CLASS 10 HISTORY TIMELINE SHOBHIT NIRWAN .pdf

RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe First clear expression of nationalism ca...

RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe First clear expression of nationalism came with French revolution in 1789* Act of Union between England and Scotland took place way before all this happened in 1707* only! Ireland mei ek failed revolt hua tha 1798* ko! Which was led by Wolfe Tone and his united Irishmen, after this Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801 1804* mei Napoleon uncle ne apna Napoleonic code (civil code) ko picture mei laaya! Which took all the privileges based on birth and established equality! In the mid-18th century industrialization began in England but in Germany it started from the 19th century! Which bought a new social groups: the working class, middle class etc Defeat of Napoleon in 1815* -->> after this the representatives of European powers met at Vienna to draw a settlement for Europe! Conservative regimes set up in 1815 that were autocratic! 1834* -->> customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and most of the German states joined this! wave of economic nationalism spread) (text book mei yeh pehle diya hua, Par yeh hua baad me tha !) 19th century: ideas of national unity were closely related to liberalism! Throughout the 19th and 20th century people organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights! 1815 ke baad logo ne secretly nationalism ke ideas ko spread karna start kardiva ! ( because of the fear of repression) “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe ofmeans is that First clear expression of nationalism came with French revolution in 1789* Act of Union between England and Scotland took place way before all this happened in 1707* only! Ireland mei ek failed revolt hua tha 1798* ko! Which was led by Wolfe Tone and his united Irishmen, after this Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801 1804* mei Napoleon uncle ne apna Napoleonic code (civil code) ko picture mei laaya! Which took all the privileges based on birth and established equality! In the mid-18th century industrialization began in England but in Germany it started from the 19th century! Which bought a new social groups: the working class, middle class etc Defeat of Napoleon in 1815* -->> after this the representatives of European powers met at Vienna to draw a settlement for Europe! Conservative regimes set up in 1815 that were autocratic! 1834* -->> customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and most of the German states joined this! wave of economic nationalism spread) (text book mei yeh pehle diya hua, Par yeh hua baad me tha !) 19th century: ideas of national unity were closely related to liberalism! Throughout the 19th and 20th century people organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights! E 1815 ke baad logo ne secretly nationalism ke ideas ko spread karna start kardiva ! ( because of the fear of repression) o E “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” -  Giuseppe Mazzini (born in 1807) was a member of a secret society! Founded secret societies Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Greek mei bhi nationalism ka idea spread hone laga tha 1821 se hi! Finally Greek was recognized as a independent nation by the treaty of Constantinople in 1832* July 1830 ko first upheaval( pehla sudden change) hua! Bourbon kings jinhone power gain kya tha 1815 ke baad ! They were all overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. 1821 - 1832*: Greek War of Independence hua 1831 armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed! 1830 se lekar 1848 was the time of revolutions! Even though the conservatives tried to take control over people and country, the feeling of nationalism was so strong that it spread in many regions! 1830s mei hi bohot saare hardships dekhni padi Europe ko! The E population increased! o 1848* mei to food shortages hone lagi! Utna hi nahi unemployment bhi tha! E 1845*--> weavers in Silesian revolted against the contractors who - supplied raw materials and gave them orders but reduced their payments! 1848* ko revolution was led by the liberals in European countries! (Paris Revolt) May 18th 1848-->> all German national assemblies took place which elected 831 representatives isko oppose kiya aristocrats ne ! Even though the upper class could suppress the liberal movements a little ! They couldn't gain the old control they had on people! Aur isi wajah se the monarchs began to introduce changes so the serfdom and bonded labor were abolished in Habsburg and Russia! Habsburg mei jo rulers the , they granted more autonomy to Hungarians in 1867 “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” E o 1848* Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of 4 paintings visualizing his dream about a world made of democratic and social republics! E - 1861* Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy (Unification of Italy) 1871* the Prussian king William I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held in Versailles! (Unification of Germany) 18 th and 19th century artists found new ways to personify nations! Last quarter (1875 -1900) of the 19th century! Nationalism, imperialism mei badal gaya tha! (mera desh mahaan hai ! Dusre desho mei iaake unhe invade karega) Nationalist tension after 1871 was in Balkan region of Europe! Bahut Yaad kar lia ab thoda - “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  NATIONALISM IN INDIA TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW Nationalism in Europe ke baare mei to padh liya! Ab India ke baare mei padhte hain! India mei konse events hue! Aur unn saka kya impact tha? aur desh bhakti logo mei kaise aayi? The whole chapter is about what happened in the 19th century- Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book Hind Swaraj in 1909 Agar koi movement India mei hoga to gandhiji ka hona zuri hai! Toh Gandhiji ki entry hui from south Africa to India in January 1915* During the first world war the prices doubled between 1913 and 1918, leading to hardships among people! Gandhi JI organised satyagraha movements in various regions In 1917* he went to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants against the oppressive plantation system! Phirse 1917* mei hi he went to kheda district of Gujarat to support peseants who were affected by the plague epidemic 1918* mei Gandhi Ji Ahmedabad gaye jahaan unhone satyagraha moment organise kiya for the cotton mill workers 1918-1919 and 1920-1921 crops failed in India resulting in shortage of food 1919 ko gandhiji ne nationwide satyagraha launch kiya against the Rowlatt act of 1919*. And for this he wanted to take the path of non- violence so he started hartal on 6th april April 1919*- Hartal Nationwide 10 th April police of Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession. 13th April 1919* ko Jallianwalla Bagh incident hua! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” The first world war ended with the defeat of ottoman turkey! And in order to defend the Khalifa's temporal powers a Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in march 1919 In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru began going to villages in Awadh! Talking to villagers and knowing their problems, by October Oudh kisan Sabha was headed by him! 1920 September* in Calcutta's session of congress mahatma ne leaders ko noncooperation movement start karne ke liye convince karliya! (in support of khilafat and for swaraj) 1920 ke summers mei Gandhi aur Shaukat Ali tours wagera mei jaate the ! So that they could mobilize support for the movement! Nagpur ke 1920 December* congress session mei non -cooperation movement was adopted. Non-cooperation khilafat movement began in January 1921* Import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922 dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore Gudem hills of andra pradesh -->> militant guerilla movement spread in early 1920s Alluri sitaram raju - was man who took part in this movement and - he was captured and executed in 1924 Inland emigration act - 1859 February 1922 mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the noncooperation movement as it was turning violent Agricultural prices began to fall in the 1926 and collapsed after 1930 Simon commission in India came in 1928* it was greeted with slogan as ' go back Simon' Lord Irwin announced the vague offer of dominion status in October 1929 December 1929* under Jawaharlal Nehru the Lahore congress formalised the Purna Swaraj It was decided that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the independence day when the people were to take a pledge to struggle for the full independence “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” Salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the nation so Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to the viceroy stating 11 demands. 11 demands were not fulfilled by 11th march 1930* so mahatma started his salt march with 78 trusted volunteers, march was over 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Guajarati coastal town of Dandi 6th april they reached Dandi April 1930 Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested ! Angry crowds demonstrated in streets of Peshawar Yeh movement bhi violent ho raha tha to Gandhi ne iss moment ko bhi call off karne ka faisla kiva! and he signed a pact with Irwin on march 5, 1931* Use baad there were some other problems(refer notes) so Gandhi decided to relaunch the movement par 1934 ke baad it lost its momentum Indian Industrial and commercial congress was formed in the 1920 and the federation of the Indian chamber of commerce and industries (FICCI) was formed in the 1927 Strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932 1930 thousands of workers in chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns Dr BR Ambedkar organized the dailts into the depressed classes association in the 1930 The Poona pact was signed in 1932* in the month of September! 1928 mei jitne bhi issues Hindus aur Muslims ke beech mei the use resolve karne ke lie All parties conference rakha gaya! Par jab MR jayakar ne oppose kiya tab resolve karne ke saare hopes khatam hogaye. Nationalism spread hota gaya! But how did people living in different regions and different communities with various languages develop a sense of collective belonging? Bankim chandra chattopadhya in 1870s wrote the "vandhe mataram" By 1921 Gandhi had designed the Swaraj flag End of the 19th century many Indians started to develop desh bhakti! And started to feel proud of their nation ! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” From being oppressed under the British to coming out as a strong nation! And now being one of the most powerful countries in the world , India and its people have seen a lot! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  MAKING OF GLOBAL WORLD TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW Iss chapter mei hum global world ke history - migration, trade, people in search of work ,movement of capital aur bhi bohot kuch padhenge! 3000 BCE me hi ek active coastal trade ka link tha jo Indus valley civilizations ko aaj ke (present day) west Asia se jodta hai! Silk routes to the Christian era ke pehle hi exist karti thi and until 15 th century those routes thrived (flourished) Pre modern world shrank in 16th century World changed extremely in the 19th century! ( economically, socially, culturally and technologically) Late 18th century mei population increase hua britain ka --so as a result industries had to expand! By 1890(early 19th century) the global agricultural economy had taken shape ! Bohot saare labour movements, capital flows aur technology mei changes aagye the! 1820 se lekar 1914 tak world trade 20 to 40 times multiply ho chuka tha! 1870s tak live animals transport hote the from America to Europe, par 1870s ke baad they were slaughtered there in America, Australia or New Zeland only ! Late 19 th century mei kya hua ? Trade flourish hua aur markets expand hui! Par iska darker side bhi hai- Late 19th century ko hi Europe mei painful economic, social aur ecological changes bhi hue! o 1885: European powers met Berlin to complete the carving up of Africa between them! E The US became a colonial power in the 1890s by taking over some - colonies jo pehle Spain ke under thi! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  1890s Africa mei fast spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest ka boot bura impact hua. Late 19th century- Europeans were attracted to African land and minerals! So they came to Africa! Par devastating cattle disease ne kaam bigaad diya! It spread like a forest fire! Killing 90%of the cattle , toh iska fayeda uthaya European colonizers ne aur Africa ko conquer kar liya! Chalo ab INDIA ki taraf chalte hai- 19th century mei India aur Chinese laborers jaate the plantations aur mines mei kaam karne! There was system of indentured labour which was termed as the" new system of slavery" Par 1900s se Indian nationalist leaders began to oppose this system! Indentured labour system was abolished in the year 1921 Exports of raw cotton increased from 5% to 35% in 1812-1871 1820s mei china became the largest Indian export for opium! First world war hua between (1914-1918) -->> The war brought a lot of crises! to the whole world! Lasted for 4 years! 1921 one out of every 5 British workers was unemployed US ka kya hua? Recovery was faster there! Strong growth in the 1920s(mass production increased) In 1923 the US became the largest overseas lender, and resumed exporting capital to the world! Uske baad aaya the great depression -->>1929 se lekar mid 1930s tak tha! Effected the world and US in many ways. Because of great depression: Indian exports halved in 1928 - 1934, wheat prices fell by 50% World trade grew annually in the 1950s-1970s and growth was stable! Mid 1970-->> international financial system changed(effects) “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW Yeh chapter 1700s se lekar 1940s (approx) tak ke saare industrialization ke improvements, changes, inventions etc..batata hai! 1730s ko factories ka banna start hua! Machines vagera produce hone lagi! 30 yrs I 1760s ko cotton industry kaafi zada popular ho gayi thi aur E production kaafi zyada badh gaya tha! 28 yrS o Industrialisation spread slowly! I 1781 mei hi James Watt ne New comen ka steam engine improve Ea kardiya tha! Uske baad Mathew Boulton ne naya model bhi banaya tha! But the buyers increased slowly and gradually only (i.e. in the 19 th century / in the start of 1800s) Late 18th century: people moved to cities in search of jobs! Saare log job dhoondne chale gaye to jobs ka number kam hota gaya! People were unemployed in the 1830s-1840 (35-75% of people were unemployed) E Already logo ke paas jobs nhi the ! Spinning jenny ke invention ne kaam bigaad diya! And the people turned hostile towards machines! o Early 19 th century ( mtlb 1800s) mei to factories english landscape ka zaroori hissa ban gayi thi! E 1840s tak cotton was the most growing sector which was the first phase of the industrial sector! Iske baad logo ne railways aur transportation system ko behtar banaya, and this sector boomed! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  Abhi humne Britain mei jo bhi hua woh dekh liya, Chalo ab India aur colonies ke taraf chalte hain !! Aap sabhi ko pata hi hai kii india ke textiles aur fabrics kitne famous hain, India ne pura network bana ke rakha tha. But, in the 1750s this E network began to break! Because the East India Company(EIC) gained power! o 1760s: India used to only supply fine textiles in Europe! (exports immediately bandh nahi karwaya EIC ne) E- Henry Patullo ne 1772 mei kaha tha ki " demand for Indian good would never reduce" But by the early 19th century, textile exports from India declined ! E 1860s weavers faced a new problem: couldn't get enough supply of raw good quality cotton! o End of the 19th century ,a new problem again: factories ne apna & production start karliya! Machine made good flooded. Isse Weaving ⑦ - survive hi nahi kar paaya! Factories aa hi gayi hain toh unke baare toh thoda jaan lete hain: First cotton mill: 1854 First jute mill in Bengal: 1855 First cotton mill in Ahmedabad: 1859 Elgin mill in Kanpur: 1860s Spinning and weaving mill in madras: 1874 Factories ke liye workers kaha se aate the? 1911 mei neighboring districts se aate the! (20th century) First decade of the 20th century (1900-1999) series of changes took E place: which helped the Indian market. o 1. Swadeshi movement 2. First World War 1900 se lekar 1912 tak cotton goods production doubled and use Fo g baad manchester kabhi wahi control hi le paaya india ke upar ! 1900-1940s cloth production expand hua! Par kaise? Second decade of 20 th century: flying shuttle introduce kiya gaya! (refer notes to know more)+several other innovations that helped the weavers! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” Abhi aage aage acha khaasa profit hone laga ! Sab stable hota gaya! The Indian market again gained power in India and started to earn profits! Aur isi ke chalte indians ko idea aya advertisements karne ka! Isilye unhone alag alag tareeke apnake paise kamaye! Yeh tha safar proto industrialization se lekar industrialization I advertisements tak ka safar! Umeed hai aapko maza aaya hoga! “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  PRINT CULTURE & THE MODERN WORLD TIMELINE CHAPTER OVERVIEW Agar printing technologyna hoti ! To aaj tum sab yeh notes alhi padh paa rahe hote ! Printing technology ka development aur uska expansion ‚impact hum is chapter mei padhenge! AD 594 onwards books in china were printed on rubbing paper! Buddhist missionaries from china introduced hand printing around AD768-770 Oldest Japanese book was printed in AD 868- DIAMOND SUTRA 1295- Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought the knowledge about wood block technology Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press in 1430s 1448- tak Gutenburg uncle ne perfect karliya tha apne skill ko aur it first book bible tha jo print hua tha ! 180 copies the aur 3 saal lage print karne me! Second half of 15th century- 20 million copies of printed books 16th century- 200 million copies! 1517 mei (16th century) Martin Luther (religious reformer) ne ninety five thesis naam ka ek book likha tha jisme use roman catholic church ke rituals aur practices ko criticize kiya tha! 16 th century-->> a miller from Italy named Menocchio read the books and interpreted the message of the bible and formed a view about god and church which made the people angry and he was executed. Booksellers maintained the index of prohibited books from 1558 o End of 18th century: literacy rate went up to 60-80%, logo ne boot saari books print kiye !!Of different sizes , of various interests and purposes! - “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  Periodical press was also developed from the early 18th century! Mid 18 th century: common conviction that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment! Children's press devoted only to children was set up in France in 1857 Mid-19th century: Richard M Hoe of new York came up with his power driven cylindrical press used particularly for newspapers Early 20th century electrical press came up! Series of developments E followed! o 1920s in England, cheap book novel series called shilling series were introduced & ⑧ Then, Great depression began in the 1930s people feared decline in book purchases Harr chapter ki tarah iss chapter mei bhi apna INDIA to aayega hi! Mid-16th century: printing press came with the Portuguese missionaries in goa! First Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin 50 books were printed in Konkani and Kannada language 1674 1713: first Malayalam book was printed ! 1780 - James Augustus Hickey began to edit Bengal Gazette 16 th century mei jo text - Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas ji ne likha tha - uska printed form calcutta mei 1810 ko aaya. Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and to oppose his opinions the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika. E 1822 two new newspapers were published 1. Jam-i-Jahan o 2. Shamsul Akhbar E - “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”  1822 Gujarati newspaper ‘Bombay Samachar’ made its appearance Deoband founded in 1867 published fatwas telling Muslims how to conduct themselves Mid-19th century cheap lithographic editions flooded in north India 1880s- Naval Kishore press in Lucknow and Shree Venkateshwar press in Bombay printed many religious texts in vernacular E languages! o End of 19th century new visual culture taking shape! By 1870s caricatures and cartoons were being printed in newspapers E - and journals! After mid-19th century women's schools were set up! Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography in 1876- Amar Jiban (first full length autobiography printed in Bengali) In the 1860s - women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books which highlighted the experiences/difficulties of women In 1880s - in Maharashtra Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women! Late 19th century issues of caste discrimination began to be written in books ! Gulamgiri (1871) - written by Jyotiba Phule E In early 20th century: Ram Chadda published Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives ! o 20 th century : BR ambedkar ( Maharashtra) and E.V Ramaswamy A Naickar (madras) (known as periyar) wrote about powerfully about & the caste By 1930s Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves! E 1938- Chhote aur bade ka saval written by Kashibaba a mill worker o from kanpur Ye Another Kanpur worker who wrote under the name Sudarshan Chakr between 1935 and 1955 were published under a collection named as Sacchi Kavitayan “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ” i By 1820s Calcutta supreme court passes certain regulations to control press freedom 1878 vernacular act was passed ! When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 Balgangadar Tilak write with great sympathy in his book Kesari. “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”