glasgow!in!1451!and!Aberdeen!in!1495.! ! 9 During! Edward! I! there! was! a! great! Edward!I!ordered!that!all!those!with!an!income!of!£20!a!year!must!be! increase! in! knights.! How! did! this! made!knights.! happen?! 9 What!led!to!social!and!economic!crisis! Rich!and!powerful!sheep!farmers!used!more!and!more!good!land!for! in!the!16th!century?! sheep! instead! of! foodcrops! and! started! fencing! in! land! which! had! always!been!used!by!villagers.! 9 Which!class!could!be!described!as!the! The!middle!class.!Educated!in!law,!administration!and!trade.! "literate!class"?! ! 31! 9 Who! was! the! first! king! that! allowed! Edward!III! himself! to! be! "accountable"! to! parliament?! 9 What!did!Edward!III!do!in!1363!to!help! He!appointed!"justices!of!the!peace"!to!deal!with!smaller!crimes!and! the! king's! courts! with! the! heavy! offences.! workload?! 9 How!was!the! position!of!the!wife! of!a! Noble:!when!the!lord!was!away!she!was!in!charge!of!the!manor!and! noble!different! to! that! of!the! wife!of!a! the! village! land,! alle! the! servants! and! villagers,! the! harvest! and! peasant?! animals.! ! Peasant:!Worked!in!the!fields,!had!to!make!clothes!from!cloth,!looked! after!children,!geese,!pigs!and!sheep,!made!cheese,!grew!vegetables! and!made!food.! 9 What!is!one!of!the!most!famous!works! The!Canterbury!Tales!by!Geoffrey!Chaucer! written!in!"Middle!English"?! 9 What! major! technical! development! William!Caxton's!first!English!printing!press,!set!up!in!1476! ended!The!Middle!Ages?! 9 What! do! you! know! about! the! 5!Geoffrey!Chaucer! Canterbury!Tales?! 5!Middle!English! 5! About! a! group! of! pilgrims! traveling! from! London! to! the! tomb! of! Thomas!Becket!at!Canterbury! 5!Each!character!tells!a!story! 5! The! stories! were! not! Chaucer's.! He! used! old! stories! but! rewrote! them!in!an!interesting!and!amusing!way.! 5!Everything!is!in!rhyme! 5!The!first!chapter!is!a!description!of!the!characters!and!is!a!result!of! Chaucer's!own!deep!understanding!of!human!nature.! 9 Which!two!books!were!among!the!first! 5Canterbury!Tales!5!Chaucer! to!be!printed!by!William!Caxton?! 5!Morte!d'Arthur!5!Malory! 9 Name! 3! changes! that! happened! 5!Standardised!spelling!and!grammar! because!of!the!printing!press.! 5!Educational!books! 5!Printing!would!be!used!as!a!weapon! 18 What was James Watt's greatest In 1769 Watt greatly improved steam engines. contribution in the 18th century? In 1771 Watt produced an engine with a turning motion, made of iron and steel. People were no longer dependent on natural power. 18 Who was John Wesley An Anglican priest who travelled around England to preach and teach. His methodism" was a personal and emotional form of religion which was able to give people a sense of purpose and dignity. He was forced, eventually, to leave the Church of England and started a new methodist Church." 18 What happened when the Whig Party Those who feared the Jacobinism" (people who had sympathy for the split? French revolutionairs) joined William Pitt the Younger, while who were in favour of reforms stayed with the radical Whig leader, James Fox." 18 Which role did the Corresponding It was the first working–class political organisation, with a membership Society have in late 18th century? consisting primarily of artisans, tradesmen, and shopkeepers. The government, fearing that revolutionaries ideals and acts would spread also in Britain, closed it down and imprisoned most radical leaders. 18 Who died during the Trafalgar battle, Admiral Horatio Nelson. He won many victories over the French navy in 1805? and, finally, at Trafalgar he destroyed the French–Spanish fleet. 18 Who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo General Wellington. in 1815? 19 Which were England's main England wanted to prevent any other European nation from becoming goals/preoccupations in the 19th too strong and wished for a free trade market to take

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