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CLIMATE CHANGE - Long-term shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns and other atmospheric conditions on Earth - One of the global problems of modern civilization in the 21st century. - Environmental problems arise - Changes occurring in climate patterns of the globe or a certain area for a long...

CLIMATE CHANGE - Long-term shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns and other atmospheric conditions on Earth - One of the global problems of modern civilization in the 21st century. - Environmental problems arise - Changes occurring in climate patterns of the globe or a certain area for a long period of time Global Warming - Rising temperature of the earth over time for many years Differences of Climate Change and Global Warming ❖ Climate Change ➢ Human and Natural Cause ➢ Deforestation ➢ Pollution ➢ Changes in Ocean Elevation ➢ New weather patterns ➢ Frequent Drought ❖ Global Warming ➢ Changes in temperature ➢ Greenhouse gases emission ➢ Rise of Earth’s Average or Global Temperatures Causes of Climate Change ❖ Greenhouse Gas Emission (GHG) ➢ Carbon Dioxide ➢ Methane (CH4) ➢ Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ➢ Traps heat from the sun in the Earth’s Atmosphere ➢ Warming Effect ❖ Deforestation ➢ Releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere ➢ Increase GHG level ❖ Industrial Processes ➢ Industrial Activities release GHG ➢ Example: Production of cement generates substantial CO2 emissions ❖ Tranportation and Automation ➢ Combustion of Fossil fuels ➢ Source of CO2 emissions ❖ Natural Factors ➢ Volcanic Eruption ➢ Solar Radiation ➢ Smaller Impact than Human-induced changes TIMELINE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Industrial Revolution (Early-Late 18th Century) ❖ John Tyndall ➢ Began to study Greenhouse Effect ➢ Regulating Earth’s Temperature ❖ Svante Arrhenius ➢ Credited with the origins of the term “Greenhouse Effect” 1896 ➢ Publication of the first climate model - explained how gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat Abundance of Cabon Usage Late 18th Century ❖ The widespread use of fossil fuels and the growth of industrial processes ❖ Increase in the emission of Greenhouse gases ❖ Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) into the atmosphere ❖ Chales David Kneeling ➢ Begins measuring CO2 levels at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii ➢ Kneeling Curve ■ Clear upward trend in atmospheric CO2 concentrations Late 1900s and Early 20th Century ❖ Scientists Create the first computer model of planet Earth’s climate ❖ Usage of Satelites to Confirm that earth is indeed warming ❖ International Agreements ❖ Rise of NGOs and Agencies ➢ Battle climate change ❖ CFCs were phasing out due to international agreements Impacts of Climate Change on Society ❖ Extreme Heat ➢ Exposure to extreme heat can cause heat-related illnesses ➢ Exhaustion ➢ Heat Stroke ❖ Vector-Borne Diseases ➢ Mosquitoes ➢ Ticks ❖ Air Quality ➢ Poor air quality ➢ Asthma ❖ Extreme Weather Events ➢ Mental health issues ➢ Injuries ➢ Displacement ❖ Food and Water Insecurity ➢ Malnutrition and waterborne diseases ❖ Mental Health ➢ Climate Disasters ➢ Loss of Homes ❖ Infectious Diseases ➢ Change of Temperature and Precipitation ❖ Allergies and Respiratory Issues ❖ Displacement and Migration ❖ Economic Disruption IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT ❖ Extreme Weather Events ❖ Drought and Heatwave ❖ Tropical Cyclones Severe Storms Flooding ❖ Rising Temperature Levels ❖ Melting Glaciers and Polar Ice Caps ❖ Sea Level Rise ➢ Over 8 inches of sea level rise (average since 1880) ➢ Rises .13 inches every year Impacts of Climate Change in the Economy ❖ Global Externality ➢ Production or Consumption of a good or service by one entity has direct and indirect effects on the other entities outside of that entity’s control or without consent ➢ Known aas Externalities ❖ Disproportionate Impact on Lower-Income Countries ➢ Effect of Climate Change ➢ Lack of Resources and Infrastructure to adapt changing climate conditions ❖ Macroeconomic Policy Adjustments ➢ Lower-Income Countries need to macroeconomic policies to account for the increased frequency and severity of weather shocks ➢ Creating fiscal buffers to respond to disasters ➢ Implementing insurance mechanisms ❖ Healthcare Costs ➢ Spread of Diseases ➢ Worsens Air Quality ➢ Increase Heat-Related Illnesses ➢ Direct Consequence ➢ Straining healthcare systems globally ❖ Infrastructure Upgrades ➢ Investing in resilient infrastructure is critical in economic sustainability ➢ Climate-Resilient Infrastructur ■ Can withstand extreme weather events ■ Reduce economic losses ■ Long-term economic stability ❖ Macrofinancial Stability Risks ➢ Corporate Risks ➢ Stranded Assets ➢ Insurance Industry ➢ Financial Insitutions MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION OF SOCIETY REGARDING CLIMATE CHANGE Mitigation - Refers to actions taken to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, which are the primary drivers of climate change - Goal is to slow down or prevent further global warming and its associated impacts Key Mitigation Strategies ❖ Transitioning to Renewable Energy ➢ Shifting from Fossil fuels to Renewable energy sources ❖ Energy Efficiency ➢ Improving Energy Efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industries ❖ Reforestation and Afforestation ➢ Planting Trees ➢ Restoring Forests ❖ Sustainable Agriculture ➢ Practices that reduce emissions from agriculture ❖ Sustainable Transportation ➢ Promoting Public Transportation ➢ Reduce emissions from Transportation ❖ Waste Reduction ➢ Promoting recycling and reducing waste ➢ Composting Adaptation - Involves adjusting to the changing climate and its impacts - Focuses on Building Resilience Key Adaptation Strategies ❖ Infrastructure Resilience ➢ Designing and Upgrading Infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events ❖ Water Management ➢ Developing Better Water Management Practices ➢ Address changing Precipitation Patterns, Droughts, and Flooding ❖ Agricultural Adaptation ➢ Implementing Practices that Enable Agriculture to Thrive in Changing conditions ❖ Ecosystem Restoration ➢ Preserving and Restoring Natural Ecosystems ➢ Enhance ability to Provide Climate Resilience ❖ Climate-Resilience Housing ➢ Construction Homes and Buildings resistant to extreme weather conditions ➢ Energy-Efficient Buildings ❖ Early Warning Systems ➢ Developiong and Enhancing early warning systems for extreme weather GROUPS THAT EMERGED BECAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Classification of Environmental Groups ❖ Environmental Agencies ➢ Government or Public Sector Groups ➢ Established to Oversee and Regulate Environmental Issues ➢ Ensures that Air, Water, and Land are clean ➢ Natural Resources are used Sustainably ➢ Responsible for Monitoring, Managing, and Eforcing Environmetal Laws and Regulations. ➢ Protect and Conserve Natural Resources 1. Regulation and Compliance a. Air and Water Quality b. Waste Mangement c. Land Use d. Protection of Natural Resources 2. Monitoring and Data Collection a. Conduct Research b. Collect Data c. Monitor Environmental Conditions d. Understand the State of the Environment e. Information making informed Decisions 3. Permitting and Licensing a. Issues Permit and License for Activities b. Review Applications c. Ensure these activities comply with Environmental Regulations 4. Environmental Cleanup a. Oversee hazardous waste disposal b. Cleanup efforts ❖ Environmental Organizations ➢ Non-Governmental Entities, often non-profit ➢ Dedicated Promoting Environmental Conservation ➢ Raising Awareness ➢ Advocating for Positive Environmetal Change ➢ Operates Independently 1. Advocacy and Policy Influence a. Lobbying efforts to influience government decisions 2. Conservation and Restoration a. Direct conservation efforts b. Protecting Endagered Species c. Preserve Natural Habitat d. Restoring Ecosystems e. Runs Wildlife Santuraries 3. Awareness and Education a. Raising Public Awareness b. Organize Educational Programs 4. Research and Analysis a. Scientific Research b. Assess the impact of policies and Practices c. Provide evidence-based recommendatio ns.