EST I - Literacy Test 1 PDF Past Paper

THE ULTIMATE WAY TO OFFICIAL TESTS This book includes: - Six official literacy 1 and 2 tests with answers. Mohamed Salama  EST I – Literacy Test I Student’s Name _____________________________________ National ID _____________...

THE ULTIMATE WAY TO OFFICIAL TESTS This book includes: - Six official literacy 1 and 2 tests with answers. Mohamed Salama  EST I – Literacy Test I Student’s Name _____________________________________ National ID _____________________________________ Test Center: _____________________________________ Duration: 35 minutes 44 Multiple Choice Questions Instructions: - Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the multiple choice questions. - Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the subject matter. Directions: Questions follow each of the passages below. Some questions ask you how the passage might be changed to improve the expression of ideas. Other questions ask you how the passage might be altered to correct errors in grammar, usage, and punctuation. One or more graphics accompany some passages. You will be required to consider these graphics as you answer questions about editing the passages. There are three types of questions. In the first type, a part of the passage is underlined. The second type is based on a certain part of the passage. The third type is based on the entire passage. Read each passage. Then, choose the answer to each question that changes the passage so that it is consistent with the conventions of standard written English. One of the answer choices for many questions is “NO CHANGE.” Choosing this answer means that you believe the best answer is to make no change in the passage. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. 1. A. NO CHANGE B. occurred How Pandemics Change Society C. helped D. witnessed The black death, the Spanish flu, and other disease 2. A. NO CHANGE outbreaks have transformed how people live. Will COVID- B. who is studying 19 change the world? It will do so, if it is similar to the C. whose studied pandemics of the past. Plagues and viral contagions have D. who’s study regularly improved the course of human civilization. "Things are never the same after a pandemic as they were 3. A. NO CHANGE before," said Dr. Liam Fox, who's studied these B. occurred outbreaks for a forthcoming book. "The current outbreak C. had occurred D. has been occurring will be no exception." The earliest pandemic has occurred during the Peloponnesian War in 430 B.C. Now believed to have been a form of typhoid fever, that particular plague passed through Libya, Ethiopia, and Egypt before striking the city of Athens. 2 October 2020  4. A. NO CHANGE (i)The cause of plague is Yersinia pestis: a bacterium B. Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind spread by fleas on rodents. one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black C. Yersinia pestis (a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents) Death. (ii) Routine medical inspections became D. Yersinia pestis, a bacterium customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to spread by fleas on rodents, treat the sick. (iii)The Black Death eventually swept 5. To make this paragraph most throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. logical, sentence (ii) should be (iv) As a result, it forced authorities to institute health placed A. where it is now. measures that remain in place today. (v) Fourteenth-century B. before sentence i. Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta C. after sentence iii. giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 D. after sentence iv. days of isolation imposed on incoming ships. The Black Death's biggest socioeconomic legacy was its 6. A. NO CHANGE role in ending feudalism. Feudalism was a medieval system B. they’re that empowered wealthy nobles to grant the use of their land C. their D. this to peasants in exchange for there labor. By wiping out a huge swath of the working population, the Black Death 7. A. NO CHANGE created a labor shortage that gave peasants the leverage B. alternative to negotiate new working terms effectively bringing about C. strength the end of serfdom and paving the way for modern D. investment capitalism. 3 October 2020  8. Which wording best conveys that The coronavirus has already had a huge and potentially the coronavirus’ effect is long enduring impact on everyday life. Our work and social lasting? lives have gone virtual; movie studios, gyms, musicians, A. NO CHANGE and karaoke bars are streaming their content straight into B. fleeting our homes. The outbreak has also revived impassioned C. sudden debates about the U.S. health-care system, possibly offering D. appalling a hindrance to those in favor of universal coverage. 9. Which choice is most consistent with the logical flow of the sentence? A. NO CHANGE B. we have a growing appetite for video technology such as Zoom and Skype. C. video gaming has reached astounding levels, and we now share the experience from a safe distance. D. the fabric of society has disintegrated, and daily living skills have become harder. 10. A. NO CHANGE B. an obstacle to C. a boon for D. a disadvantage to 4 October 2020  11. What would most logically follow this sentence while being The Spanish Flu and the economic depression that consistent with the rest of the paragraph? followed led to a wave of nationalism, authoritarianism, and A. Consequently, the pandemic another world war. Therefore, with the onset of should strengthen the tide of COVID-19, countries should be united against a common globalization and eradicate xenophobia. viral enemy. "We've forgotten a lot of the lessons that we B. Consequently, the pandemic learned after the Spanish Flu and other pandemics," Spinney should reverse the tide of says. "We may be about to learn them again." globalization and fuel xenophobia. C. Consequently, humanity will be able to stop the march of globalization to combat this pandemic. D. Consequently, humanity will rely on improving the economic system and change the course of history. 5 October 2020 Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage 12. A. NO CHANGE and supplementary material. B. so Land Use C. while Agriculture is the oldest use of land for growing crops D. as and rearing animals. Half of the world’s habitable land is 13. A. NO CHANGE used for agriculture. Extensive land use has a major B. and reduce the impact on the impact on the earth’s environment when it reduces environment. wilderness and threatens biodiversity. Reducing the C. and reduce the impact on the consumption of resource-intensive products and environment. increasing the productivity of land makes it possible to D. reduces the impact on the environment. produce food with much smaller inputs , and reducing the impact on the environment. 14. A. NO CHANGE Half of the world’s habitable land is used for B. are used agriculture. For much of human history, most of the C. were used D. is to be used world’s land was wilderness: forests, grasslands and shrubbery dominated it’s landscapes. Over the last 15. A. NO CHANGE few centuries, this has changed dramatically. B. dominated landscapes. C. dominated its’ landscapes. D. dominated its landscapes. 6 October 2020  16. A. NO CHANGE If we are to break down global land area, we B. were would realize that 10% of the world is covered by C. could glaciers, and a further 19% is barren land – deserts, dry D. decide salt flats, beaches, sand dunes, and exposed rocks. This 17. Which choice gives the most leaves what we call ‘habitable land’. Half of all habitable accurate interpretation of the data in the graph? land is used for agriculture. The remainder is only 37% A. NO CHANGE forests; 11% as shrubs and grasslands; 1% as freshwater B. 19% of the world is covered by coverage; and the remaining 1% – a much smaller share glaciers, and a further 10% is barren land. 29% of what is left than many suspect – is built-up urban area. is habitable land used for agriculture. C. There are only 37% forests; 11% shrubs and grasslands; these make up 50% of habitable land. D. 29% of the world is covered by glaciers, and barren land. They make up 29% of the earth’s surface. 7 October 2020  There is also a highly and unequal distribution 18. A. NO CHANGE of land use between livestock and crops for human B. high, unequal consumption. If we combine pastures used for grazing C. highly, unequal with land used to grow crops for animal feed, livestock D. highly unequal accounts for 77% of global farming land. While 19. A. NO CHANGE livestock takes up most of the world’s agricultural land B While livestock takes up most of the it only produces 18% of the world’s calories and 37% of world’s agricultural land they only total protein. produce 18% of the world’s calories There are two main uses of agricultural land: arable and 37% of total protein. farming (which is land dedicated to growing crops), and C While livestock takes up most of the pastureland (which includes meadows and pastures used world’s agricultural land, it only for livestock rearing). In many countries, land use for produces 18% of the world’s calories livestock grazing is dominant relative to arable farming. and 37% of total protein. For most countries, land dedicated to cropland is D Because livestock takes up most of typically below 20 percent, with many countries the world’s agricultural land it only dedicating less than 10 percent. Besides, countries produces 18% of the world’s calories in South Asia and Europe allocate a large share of land and 37% of total protein. area to arable farming. India, Bangladesh, Ukraine and 20. A. NO CHANGE Denmark dedicated more than half of their total land B However, area to cropland in 2015. C Moreover, D (Although, 8 October 2020 For most countries, the majority of agricultural land is used as pastureland for nurturing livestock. In 21. Which word would be better suited contrast to arable farming, land use for livestock in for the context? Europe and South Asia, in particular, is typically less A. NO CHANGE than 20 percent. However, most continental regions have B. nursing countries where pastureland reaches close to half of total C. rearing land area. In some countries, this can reach up to 70 D. growing percent. Livestock farming can take place across a range of diverse climatic and environmental regions. 22. Which choice would emphasize the fact that livestock farming is less geographically constrained? A. NO CHANGE B. Land use for cattle rearing in Europe and South Asia is less than 20 percent. C. The majority of agricultural land is used for livestock rearing in continental regions D. Cattle rear in temperate regions and sheep graze in hilly and semi-arid terrain. 9 October 2020 Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. 23. A. NO CHANGE B. to conduct contract analysis, Will You Lose Your Job to a Robot? hunt for client conflicts, and even craft litigation strategy. Automation has become a threat to society, and rapid C. to conduct contract analysis, technological advances are enabling machines to perform to hunt for client conflicts, a growing number of tasks traditionally done by humans. and even crafting litigation Law firms now use artificial intelligence (AI) to strategy. conduct contract analysis, for hunting down client D. conducting contract analysis, conflicts, and even craft litigation strategy. McDonald's is hunting for client conflicts, replacing drive-thru workers with order-taking AI, and and even crafting litigation cashiers with self-checkout kiosks. From 1990 to 2007, strategy. robots replaced about 670,000 U.S. jobs, mostly in manufacturing; every robot introduced into a local 24. A. NO CHANGE economy claimed 6.2 jobs. That trend will accelerate over B. robots have been replacing the next decade, as advances in mobile technology, AI, C. robots have replaced data transfer, and computing speed allows robots to D. robots were replacing act with greater independence. Oxford University 25. A. NO CHANGE researchers concluded and established the result in a B. allowing major 2013 study that 47 percent of American jobs are at C. allowed "high risk" of automation within two decades. D. allow 26. A. NO CHANGE B. came to the conclusion and established C. concluded D. reached a conclusion 10 October 2020  Jobs that are mostly at risk are those involving 27. The writer is considering repetitive physical tasks in predictable environments. inserting this sentence at this The Palm Beach County Court recently began using point in the passage: four robots — Wally Bishop, Rosie Tobor, Kitt Robbie, “For instance, some restaurants in and Speedy — to read court filings, fill out docket sheets, China have already begun and input data into its case management system. In theory, replacing servers with robots.” at least 91 percent of a short-order cook's tasks can be Should he make this insertion? automated using existing technology. It's 100 percent for a A. Yes. Servers are the only jobs dredge operator, plasterer, stucco mason, motion picture that have repetitive tasks. projectionist, and logging equipment operator. B. Yes. It is a supporting detail Similarly, jobs that involve managing people, social for the sentence before it. interaction, and creative thinking, will see less C. No. Servers’ jobs are not automation. But even the jobs you'd think are safe aren't. repetitive. The Guardian Australia newspaper published its first D. No. Robots cannot perform a article this year written entirely by a computer. The Indian server’s job. e-commerce site Myntra recently created one of its best- selling T-shirts by delegating the design for two 28. A. NO CHANGE algorithms that analysed previous designs and invented B. Conversely, new ones. C. Moreover, D. Accordingly, 29. A. NO CHANGE B. about C. to D. in 11 October 2020  Despite the number of people losing their jobs to 30. Which choice is most logically automation, many prophesy that artificial intelligence is inserted at this point in the still years away from sending all of humanity on a paragraph? permanent vacation. History has shown that previous A. NO CHANGE fateful warnings about technology wiping out the need for B. Consequently, these people human labor have proved untrue — although there is have been uneasy about the often a difficult transition period to new jobs requiring idea that automation would new skills. replace human workers. In the 19th century, farmers rendered out of fashion C. The economy will not have by mechanized agriculture found their way to new, better- time to create new professions paying jobs in factories. to absorb the tens of millions of workers displaced by automation. D. People’s predictions vary, and there is a lot of grim prognostication about a "robot apocalypse.” 31. A. NO CHANGE B. has proved C. will have proved D. will prove 32. A. NO CHANGE B. obsolete C. redundant D. asinine 12 October 2020 When industrial automation in the 20th century threatened 33. Which of the following would be factory workers, this created an ever-growing pool of most consistent with the ending unemployable humans who could not compete of the paragraph? economically with machines. If history is any guide, A. NO CHANGE According to 2013 study," we could also expect that 8 to 9 B. industrial automation re- percent of 2030 labor demand will be in new types of shaped the global workforce, occupations that have not existed before." and a dangerously uncertain future subjected people to dismissal from their jobs. C. AI had a high impact on the workforce because it is capable of outperforming humans. D. a wave of nonexistent jobs, soon flourished. 13 October 2020 Questions 34-44 are based on the following 34. A. NO CHANGE passage. B. Duties including watching for shoplifters, and tracking the legally or ethically questionable actions of store employees. Private Investigators in Fiction and Fact C. Duties included watching for shoplifters and tracking the legally or ethically After I graduated from college and was questionable actions of store employees. looking for a job, a newspaper employment ad D. Duties including watching for shoplifters caught my eye. It sounded interesting, so I sent and tracking the legally, or ethically questionable actions of store employees. in a résumé. I later discovered that the job was for a store detective. Duties including 35. A. NO CHANGE watching for shoplifters and tracking the legally B. Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe, or Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade whose or ethically questionable actions of store tough exteriors belie their soft-hearted employees. natures. C. Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe or The interview was my first hint that real-life Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade, whose tough exteriors belie their soft-hearted private investigators were not like the characters natures. one encountered in movies or mystery novels D. Raymond Chandler's, Philip Marlowe, or such as Raymond Chandler's Philip Dashiell Hammett's, Sam Spade, whose tough exteriors belie their soft-hearted Marlowe or Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade natures. whose tough exteriors belie their soft-hearted 36. A. NO CHANGE natures. Not only do they track down B. They not only track down criminals, but criminals, but they also solve crimes in the most they also solve crimes in the most dangerous of circumstances. dangerous of circumstances. C. Not only tracking down criminals, but they also solve crimes in the most dangerous of circumstances. D. They not only track down criminals, but also they solve crimes in the most dangerous of circumstances. 14 October 2020 These heroic figures adhere to an incorruptible 37. A. NO CHANGE code of personal morality that enables them to B. usher succumb to the most formidable obstacles C. surmount as they apprehend criminals and restore order to D. conceal society. That is one vision of detective work. 38. A. NO CHANGE Another image comes out of a more playful B. Sherlock Holmes the fictional genius who tradition of mystery writing that includes solves complex crimes— sometimes, characters such as Sherlock Holmes the without leaving his comfortable armchair. fictional genius who solves complex crimes— C. Sherlock Holmes the fictional genius who sometimes without leaving his comfortable solves complex crimes, sometimes armchair. Holmes approaches crime as if it was without leaving his comfortable armchair. a crossword puzzle missing a few essential D. Sherlock Holmes, the fictional genius who letters that, once supplied, make the motive solves complex crimes— sometimes for a crime and the identity of its perpetrator without leaving his comfortable armchair. clear to all concerned. Using his wits and 39. A. NO CHANGE courage, he invariably searches for the B. made needed evidence and quickly solves the crime. C. makes D. making 40. Which word would have a bigger effect when used in this context? A. NO CHANGE B. expunges C. scrutinizes D. effaces 15 October 2020  In fact, all this is a far cry from the 41. The main idea of this paragraph is stated in world of real-life detectives. Modern private two sentences. Which are they? investigators sometimes do monitor potential A. Sentence 2 and 4 shoplifters, but more often are involved in B. Sentence 1 and 3 actual investigations. Typical assignments C. Sentence 1 and 4 might include to do background checks on D. Sentence 4 and 5 people or tracking down missing persons. The work of real-life detectives differs from 42. A. NO CHANGE the way their work is portrayed in books and B. doing background checks movies. The modern-day private C. to doing background checks investigator, however, spends less time on his or D. done background checks her feet and considerably more time on the 43. A. NO CHANGE computer. Because the work is routine, the B. Although end result of such inquiries might lead to the C. Moreover, reuniting of siblings separated since childhood D. Knowing or to the criminal investigation of a company's business practices. Even at its most exciting, the work of 44. Which choice is most consistent with the argument made in the first sentence of the modern-day private investigators is rarely paragraph? glamorous. It is much more likely to involve the A. NO CHANGE careful analysis of data than a high-speed car B. perform tasks that can vary from one day to chase. Today's private detectives typically the next. perform tasks that are a romantic’s dream, C. carry out detail oriented, methodical, and full of action and excitement. But for those who often mundane tasks. like to solve puzzles, for those who like to find D. spend days or weeks watching and what's missing or figure out what someone may shadowing subjects with a lot of action. be up to, real private investigation still appeals to the detective in all of us. 16 October 2020  EST I Literacy Test 1 Answer Key (Writing and Language Section) Question Answer Question Answer 1 A 23 B 2 A 24 A 3 B 25 D 4 D 26 C 5 D 27 B 6 C 28 B 7 A 29 C 8 A 30 A 9 A 31 A 10 C 32 B 11 A 33 D 12 D 34 C 13 B 35 C 14 A 36 A 15 D 37 C 16 B 38 D 17 A 39 A 18 D 40 C 19 C 41 C 20 B 42 B 21 C 43 B 22 A 44 C October 2020  EST I – Literacy Test II Student’s Name _____________________________________ National ID _____________________________________ Test Center: _____________________________________ Duration: 65 minutes 52 Multiple Choice Questions Instructions: - Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the multiple choice questions. - Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the subject matter.  The following passage is an excerpt as he could without damaging the roots: from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brönte 45 I knew he would soon strike, and while about a young orphan girl and her dreading the blow, I mused on the experience in the household she grew up disgusting and ugly appearance of him in. who would presently deal it. I wonder if he read that notion in my face; for, all at John Reed was a schoolboy of fourteen 50 once, without speaking, he struck years old; four years older than I, for I suddenly and strongly. I tottered, and was but ten: large and stout for his age, on regaining my equilibrium retired with a dingy and unwholesome skin; 5 thick lineaments in a spacious visage, back a step or two from his chair. heavy limbs and large extremities. He gorged himself habitually at table, “That is for your impudence in which made him bilious, and gave him a 55 answering mama awhile since,” said he, dim and bleared eye and flabby “and for your sneaking way of getting 10 cheeks. He ought now to have been at behind curtains, and for the look you school; but his mama had taken him had in your eyes two minutes since, you home for a month or two, “on account rat!” of his delicate health.” Mr. Miles, the master, affirmed that he would do very 60 Accustomed to John Reed’s abuse, I 15 well if he had fewer cakes and never had an idea of replying to it; my sweetmeats sent him from home; but the care was how to endure the blow which mother’s heart turned from an opinion would certainly follow the insult. so harsh, and inclined rather to the more refined idea that John’s sallowness was “What were you doing behind the 20 owing to over-application and, perhaps, 65 curtain?” he asked. to pining after home. “I was reading.” John had not much affection for his mother and sisters, and an antipathy to “Show the book.” me. He bullied and punished me; not 25 two or three times in the week, nor once I returned to the window and fetched it or twice in the day, but continually: thence. every nerve I had feared him, and every morsel of flesh in my bones shrank 70 “You have no business to take our when he came near. There were books; you are a dependent, mama says; 30 moments when I was bewildered by the you have no money; your father left you terror he inspired, because I had no none; you ought to beg, and not to live appeal whatever against either his here with gentlemen’s children like us, menaces or his inflictions; the servants 75 and eat the same meals we do, and wear did not like to offend their young master clothes at our mama’s expense. Now, 35 by taking my part against him, and Mrs. I’ll teach you to rummage my Reed was blind and deaf on the subject: bookshelves: for they are mine; all the she never saw him strike or heard him house belongs to me, or will do in a few abuse me, though he did both now and 80 years. Go and stand by the door, out of then in her very presence, more the way of the mirror and the windows.” 40 frequently, however, behind her back. I did so, not at first aware what was his Habitually obedient to John, I came up intention; but when I saw him lift and to his chair: he spent some three minutes poise the book and stand in act to hurl it, in thrusting out his tongue at me as far 85 I instinctively started aside with a cry of 2 October 2020  alarm: not soon enough, however; the 3. Which choice best provides evidence volume was flung, it hit me, and I fell, for the answer to the previous striking my head against the door and question? cutting it. The cut bled, the pain was A. Lines 41-44 (“Habitually” … 90 sharp: my terror had passed its climax; “roots”) other feelings succeeded. B. Lines 51-53 (“I”…“chair”) “Wicked and cruel boy!” I said. “You C. Lines 60-63 (“Accustomed”… are like a murderer—you are like a “insult”) slave-driver—you are like the Roman 95 emperors!” D. Lines 89-91 (“The”… “succeeded”) I had read Goldsmith’s History of 4. In lines 1-6, the author most likely Rome, and had formed my opinion of mentions these details to Nero, Caligula, etc. Also I had drawn parallels in silence, which I never A. discredit John Reed’s actions 100 thought thus to have declared aloud. delineated later in the passage. B. accentuate John Reed’s 1. Which of the following statements wickedness and subsequent best expresses the main idea of the actions. passage? C. describe a character’s appearance as an introduction. A. John Reed openly expresses his dislike for the main character. D. draw a contrast between John Reed and the main character. B. The main character is unwelcome in the household and 5. The main character mentions “the constantly suffers from Roman emperors” in lines 94-95 to harassment. imply that C. The main character regularly A. John Reed shares traits with seeks to engage in mischief. previous historical tyrants. D. The main character was harmed B. John Reed is powerful and by John Reed. unforgiving. 2. John Reed tone in the beginning of C. the main character both fears and the passage is that of despises John Reed. A. ambivalence and caution. D. John Reed views himself as a ruler. B. resignation and compliance. 6. Which choice best provides C. rage and indignation. evidence for the answer to the D. naivety and optimism. previous question? A. Lines 85-89 (“I”… “it”) B. Lines 93-95 (“Wicked”…“emperors”) C. Lines 96-98 (“I”… “etc”) D. Lines 98-100 (“Also”… “aloud”) 3 October 2020 7. Lines 96-97 mention that the main character has read “Goldsmith’s History of Rome” in order to A. highlight the main character’s erudite integrity. B. expose the main character’s ambivalent character. C. express her interest in history and literature. D. speculate the main character’s position within the household. 8. As used in line 3, “stout” most nearly means A. determined. B. tough. C. fat. D. firm. 9. In line 12, the phrase “on account of his delicate health” is placed in quotation marks A. to emphasize John Reed’s weak physique. B. to contradict the sentence that follows. C. as an opportunity to empathize with John Reed. D. as a stylistic device to express sarcasm and disdain. 10. As used in line 45, “strike” most nearly means A. ignite. B. hit. C. seem. D. agree on. 4 October 2020  The following passage is taken from Kepler was delayed by illness on the Kepler by Walter W. Bryant discussing 45 way, but ultimately reached Prague, Kepler’s relationship with Tycho, a accompanied by his wife, and for some fellow astronomer. time lived entirely at Tycho’s expense, writing by way of return essays against The association of Kepler with Tycho Reymers and another man, who had was one of the most important 50 claimed the credit of the Tychonic landmarks in the history of astronomy. system. This Kepler could do with a The younger man hoped, by the aid of clear conscience, as it was only a 5 Tycho’s planetary observations, to question of priority and did not involve obtain better support for some of his any support of the system, which he fanciful speculative theories, while the 55 deemed far inferior to that of latter, who had certainly not gained in Copernicus. The following year saw prestige by leaving Denmark, was in friction between the two astronomers, 10 great need of a competent staff of and we learn from Kepler’s abject letter assistants. Of the two it would almost of apology that he was entirely in the seem that Tycho thought himself the 60 wrong. It was about money matters, greater gainer, for in spite of his which in one way or another embittered reputation for brusqueness and want of the rest of Kepler’s life, and it arose 15 consideration, he not only made light of during his absence from Prague. On his Kepler’s apology in the matter of return in September, 1601, Tycho Reymers, but treated him with uniform 65 presented him to the Emperor, who gave kindness in the face of great rudeness him the title of Imperial Mathematician, and ingratitude. He begged him to come on condition of assisting Tycho in his 20 “as a welcome friend,” though Kepler, calculations, the very thing Kepler was very touchy on the subject of his own most anxious to be allowed to do: for astronomical powers, was afraid he 70 nowhere else in the world was there might be regarded as simply a such a collection of good observations subordinate assistant. An arrangement sufficient for his purpose of reforming 25 had been suggested by which Kepler the whole theory of astronomy. should obtain two years’ leave of absence from Gratz on full pay, which, The Emperor’s interest was still mainly because of the higher cost of living in 75 with astrology, but he liked to think that Prague, should be supplemented by the his name would be handed down to 30 Emperor; but before this could be posterity in connection with the new concluded, Kepler threw up his Planetary Tables in the same way as that professorship, and thinking he had of Alphonso of Castile, and he made thereby also lost the chance of going to 80 liberal promises to pay the expenses. Prague, applied to Maestlin and others Tycho’s other principal assistant, 35 of his Tübingen friends to make interest Longomontanus, did not stay long after for him with the Duke of Wurtemberg giving up the Mars observations to and secure the professorship of Kepler, but instead of working at the medicine. Tycho, however, still urged 85 new lunar theory, suddenly left to take him to come to Prague, promising to do up a professorship of astronomy in his 40 his utmost to secure for him a native Denmark. permanent appointment, or in any event to see that he was not the loser by Very shortly afterwards Tycho himself coming. died of acute distemper; Kepler began to 90 prepare the mass of manuscripts for publication, but, as everything was 5 October 2020  claimed by the Brahe family, he was not 13. Which choice best provides evidence allowed to finish the work. He for the answer to the previous succeeded to Tycho’s post of principal question? 95 mathematician to the Emperor, at a A. Lines 17-19 (“but … reduced official salary, which owing to “ingratitude”) the emptiness of the Imperial treasury was almost always in arrears. In order to B. Lines 19-24 (“He”…“assistant”) meet his expenses he had recourse to the C. Lines 31-38 (“Kepler”… 100 casting of nativities, for which he “medicine”) gained considerable reputation and D. Lines 56-61 (“The”… “wrong”) received very good pay. He worked by the conventional rules of astrology, and was quite prepared to take fees for so 14. As used in line 14, “want” most nearly 105 doing, although he had very little faith means in them, preferring his own fanciful A. yearning. ideas. Kepler’s Third Law B. desire. C. need. D. lack. 15. According to the passage, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT A. Kepler obtained two years of paid leave from Gratz endorsed by the Emperor. B. Kepler and Tycho experienced Source: Kevin Brown friction due to financial tension. 11. In line 7, the author describes Kepler’s C. Tycho attempted to persuade theories as “fanciful” and Kepler to join him in Prague. “speculative” to indicate that D. Due to an ailment, Kepler did not A. his theories were conventional. reach Prague on time. B. his theories were based on facts. 16. According to the passage, Kepler suffered most of his life from C. Kepler often used his imagination in science. A. being financially unstable. D. Kepler was wary of his theories. B. a lack of opportunities. 12. According to the passage, Kepler’s C. disrespectful colleagues. personality could best be described as D. constant dismissals from work. A. selfish and unrelenting. B. timid and unobtrusive. C. proud and obstinate. D. hypocritical and defensive. 6 October 2020 17. The passage is most likely written for 21. The graph helps support which of the an audience that following arguments? A. is mildly familiar with A. Despite Kepler’s “fanciful” astronomers. theories, he was ultimately successful in discovering orbital B. has no prior background on law. astronomers. B. Kepler only focused on one aspect C. is conducting thorough historical of his theories and was unable to research on key astronomers. branch further. D. is uninterested in astronomers. C. With the help of the Emperor, Kepler formed his third law in science. 18. The Emperor most likely endorsed D. Kepler’s law was out of the focus Kepler and other astrologists because of astronomy. A. he believed it was essential for an emperor to participate in science. B. he wanted his name to go down in history alongside the future scientific discoveries. C. he had extra finances available in his treasury. D. he insisted that no discoveries should be made without his knowledge. 19. Which choice best provides evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. Lines 24-30 (“An” … “Emperor”) B. Lines 74-80 (“The”…“expenses”) C. Lines 88-93 (“Very”… “work”) D. Lines 103-107 (“He”… “ideas”) 20. As used in line 94, “post” most nearly means A. station. B. pole. C. mail. D. position. 7 October 2020  The Himalayas are a kind of Dr. Jekyll The first edited passage is from Birds of and Mr. Hyde. They have two faces—the the Indian Hills by Douglas Dewar which fair and the plain. In May they are at their discusses Himalayan bird habitat. 40 worst. Those of the hillsides which are Passage 2 taken from Birds in Town and not afforested are brown, arid, and Village by W. H. Hudson is about exotic desolate, and the valleys, in addition to birds found in Britain. being unpleasantly hot, are dry and dusty. The foliage of the trees lacks freshness, Passage 1 45 and everywhere there is a remarkable absence of water, save in the valleys Himalayan birds inhabit what is perhaps through which the rivers flow. On the the most wonderful tract of country in the other hand, September is the month in world. The Himalayas are not so much a which the Himalayas attain perfection or chain of mountains as a mountainous 50 something approaching it. The eye is 5 country, some eighty miles broad and refreshed by the bright emerald garment several hundred long—a country which the hills have newly donned. The composed entirely of mountains and foliage is green and luxuriant. Waterfalls, valleys with no large plains or broad cascades, mighty torrents and rivulets plateaux. 55 abound. Himachal has been converted into fairyland by the monsoon rains. 10 There is a saying of an ancient Sanskrit poet which, being translated into English, A remarkable feature of the Himalayas is runs: “In a hundred ages of the gods I the abruptness with which they rise from could not tell you of the glories of the plains in most places. In some parts Himachal.” This every writer on things 60 there are low foothills; but speaking 15 Himalayan contrives to drag into his generally the mountains that rise from the composition. Some begin with the plain attain a height of 4000 or 5000 feet. quotation, while others reserve it for the last, and make it do duty for the epigram which stylists assure us should terminate Passage 2 20 every essay. There are countries with a less fertile soil There are some who quote the Indian and a worse climate than ours, yet richer sage only to mock him. Such assert that 65 in bird life. Nevertheless, England is not the beauties of the Himalayas have been poor; the species are not few in number, greatly exaggerated—that, as regards and some are extremely abundant. 25 grandeur, their scenery compares Unfortunately many of the finer kinds unfavorably with that of the Andes, while have been too much sought after; their beauty is surpassed by that of the 70 persecuted first for their beauty, then for Alps. Not having seen the Andes, I am their rarity, until now we are threatened unable to criticize the assertion regarding with their total destruction. As these 30 the grandeur of the Himalayas, but I find kinds become unobtainable, those which it difficult to imagine anything finer than stand next in the order of beauty and their scenery. 75 rarity are persecuted in their turn; and in a country as densely populated as ours, As regards beauty, the Himalayas at their where birds cannot hide themselves from best surpass the Alps, because they human eyes, such persecution must 35 exhibit far more variety, and present eventually cause their extinction. everything on a grander scale. 80 Meanwhile the bird population does not decrease. Every place in nature, like every property in Chancery, has more 8 October 2020  than one claimant to it—sometimes the 24. The author of Passage 1 most likely claimants are many—and so long as the uses a saying from an ancient Sanskrit 85 dispute lasts all live out of the estate. For poet to there are always two or more species A. outline the Himalaya’s beauty. subsisting on the same kind of food, possessing similar habits, and frequenting B. draw attention to the author’s the same localities. It is consequently erudite nature. 90 impossible for man to exterminate any C. enlighten the reader on little one species without indirectly benefiting known literature. some other species, which attracts him in a less degree, or not at all. This is D. emphasize how the Himalayas are unfortunate, for as the bright kinds, or perceived from a certain 95 those we esteem most, diminish in perspective. numbers the less interesting kinds 25. When the author mentions Dr. Jekyll multiply, and we lose much of the and Mr. Hyde, he most likely expects pleasure which bird life is fitted to give the readers to us. When we visit woods, or other places 100 to which birds chiefly resort, in districts A. recognize key literary characters uninhabited by man, or where he pays in order to understand the little or no attention to the feathered analogy. creatures, the variety of the bird life B. research the two mentioned name encountered affords a new and peculiar to become more cultured. 105 delight. There is a constant succession of C. cause discordance between the new forms and new voices; in a single science of the mountains and day as many species may be met with as literary characters. one would find in England by searching diligently for a whole year. D. test to what extent readers are familiar with classical literature. 22. The tone of the author in Passage 1 is 26. All of the following are mentioned one of about the Himalayas EXCEPT that A. mild interest and openness. A. the Himalayas are a mountain B. awe and subjectivity. range. C. disdain and judgement. B. a poet has written about its beauty. D. scientific objectivity. C. the Himalayas can be both arid and fertile. 23. Which choice best provides evidence D. the mountains mostly consist of for the answer to the previous low foothills. question? 27. As used in line 19, “terminate” most A. Lines 14-16 (“This” … nearly means “composition”) A. cut. B. Lines 21-22 (“There”…“him”) B. downsize. C. Lines 22-28 (“Such”… “Alps”) C. end. D. Lines 28-32 (“Not”… “scenery”) D. stop. 9 October 2020 28. The main idea of Passage 2 is to 31. Which choice best provides evidence for the answer to the previous A. discuss the presence of rare birds question? in England and the reason for their diminishing numbers. A. Lines 65-67 (“Nevertheless” … “abundant”) B. convince the reader that despite England’s bad climate, rare birds B. Lines 75-79 still live there. (“and”…“extinction”) C. persuade the reader of the C. Lines 89-93 (“It”… “all”) existence of rare species that D. Lines 99-105 (“When”… persist year round. “delight”) D. explain to the reader that it is often difficult to sight rare bird species 32. As used in line 98, “fitted” most nearly in England. means A. provided. 29. How does the style of Passage 1 differ B. positioned. from Passage 2? C. matched. A. Passage 1 is more narrative while Passage 2 is expository. D. qualified. B. Passage 1 seeks to judge set codes while Passage 2 is more argumentative. C. Passage 1 is rhetorical while Passage 2 is based on assertions. D. Passage 1 is based on abstract ideas while Passage 2 focuses on the concrete. 30. Which of the following statements best describes the author of Passage 2’s perception of the human population’s effect on birds? A. With growing cities, birds will always be in sight. B. The rapid growing population in cities is causing bird species to die out. C. Humans benefit species with their growing presence. D. Humans share many habitats with birds. 10 October 2020  Next door to the goldsmith’s shop there The following edited passage is taken lived an old artist called Barile, who from Knight of Art: Stories of Italian began to take a great interest in little Painters by Amy Steedman on Andrea Del 45 Andrea. Barile was not a great painter, Sarto’s upbringing before becoming a but still there was much that he could famous painter. teach the boy, and he was anxious to have him as a pupil. So it was arranged that Nowhere in Florence could a more honest Andrea should enter the studio and learn man or a better worker be found than 50 to be an artist instead of a goldsmith. Agnolo the tailor. True, there were once evil tales whispered about him when he For three years the boy worked steadily 5 first opened his shop in the little street. It with his new master, but by that time was said that he was no Italian, but a Barile saw that better teaching was foreigner who had been obliged to flee needed than he could give. So after much from his own land because of a quarrel he 55 thought the old man went to the great had had with one of his customers. Florentine artist Piero di Cosimo, and 10 People shook their heads and talked asked him if he would agree to receive mysteriously of how the tailor’s scissors Andrea as his pupil. “You will find the had been used as a deadly weapon in the boy no trouble,” he urged. “He has fight. But before long these stories died 60 wonderful talent, and already he has away, and the tailor, with his wife learned to mix his colors so marvelously 15 Constanza, lived a happy, busy life, and that to my mind there is no artist in brought up their six children carefully Florence who knows more about color and well. than little Andrea.” Cosimo shook his 65 head in unbelief. The boy was but a child, Now out of those six children five were and this praise seemed absurd. However, just the ordinary commonplace little ones the drawings were certainly 20 such as one would expect to meet in a extraordinary, and he was glad to receive tailor’s household, but the sixth was like so clever a pupil. the ugly duckling in the fairy tale—a little, strange bird, unlike all the rest, who 70 But little by little, as Cosimo watched the learned to swim far away and soon left boy at work, his unbelief vanished and 25 the old commonplace home behind him. his wonder grew, until he was as fond and proud of his pupil as the old master had The boy’s name was Andrea. He was been. “He handles his colors as if he had such a quick, sharp little boy that he was 75 had fifty years of experience,” he would sent very early to school, and had learned say proudly, as he showed off the boy’s to read and write before he was seven work to some new patron. 30 years old. As that was considered quite enough education, his father then took And truly the knowledge of drawing and him away from school and put him to coloring seemed to come to the boy work with a goldsmith. 80 without any effort. Not that he was idle or trusted to chance. He was never tired of It is early days to begin work at seven work, and his greatest joy on holidays 35 years old, but Andrea thought it was quite was to go off and study the drawings of as good as play. He was always perfectly the great Michelangelo and Leonardo da happy if he could have a pencil and 85 Vinci. Often he would spend the whole paper, and his drawings and designs were day copying these drawings with the really so wonderfully good that his greatest care, never tired of learning more 40 master grew to be quite proud of the child and more. and showed the work to all his customers. 11 October 2020 33. The author references the “ugly 38. According to the passage, how did duckling” in line 22 as a(n) Cosimo initially feel about taking young Andrea as a pupil? A. simile. A. Cosimo was hesitant and did not B. metaphor. entirely believe Barile’s praise. C. onomatopoeia. B. Cosimo was fond of Andrea and D. personification. was awed by his skills. 34. Young Andrea was most content C. Cosimo was proud of Andrea’s when work. A. studying at school. D. Cosimo was entirely against B. surrounded by pencils and papers. Andrea becoming his pupil. C. reading and writing. 39. Which choice best provides evidence for the answer to the previous D. among his family. question? 35. Which choice best provides evidence A. Lines 65-66 (“The” … “absurd”) for the answer to the previous question? B. Lines 70-74 (“But”…“been”) A. Lines 13-17 (“But” … “well”) C. Lines 74-77 (“He”… “patron”) B. Lines 26-30 (“He”…“old”) D. Lines 78-80 (“And”… “effort”) C. Lines 34-36 (“It”… “play”) 40. According to the passage, what was special about Andrea as an up-and- D. Lines 36-41 (“He”… coming painter? “customers”) A. Andrea was respectful and 36. As used in line 27, “sharp” most listened to those who knew more nearly means than him. A. harsh. B. Andrea was a quick learner and B. intense. did not tire from drawing. C. distinct. C. Andrea was originally a goldsmith. D. smart. D. Andrea was a timid child who 37. According to the passage, what is the loved to learn. best explanation as to why young Andrea was taken out of school? 41. As used in line 80, “idle” most nearly means A. Andrea was not doing well in school. A. meaningless. B. Andrea’s education was not B. trivial. important enough to have him C. lazy. continue. D. unemployed. C. It was uncommon for children of goldsmiths to receive higher education. D. Andrea’s father did not support his education. 12 October 2020 42. The passage mentions all the following about Andrea EXCEPT that A. he was different from the rest of the family. B. he was exceptional at mixing colors. C. he had little tolerance for criticism. D. he studied off great works by Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. 13 October 2020  The following edited passage is taken 45 whereas the latter act energetically. A from Insectivorous Plants temporary suspension of the power of by Charles Darwin on leaves and movement due to heat is called by Sachs temperature. heat-rigidity; and this in the case of the sensitive-plant (Mimosa) is induced by In my observations on Drosera 50 its exposure for a few minutes to humid rotundifolia, the leaves seemed to be air, raised to 120 oF -122 oF. It deserves more quickly inflected over animal notice that the leaves of Drosera, after substances, and to remain inflected for a being immersed in water at 130 oF, are 5 longer period during very warm than excited into movement by a solution of during cold weather. I wished, therefore, 55 the carbonate so strong that it would to ascertain whether heat alone would paralyze ordinary leaves and cause no induce inflection, and what temperature inflection. was the most efficient. Another 10 interesting point presented itself, The exposure of the leaves for a few namely, at what degree life was minutes even to a temperature of 145 oF extinguished; for Drosera offers unusual 60 does not always kill them; as when facilities in this respect, not in the loss afterwards left in cold water, or in a of the power of inflection, but in that of strong solution of carbonate of ammonia, 15 subsequent re-expansion, and more they generally, though not always, especially in the failure of the become inflected; and the protoplasm protoplasm to become aggregated, when 65 within their cells undergoes aggregation, the leaves after being heated are though the spheres thus formed are immersed in a solution of carbonate of extremely small, with many of the cells 20 ammonia. partly filled with brownish muddy matter. In two instances, when leaves As the hair-like tentacles are extremely 70 were immersed in water, at a lower thin and have delicate walls, and as the temperature than 130 oF, which was then leaves were waved about for some raised to 145 oF, they became during the minutes close to the bulb of the earlier period of immersion inflected, but 25 thermometer, it seems scarcely possible on being afterwards left in cold water that they should not have been raised 75 were incapable of re-expansion. very nearly to the temperature which the Exposure for a few minutes to a instrument indicated. From the eleven temperature of 145 oF sometimes causes last observations we see that a some few of the more sensitive glands to 30 temperature of 130 oF never causes the be speckled with the porcelain-like immediate inflection of the tentacles, 80 appearance; and on one occasion this though a temperature from 120 oF to 125 occurred at a temperature of 140 oF. On o F quickly produces this effect. But the another occasion, when a leaf was placed leaves are paralyzed only for a time by a in water at this temperature of only 140 35 temperature of 130 oF, as afterwards, o F, and left therein till the water cooled, whether left in simple water or in a 85 every gland became like porcelain. solution of carbonate of ammonia, they Exposure for a few minutes to a become inflected and their protoplasm temperature of 150 oF generally produces undergoes aggregation. This great this effect, yet many glands retain a 40 difference in the effects of a higher and pinkish color, and many present a lower temperature may be compared 90 speckled appearance. This high with that from immersion in strong and temperature never causes true inflection; weak solutions of the salts of ammonia; on the contrary, the tentacles commonly for the former do not excite movement, become reflexed, though to a less degree 14 October 2020  than when immersed in boiling water; 45. The passage mentions all the 95 and this apparently is due to their passive following in the experiments power of elasticity. After exposure to a EXCEPT temperature of 150 oF, the protoplasm, if A. the process of aggregation. subsequently subjected to carbonate of ammonia, instead of undergoing B. exposure to different 100 aggregation, is converted into temperatures. disintegrated or pulpy discolored matter. C. the immersion of leaves in In short, the leaves are generally killed water. by this degree of heat; but owing to differences of age or constitution, they D. the effect of the sun on the 105 vary somewhat in this respect. In one leaves. anomalous case, four out of the many 46. According to the passage, what is glands on a leaf, which had been different about Drosera leaves? immersed in water raised to 156 oF, escaped being rendered porcellanous; A. 130oF causes inflection of the 110 and the protoplasm in the cells close leaves. beneath these glands underwent some B. Drosera leaves shrivel when slight, though imperfect, degree of exposed to intense heat. aggregation. C. Drosera leaves thrive in certain intense solutions in comparison to other leaves. D. Drosera leaves are 43. The main idea of this passage is to unaccustomed to heat compared A. explore the effect of temperature to other leaves. on leaves. B. discover the movements of 47. Which choice best provides leaves when exposed to certain evidence for the answer to the temperatures. previous question? C. reject a proposed hypothesis on A. Lines 33-39 (“But” … inflected leaves. “aggregation”) D. bolster a hypothesis on leaf B. Lines 51-57 (“It”…“inflection”) movement. C. Lines 90-91 (“This”… 44. Which choice best provides “inflection”) evidence for the answer to the previous question? D. Lines 102-105 (“In”… “respect”) A. Lines 1-6 (“In” … “weather”) B. Lines 6-9 (“I”…“efficient”) 48. As used in line 46, “suspension” C. Lines 45-51 (“A”… “122 oF”) most nearly means D. Lines 69-75 (“In”… “re- A. halt. expansion”) B. removal. C. elimination. D. exclusion. 15 October 2020  Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Weekly progress in cumulative leaf area based on temperature. Source: Hatfield and Prueger 16 October 2020 49. Which of the following best summarizes the relationship of the first paragraph to the rest of the passage? A. Challenge followed by debate B. Specific instance followed by generalization C. Postulation followed by trial D. Prediction followed by analysis 50. The overall tone of the passage is best described as A. indifferent. B. objective. C. emotional. D. biased. 51. Comparing both graphs, which category remains relatively high as time passes? A. In both experiments, cumulative area during normal temperatures remains relatively high. B. In both experiments, cumulative area during warm temperatures remains relatively high. C. In experiment 1, cumulative area during warm temperatures remains higher than cumulative area for normal temperatures in experiment 2. D. Both experiments do not suggest any high categories as time passes. 52. As used in line 101, “matter” most nearly means A. content. B. importance. C. affair. D. subs 17 October 2020  EST I Literacy Test 1 Answer Key (Reading Section) Passage 1 27. c 28. a 1. b 29. a 2. b 30. b 3. c 31. b 4. c 32. d 5. a 6. d 7. a Passage 4 8. c 9. d 33. a 10. b 34. b 35. d 36. d Passage 2 37. b 38. a 11. c 39. a 12. c 40. b 13. b 41. c 14. d 42. c 15. a 16. a 17. c Passage 5 18. b 19. b 43. a 20. d 44. b 21. a 45. d 46. c 47. b Passage 3 48. a 49. c 22. b 50. b 23. d 51. a 24. a 52. d 25. a 26. d October 2020  EST I – Literacy Test I Student’s Name _____________________________________ National ID _____________________________________ Test Center: _____________________________________ Duration: 35 minutes 44 Multiple Choice Questions Instructions: - Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the multiple choice questions. - Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the subject matter. Directions: Questions follow each of the passages below. Some questions ask you how the passage might be changed to improve the expression of ideas. Other questions ask you how the passage might be altered to correct errors in grammar, usage, and punctuation. One or more graphics accompany some passages. You will be required to consider these graphics as you answer questions about editing the passages. There are three types of questions. In the first type, a part of the passage is underlined. The second type is based on a certain part of the passage. The third type is based on the entire passage. Read each passage. Then, choose the answer to each question that changes the passage so that it is consistent with the conventions of standard written English. One of the answer choices for many questions is “NO CHANGE.” Choosing this answer means that you believe the best answer is to make no change in the passage. Questions 1–11 are based on the 1. following passage. A. NO CHANGE Opportunities in Engineering B. which by Charles M. Horton Several years ago, at the regular annual C. whose meeting of one of the major engineering D. who’s societies, the president of the society, in the 2. Which choice provides the most formal address with which he opened the logical introduction to the sentence? meeting, gave expression to a thought so startling that the few laymen (1) who were A. NO CHANGE seated in the auditorium fairly gasped. (2) B. What was said in fact was Surprisingly the president had said that, C. The president had said that since engineers had got the world into war, D. What the president said in effect it was the duty of engineers to get the world was that out of war. As a thought, it probably 3. Which word best fits the meaning of reflected the secret opinion of every the sentence? engineer present, for, however (3) unaffected of intended wrong-doing A. NO CHANGE engineers assuredly are as a group in their B. innocent work of scientific investigation and C. unknown development, (4) the statement that D. guilty engineers were responsible for the conflict 4. then raging in Europe was absolute truth. A. NO CHANGE I mention this merely to bring to the reader's B. it seems that engineers were attention the tremendous power which responsible for the conflict engineers wield in world affairs. C. the statement disregards that the The profession of (5) engineering, which, engineers were responsible for the by the way, is merely the adapting of problem discoveries in science and art to the uses of D. only engineers responsible for the mankind—is a peculiarly isolated one. conflict 5. A. NO CHANGE B. engineering—which, by the way, is merely the adapting of discoveries in science and art to the uses of mankind—is C. engineering, which, by the way, is merely the adapting of discoveries in science and art to the uses of mankind, is D. engineering, which—by the way, is merely the adapting of discoveries in science and art to the uses of mankind—is 3 December 2020 (6) Much to our dismay very little is known 6. about it among those outside of the A. NO CHANGE profession. Laymen know something about B. But law, a little about medicine, quite a lot— C. Since nowadays—about metaphysics. But D. And laymen know nothing about engineering. Indeed, a source of common amusement 7. among engineers is the peculiar fact that the A. NO CHANGE average layman cannot differentiate B. man’s between the (7) men who runs a locomotive C. mens’ and the man who designs a locomotive. In D. man ordinary parlance both are called engineers. Yet there is a difference between them—(8) 8. What should be done with the a difference as between day and night. For underlined phrase? one merely operates the results of the A. Keep it, because it emphasizes the creative genius of the other. This almost previous information. universal ignorance as to what constitutes B. Keep it, because it provides a break an engineer serves to show to what broad from the formal structure of the extent the profession of engineering is passage. isolated. C. Delete it, because it does not add to Yet it is a wonderful profession. I say this the sentence. with due regard for all other professions. D. Delete it, because it is irrelevant. For one cannot but ponder the fact that, if 9. engineers started the greatest war the world has ever known—and engineers as a body A. NO CHANGE freely admit that if they did not start it they B. thems at least made it possible—they also stopped C. her (9) them, thereby proving themselves D. it possessed of a power greater than that of 10. any other class of professional men—(10) A. NO CHANGE diplomats and lawyers and divinities not B. diplomats, lawyers and divinities excepted. not excepted. That it is a force generally exercised for C. diplomats, lawyers, and divinities good—despite the World War—I myself, not excepted. as an engineer, can truly testify. With D. diplomat, lawyer, and divinities not some fifteen years spent on the creative end excepted. of the work—the drafting and designing 11. To make the last two paragraphs end—I have yet to see, with but two or three logical, sentence should be placed rare exceptions, the genius of engineers turned into any but noble channels. That A. where it is now. engineering is a force fraught with B. before sentence 1. stupendous possibilities, therefore, nobody C. before sentence 2. can very well deny. (11) D. after sentence 2. 4 December 2020 Questions 12–22 are based on the 12. Which word would most likely capture following passage. Betsey Bailey’s character based on the Frederick Douglass context? by Charles W. Chesnutt A. NO CHANGE Douglass’s earliest recollections B. revered centered around the cabin of his C. inadequate grandmother, Betsey Bailey, who seems to D. fanciful have been something of a (12) privileged 13. To make the previous paragraph most character on the plantation, being permitted logical, sentence 2 should be placed to live with her husband, Isaac, in a cabin of their own, charged with only the relatively A. Where it is now. light duty of looking after a number of B. after sentence 3. young children, mostly the offspring of her C. before sentence 1. own five daughters, and providing for her D. after sentence 4. own support. 14. The real importance of his life to us of A. NO CHANGE another generation lies in what he B. earned accomplished toward the world’s progress, C. has earned which he only began to influence several D. was earned years after his escape from slavery. (13) 15. Which option, if inserted here, best It is impossible in a work of the scope of