Matter and Energy PDF

Matter and Energy  Introduction to Matter Matter and energy are fundamental concepts in physics. They are the building blocks of the universe, and everything around us is composed of them. 2.  Matter Matter is anything that has mass, volume and ta...

Matter and Energy  Introduction to Matter Matter and energy are fundamental concepts in physics. They are the building blocks of the universe, and everything around us is composed of them. 2.  Matter Matter is anything that has mass, volume and takes up space. Composed of atoms and molecules Exists in various states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma Forms the basis of all physical 3 States of Matter Solids: Definite shape and volume Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place Liquids: Definite volume; indefinite shape Particles are close together but can move around Gases: Indefinite shape and volume Particles are far apart and move freely Plasma: A highly ionized gas Found in stars and lightning 4 5  Properties of Matter Physical Properties: Observed without changing the substance Examples: Color, texture, density, melting point, boiling point Chemical Properties: Observed when a substance undergoes a chemical change Examples: Reactivity, flammability, acidity. 6 7  Classifications of Matter Mixtures: Combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically combined Homogeneous mixtures: Uniform composition throughout Example: Salt water Heterogeneous mixtures: Non-uniform composition Example: Pizza 8. 9  Classifications of Matter Pure Substances: Constant composition and can only be separated by chemical reactions. Elements and Compound are pure substances. Elements: Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. Compounds: Constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes. 10. 11  Methods of Separating Mixtures Distillation: Is a process of separating a mixture by differences in boiling point. Filtration: Is a process of separating a solid and a liquid. Chromatography: Is a method of separation that requires 2 phases, stationary phased and a mobile phase.. 12  Energy Energy is the capacity to do work or cause change in a system. It exists in various forms and can be transformed from one form to another. Energy is a fundamental concept in physics and plays a crucial role in our daily lives and the functioning of the universe.  Types of Energy Kinetic Energy: Energy due to motion. Examples: rock falling from a cliff. Potential Energy: Stored Energy by an object that can be transformed into another form of energy. Examples: Water stored behind a dam.. 14 15  3 Laws of Thermodynamics 1st Law: Also known as conservation of energy, states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. This means that all of the energy in the universe are neither created nor destroyed; they just transformed from one form to another. 16  3 Laws of Thermodynamics 2nd Law: states that the disorder in the universe always increases. This means that energy that is transformed to another form is degraded. This degradation is due to the waste energy that was being relative to the transformation, this waste energy is the heat release on the process of transformation. 17  3 Laws of Thermodynamics 3rd Law: states that all molecular movement stops at a temperature we call absolute zero, 0 Kelvin (-273 degrees Celsius). 18  Energy Resources Conventional Energy Resources- they are non-renewable sources of energy, which being used since the time being. The use of this form of energy has been in massive volumes. For the past years that their known reserves have been decreased to a great extent, that it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover and exploit their new 19 deposits..  NON-RENEWABLES FOSSIL FUELS- Generic Term for non- renewable energy resources such as coal, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas. These fuels originate from plants and animals existed in the geological past ( millions of years ago). 20  Coal Combustible black or brownish sedimentary rock usually occurring on rock strata in layers called coal bed or coal seams. It is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, like hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. One of the most sources of energy. Coal used in heating, in steam engines and also in 21 generation of electricity. 22  Crude Oil Is a liquid found naturally in rock. Containing mostly complex hydrocarbon, with some additional organic materials. It is one of the major fuels used today, and is used in the production of many synthetic materials. Crude oil differs in weight, color and in composition. 23 24  Natural Gas Is a highly combustible colorless and odorless hydrocarbon composed mainly of methane. In pressurized deposits located deep in the Earth’s crust, this gas is produced. The same manner as oil, natural gas is also produced by geologic processes that act upon organic matter over millions of years. 25 26  Electricity There are various sources from which electricity is being produced. Depending upon raw material used, there are several ways in producing electricity. 27  Generation By turning turbines, electricity is being produced or generated. Depending on the way it is being produced, however commonly, pressurized steams are the ones turning these turbines. In other cases in the Philippines, hydroelectric power is used, where the force of flowing water is the one turning the turbines. 28  Transmission The transmission of electricity is done through transmission lines passing through two types of transformer. Step up transformer is used to significantly increase the voltage of the running electricity while step down transformer is used to lessen the voltage as this is the electricity being distributed at homes (distribution process next). 29  Transmission The transmission of electricity is done through transmission lines passing through two types of transformer. Step up transformer is used to significantly increase the voltage of the running electricity while step down transformer is used to lessen the voltage as this is the electricity being distributed at homes (distribution process next). 30  Distribution Electric distribution is done with substation that serves different consumers; the electricity being distributed is removed from the transmission system and passed through step-down transformers that lower the voltage. The electricity is then transferred on local electric stations and distribution lines and delivered to houses. 31 32  Alternative Energy Resources Energy resources are those that have no undesired consequences compared to other energy resources. These resources of energy are renewable and are thought to be free. They also have lower carbon emissions. It includes Biomass, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy and Hydroelectric. 33  Biomass Energy Biomass is a term generally pertaining for all plants and animal material. A number of different forms of biomass can be burned or digested to produce energy. Biomass is a very versatile material and can be used to produced heat thus producing alternative source of energy. 34  Chemical Composition Biomass is a carbon based and is composed of a mixture of organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small quantities of other atoms, including Alkali, Alkaline Earth and heavy metals. Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass. 35  Chemical Composition Biomass is a carbon based and is composed of a mixture of organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small quantities of other atoms, including Alkali, Alkaline Earth and heavy metals. Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass. 36  Sources: Agricultural residues, forest products and dedicated energy crops. 37  Technologies: Direct combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion. Applications: Heat, electricity and biofuels productions. 38  Advantages: Renewable and can utilize waste materials. Challenges: Sustainable sourcing and emissions management. 39  Wind Energy Wind power means conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy. This is possible by using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills form mechanical power, and wind pumps. 40  Wind Energy Wind power means conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy. This is possible by using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills form mechanical power, and wind pumps. 41  Technologies: Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. Applications: Onshore and offshore wind farms 42  Advantages: Zero emissions, low operating costs. Challenges: Variability and visual impact 43  Solar Energy Conversion of sunlight into usable energy. It can be a source of energy to produce electricity to home, schools and etc. 44  Technologies: Photovoltaic cells and solar thermal collectors. Applications: Residential, commercial and utility-scale power generation 45  Advantages: Abundant, clean and increasingly cost-effective. Challenges: Intermittency and energy storage 46  Technologies: Dry steam, flash steam and binary cycle power plants Applications: Electricity generation and direct heating 47  Advantages: Constant power output and low emissions. Challenges: Limited to specific geographic locations. 48 Hydroelectric Energy Generating electricity from flowing water. It works when a dam is built. It serves as a reservoir of water creating pressure so water can 49 produce electrical power.  Technologies: Dams, run- of –rivers systems and pumped storage Applications: Large scale power generation and grid stability 50  Advantages: Reliable, low emissions and long lasting. Challenges: Environmental impact and dependence on water stability. 51 BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: Environmental: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Economic: Job creation and energy price stability Energy security: Reduced dependence on fossil fuel imports Technological innovation: Driving advancements in various fields Sustainable development: Meeting present and 52 future energy needs