Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development PDF

Erik Erikson: Theory of Psychosocial Development  Erik Erikson: The Father of Psychosocial Development “Children love and want to be loved and they very much prefer the joy of accomplishment to the triumph of hateful failure. Do not mistake a child for his symptom”...

Erik Erikson: Theory of Psychosocial Development  Erik Erikson: The Father of Psychosocial Development “Children love and want to be loved and they very much prefer the joy of accomplishment to the triumph of hateful failure. Do not mistake a child for his symptom” - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson: The Father of Psychosocial Development Erikson placed more emphasis on both social and historical influences. From adolescence on, that struggle takes the form of an identity crisis—a turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken personality. Erikson believed that the ego develops throughout the various stages of life accord ing to an epigenetic principle, a term borrowed from embryology. Epigenetic development implies a step-by-step growth of fetal organs. Ego in Post-Freudian Theory Defines as a person's ability to unify experiences and actions in an adoptive manner positive force that create self identity ("I") three interrelated aspects of ego: 1. Body ego - way of seeing our physical self as different for other people 2. Ego ideal- represent the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal 3. Ego identity- image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play BASIC POINTS: syntonic elements-harmonious elements(positive) dystonic elements- disruptive elements(negative) basic strength- ego strength from both syntonic and dystonic elements core pathology- too little basic strength at any stage identity crisis- "a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential" Erik Erikson and the 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Best known theories of personality and development. Personality develops in a series of predetermined stages. Psychosocial, and not psychosexual. In each stage of development conflicts acts as turning points in life.  Personality Personality consists of all the relatively stable and distinctive styles of thought, behavior, and emotional responses that characterize a person’s adaptations to surrounding situations  Why Study Personality? Identify patterns in the way people behave. Explain the differences between people. Explore how people function in life (The good and bad). How to improve life.  Psychosexual Stages of Development-Sigmund Freud 1 Oral Stage (Birth to 1) Sucking/Pleasure With Mouth 2 Anal Stage (1 to 3) Controlling Bowel Movements 3 Phallic Stage (3 to 6) Discovery of reproductive organs 4 Latency Period (6 to 13) Cognitive skills learned while interest in sexuality is in the background 5. Genital Phase (adolescence) Sexual interests arise  Psychosocial Development Refers to the emotional and psychological changes across the life cycle that occurs in the context of the individual’s social environment.  Psychosocial Development According to Erikson- Each part of the personality has a particular time in the life span when it must develop, if it is going to develop at all. If it failed to developed on schedule, the rest of the development is unfavorably altered. The individual is then hindered from dealing effectively with reality. Stage 1-Trust vs. Mistrust Age- Birth to 18 months Psychosocial Crisis- Trust vs. Mistrust Relationship- Mother Basic Strength- Hopes Question- Can I trust the world? Key Event- Feeding  Stage 1-Trust vs. Mistrust Children are completely dependent on others Trust: Established when babies given adequate warmth, touching, love, and physical care-Dependable & Reliable. Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents- Undependable, Unpredictable & Dangerous.  Stage 1 INFANCY Birth – 18 months Too much TRUST Too much MISTRUST Maladaptation Psychosocial crisis Malignancy SENSORYMALADJUSTMENT TRUSTVS. MISTRUST WITHDRAWAL The child whose balance is ▪ Overly trusting, even gullible. tipped away on the mistrust This person cannot believe Virtue side. Characterized by anyone would mean them harm HOPE depression, paranoia and & will use all the defenses at The strong belief that even possibly psychosis. their command to an things are not going well, explanation or excuse from the they will work out well in the person who did him wrong. end. Trust and Mistrust If the primary caregivers can give the sense of familiarity , consistency & continuity the baby will develop that feeling that the world is a safe place to be. People are reliable and loving. ❑ If the parents are inadequate & unreliable, if they reject the infant or harm it. He or she will be apprehensive or suspicious around people.  Stage 2- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Age- 18 month to 3 years Psychosocial Crisis - Autonomy vs. Shame Relationship- Parents Basic Strength- Will Question- Is it ok to be me? Key Event- Toilet Training  Stage 2- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Autonomy: Doing things for themselves such as body control & making choices. - Secure and confident self. Shame: Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions- Inadequacy & self doubt.  Stage 2 TOODLER 18 months – 3 years old Too much AUTONOMY Too much SHAME & DOUBT Psychosocial crisis Maladaptation AUTONOMY VS. SHAME & Malignancy IMPULSIVENESS DOUBT COMPULSIVENESS A sort of shameless willfulness Feels as if their being rides on that leads you, in later childhood everything they do. And must e & adulthood to jump into things Virtue done it perfectly. Following all the w/o proper consideration of your WILL rules precisely keep you from abilities. “can do” is the motto of the 2 mistakes & mistakes must be & 3 yr. old child. If we can avoided. presume the “can do” attitude we are better off as adult. Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt ✓ the child will explore and manipulate his/her environment if the parents permitted their child. ✓ The parents should not discourage the child but neither should they push. if the parents give unrestricted freedom & no sense of limits, or if you try to help children do what they should learn to do for themselves. You are giving them the impression that they are not good for much.  Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt Age- 3 years to 5 years Psychosocial Crisis - Initiative vs. Guilt Relationship- Family Strength- Purpose Question- Is it okay for me to do, move & act? Key Event- Independence  Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions- Creative, Constructive. Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a child’s questions- Always being wrong, Failed to explore world. Initiative and Guilt should be balanced in order to have moral judgment.  Stage 3 PRE SCHOOL Too much INITIATIVE Too much GUILT Maladaptation Psychosocial crisis Malignancy RUTHLESSNESS INITIATIVE VS. GUILT INHIBITION Heartless , unfeeling or be “ w/o ▪ The inhibited person will not try mercy. Virtue things. Coz’ “ nothing ventured, Takes an initiative alright, they PURPOSE nothing lost” & nothing to feel have their plans. guilty about. They don’t care who they step on Capacity for an action despite ▪ they are so afraid to start a lead to achieve their goals. a clear understanding of your on a project. They fear if it fails, limitations & past failings. they will be blamed. Initiative vs.Guilt ✓ A positive response to the world’s challenges, taking on responsibilities. Learning new skills, feeling purposeful. ✓ Parents can encourage their child’s initiative in a way of trying out their ideas. This is the time for play not for formal education. Guilt - The capacity for moral judgment  Stage 4- Industry vs. Inferiority Age- 6 years to 11 years Psychosocial Crisis - Industry vs. Inferiority Relationship- Neighbors, School Strength- Competence Question- Can I make it in the world of people and things? Key Event- School Stage 4- Industry vs. Inferiority Children's have to cope with new social and academic demands Industry: Occurs when child is praised for productive activities, such as painting and building- Sense of competence Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are regarded as messy or inadequate- Weak sense of self, Incapable to take responsibility  Stage 4 SCHOOL-AGE STAGE Too much INDUSTRY INFERIORITY Too much Maladaptation Psychosocial crisis Malignancy VIRTUOSITY INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY INERTIA We see this in “ Children who Includes all of us suffer aren’t allowed to be children ” Virtue from the inferiority COMPETENCE complexes. If at first you don’t succeed, don’t even try it again! Industry vs. Inferiority ✓ children must “ tame the imagination” & dedicate themselves to education & to learning social skills their society requires them. Much broader social sphere at work now. ✓ Parents, teachers ,peers & other members of the community. They all contribute. ✓ They must learn the feeling of success.  Stage 5- Identity vs. Role Confusion Age- 12 years to 18 years Psychosocial Crisis - Identity vs. Role Confusion Relationship- Peers, Role Model Basic Strength- Fidelity Question- Who am I? what can I be? Key Event- Peer relationships  Stage 5- Identity vs. Role Confusion Children learn a number of different roles. Identity: One’s organization of individual drives, abilities, beliefs, and experience into consistent image of self. Who we are. Role Confusion: Failure to establish an individual identity separate from the family and having no peer relationships and plans for an occupation- Ego diffusion  Stage 5 ADOLESCENCE Too much EGOIDENTITY Too much ROLECONFUSION Psychosocial crisis Maladaptation EGOIDENTITY VS.ROLE Malignancy FANATICISM CONFUSION REPUDIATION “ His way is the only way” To reject, they reject their Virtue membership in the world of adults. FIDELITY And even more they reject their need for an identity. Loyalty. Ability to live by societies standards They may withdraw into their despite their imperfections, incompleteness & psychotic fantasies inconsistencies. “ being bad or being nobody” is You found a place in that community, a place better than knowing who you are. that allows you to contribute. Ego identity vs. Role confusion ✓ Knowing who you are & how you fit in to the rest of the society. ✓ Requires that you take all you’ve learning about life & yourself & mold into a unified self image. And you find your community meaningful a meaningful one. An uncertainty about one’s place in society in the world. Suffer from identity crisis & this is the stage wherein they ask a question of identity. Stage 6-Intimacy vs. Isolation Age- 18 years to 40 years Conflict- Intimacy vs. Isolation Psychosocial Crisis - Friends, Partners Basic Strength- Love Question- Can I love? Key Event- Love relationships  Stage 6-Intimacy vs. Isolation Start of families Intimacy: Ability to care about others and to share experiences with them- Strong relationship Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life- Loneliness  Stage 6 YOUNG ADULTHOOD Too much INTIMACY Too much ISOLATION Maladaptation Psychosocial crisis Malignancy PROMISCUITY INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION EXCLUSION It refers to the tendency to become Tendency to isolate oneself from intimate too freely, too easily w/o Virtue love, friendship & community. To any depth to your intimacy. LOVE develop a certain hatefulness in Able to put aside differences & compensation for one’s loneliness. antagonism through mutuality of devotion. Intimacy vs. Isolation ✓ Ability to be close to others. ✓ Fear of commitment- an example of immaturity at this stage. ✓ A teenage relationship is more often a matter of trying to establish identity through “ couple-hood.”  Stage 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation Age- 40 years to 65 years Psychosocial Crisis - Generativity vs. Stagnation Relationship- Household, Workmates Strength- Care Question- Can I make my life count? Key Event- Parenting  Stage 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation Primary developmental task is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generation. Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation- Social involvement, Parenting Stagnation: When one is only concerned with one’s own needs and comforts- Material possession, Physical well being, Non productive  Stage 7 MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Too much GENERATIVITY Too much STAGNATION Psychosocial crisis Maladaptation Malignancy GENERATIVITY VS. OVEREXTENSION REJECTIVITY STAGNATION Some people try to be generative You are no longer that they no longer allow time for Virtue participating in contributing themselves, for rest & relaxation. CARE to society. No longer contributes well. “The meaning of life is a Capacity for caring that will serve matter of how we participate you through the rest of your life. & what we contribute” Generativity vs. Stagnation ✓ Overextension of love into the future. A concern for the next generation & all future generation. ✓ Less “ selfish” Self absorption, caring for no-one. Stops to be a productive member of the society. Stage 8-Integrity vs. Despair Age- 65 years to Death Psychosocial Crisis - Integrity vs. Despair Relationship- Mankind, My kind Basic Strength- Wisdom Question- Is it ok to have been me? Key Event-Reflecting on and acceptance of one’s life  Stage 8-Integrity vs. Despair In the last stages of life individuals look back over their lives and judge them. Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people have lived richly and responsibly- Feeling of wisdom and meaning Despair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse- Regret, Bitterness  Stage 8 LATEADULTHOOD Too much EGOINTEGRITY Too much DESPAIR Psychosocial crisis Malignancy Maladaptation EGOINTEGRITY VS.DESPAIR PRESUMPTION DISDAIN It happens when a person Contempt of life, one’s Virtue presumes ego integrity WISDOM own or anyone. The w/o actually facing the person became very difficulties of old age. negative & appears to “He alone is right” Approaching death hate life. without fear. Ego integrity vs. Despair ✓ Coming to terms with your life, and coming to terms with the end of life.  Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Age Stage Psychosocial Psychosocial Environmental (Years) Crisis Strength Influence Birth – 18 Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Maternal mos 18 mos – 3 y/o Toodler Autonomy vs. Willpower Both parents or Shame and Doubt adult substitutes 3 -5 y/o Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Parents, family and friends 6-11 y/o School age Industry vs. Competence School Inferiority 12-18 y/o Adolescence Identity vs. Role Fidelity Peers confusion 18-40y/o Young adulthood Intimacy vs. Love Spouse, lover, Isolation friends 40-65 y/o Middle adulthood Generativity vs. Care Family, society Stagnation Over 65 Late adulthood Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom All humans Assessment in Erikson’s Theory Psycho historical Analysis – Application of lifespan theory to lives of historical figures Psychological Tests: – Instruments based on crisis in stages Research in Erikson’s Theory Generativity – Evokes need to feel closer to others – Correlated with extraversion, openness to new experiences – Likely to be involved in community, social relationships Research in Erikson’s Theory Maturity – High ego integrity: spent much time reviewing their lives Ethnic Identity – Ethnic minorities: ethnic identity significant factor in determining sense of self  Erikson’s Contributions He made major contributions in the area of child development by studying groups of Native American children and developed the concept of identity crisis. He was concerned with the relationship between society/culture and child development, which he termed “psychosocial development”. This interest led him to develop the Eight Stages of Development. In each stage, the individual encounters a developmental crisis. In order to move on to the next stage, the individual must resolve the crisis.  Criticisms of Erikson Ambiguous terms and concepts Lack of precision Some terms are not easily measured empirically Experiences in stage may only apply to males Identity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities