PHYSICS 1 Lecture Notes PDF

9/5/2024 Stephanie Evans Chair of Medical Imaging PHYSICS LECTURE1 1 PHYSICS 1 Goals of the course Expectations Who are you? Course information: ◼ Text books ◼ Lectures ◼ Workshops ◼ Homework ◼ Exams ◼ Quizz...

9/5/2024 Stephanie Evans Chair of Medical Imaging PHYSICS LECTURE1 1 PHYSICS 1 Goals of the course Expectations Who are you? Course information: ◼ Text books ◼ Lectures ◼ Workshops ◼ Homework ◼ Exams ◼ Quizzes Units and Measurements 2 3 1  9/5/2024 THIS SEMESTER IN PHYSICS Basic math Radiation Concepts – energy matter ect. Electricity Electromagnetism Transformers and Generators X-ray Tube 4 Objective 1 On completion of this objective the student will be able to do the following: Discuss the derivation of scientific system of measurement List the three systems of measurement Identify nine categories of mechanics Discuss the concept of matter and energy Identify the forms of energy Describe the branches of science. Differentiate between matter and energy. Describe the basic structure of matter. Identify the various types of energy. 5 SYLLABI Will be posted in Canvas Need to review and sign the last page Return the signed page to me This will go into your file. A copy of the syllabi will also be loaded to canvas. 6 2  9/5/2024. Course Components. Lecture: ◼ Focus on the concepts of the material, and its connections to areas outside physics. ◼ Not a recital of the text book! ◼ The lecture presentation is interspersed with conceptual questions and quizzes, solved with and without help from your neighbors. 7 8 9 3  9/5/2024. Course Components. Homework assignments: ◼ Homework is assigned to practice the material covered in this course and to enhance your analytical problem solving skills. ◼ You will need to do the assignments to do well in this course. ◼ You will need to make sure you fully understand the solution to problems 10 Course Components. Exams: ◼ Test you on your basic understanding of the material and your quantitative problem solving skills. ◼ There will be 3 exams, MT and 1 final exam. 11 Course Components. I am here to help you learn this material, but it is up to you to actually master it: ◼ If there is something you do not understand you need to ask for help …….. (come and talk, email, after class, etc.) ◼ In large lecture courses it is difficult to see who needs help. You need to ask for the help you need before you fall behind. 12 4  9/5/2024 What is Physics? Physics is the study of the basic components of the universe and their interactions. Theories of physics have to be verified by the experimental measurements. 13 14 15 5  9/5/2024 16 17 Science and Community Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance 18 6  9/5/2024 an approach a method of research in which a problem is of looking the period of identified, relevant data at the world an explanation great advances are gathered, a a scientist in a logical, in the hypothesis is sciences, formulated from these develops based rational way. data, and the on facts roughly 1500- 1700 hypothesis is empirically tested. 19 OLD VIEWS Aristotle Greek astronomer thought the earth is the center of the universe It also followed the teaching of the church 20 The Scientific Revolution Scientific method People observed nature, made hypotheses about relationships, and then tested their hypotheses through experiments 21 7  9/5/2024 22 23 Make the Connection Church and Pope supreme over Kings and Middle Ages Governments Emphasis put on spiritual life and getting into heaven Bubonic Plague gets people thinking about enjoying life Renaissance Emphasis now on secularism rather than spiritualism Advent of printing press allows new ideas to spread Corrupt nature of the Church is exposed, reforms Reformations demanded Monarchs begin to take the power that the Church is losing 24 8  9/5/2024 Emphasis now put on reason rather than Scientific faith Revolution People began to apply these principles to their own lives and governments Took the ideas and principles of the Enlightenment Scientific Revolution and applied it to society Absolutism Ideas of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution influenced the people to and Upcoming demand a change from their oppressive Revolutions monarchs and they fought for this change 25 The Scientific (1550-1800ish) Revolution! 26 What was the Scientific Revolution? * FIRST – what is a REVOLUTION? Answer: a new way of thinking about the natural world and society that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation and new science. 27 9  9/5/2024 a solution a geocentric theory a philosophy practiced in the scientist the astronomical Middle Ages and the is a description proposes to model in which Renaissance and concerned of the universe, solve a the Earth and principally with discovering where the Earth methods for transmuting problem. planets revolve is at the center of around the Sun baser metals into gold and all the celestial with finding a universal at the center of solvent and an elixir of life. bodies. the Solar System. 28 The Scientific Revolution Boyle found that gas pressure increased as the volume of the gas decreased One of the first scientists to perform controlled experiments and to publish his work in detail 29 30 10  9/5/2024 Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Heliocentric Theory ◼ Sun is center of universe Afraid of Catholic Church Published work on deathbed Copernicus System 31 32 File:Jan Matejko-Astronomer Copernicus-Conversation with God.jpg 33 11  9/5/2024 34 Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) 35 36 12  9/5/2024 37 Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models 38 39 13  9/5/2024 Heliocentric Model Earth is not center of the universe Earth is just another planet Earth revolves around the Sun Night and day caused by Earth’s rotation 40 ISSUES His theory was rejected It contradicted church teaching and the teaching of Ptolemy who devised the planetary model 41 42 14  9/5/2024 Galileo Galilei 1564-1642  Italian scientist  Improved the telescope  Made observations that proved Copernicus’ view of the universe  Moons  Planets  Sun  1633 - Church forced Galileo to recant; placed him under house arrest 43 1609 Galileo demonstrated his telescope to the Doge of Venice, Leonardo Donato 44 Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642) Gathered observational data that supported the Heliocentric Model Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) 45 15  9/5/2024 an an optical instrument Newton's law of instrument for making distant universal gravitation that objects appear larger and therefore nearer. states that a particle measures There are two different attracts every other atmospheric types, refracting particle in the pressure. telescope and reflecting universe using a telescope. gravitational force. 46 Copernicus announces heliocentric theory /model 47 Francis Bacon published Novum Organum 48 16  9/5/2024 Opposing Viewpoints Faith vs. Science 49 Galileo vs. the Catholic Church The church condemned heliocentric conceptions of the universe The Roman Inquisition Galileo’s trial Galileo recants, put under house arrest 19th-century depiction of Galileo before the Inquisition tribunal 50 Galileo in front of the Catholic church 51 17  9/5/2024 CHURCH REJECT GALILEO His discovery caused an uproar Scholars attacked him His observations contradicted the current views He was tried before the inquisition 52 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Kinematics and Astronomy Telescope Sunspots, Phases of Venus, Lunar craters, Moons of Jupiter, Milky way made of stars Support of Heliocentrism Experiments with falling bodies Mathematics of motion 53 54 18  9/5/2024 55 Factors Leading to the Scientific Revolution Rise of universities Contact with non-Western societies The Renaissance Exploration 56 Scientific Method 1: What is 2: Research 3: the Information Hypothesis problem? 5: Record 6: Draw 4: Test and Analyze Conclusions Hypothesis Data 57 19  9/5/2024 58 59 60 20  9/5/2024 Ancient Medicine Prehistoric 10,000BC to 2000BC Egyptian 3500BC to 300BC Greeks 800BC to 146BC Romans 750BC to 146AD 10,000 3500 2000 800 750 300 146 YEAR 476 BC BC BC BC BC BC BC 0 AD Hippocrates Jesus Galen (GREEK) (0 to (ROMAN) (129AD to (460BC to 370BC) 33AD) 200AD) 61 MEDICINE IN ANCIENT GREECE Greeks also studied medicine. They studied the human body and how it worked. They tried to cure diseases and keep people healthy. Greek doctor who studied what caused disease. Today, Hippocrates is known for his ideas about how doctors should behave. When doctors graduate medical school, the recite the Hippocratic oath. 62 63 21  9/5/2024 HIPPOCRATES 64 65 66 22  9/5/2024 67 68 69 23  9/5/2024 70 71 72 24  9/5/2024 73 74 75 25  9/5/2024 76 77 Herodotus tells us the next step: “the side is cut open with a flint knife and the whole contents of the abdomen removed. The space is then thoroughly cleansed and washed out, first with palm wine and again with liquid containing spices. After that, the space in the body is filled with pure myrrh, cassia, and other perfumes except frankincense and sewn up again” They left the heart inside the body. It would be needed during the journey to the afterlife where it was weighed against the feather of truth. 78 26  9/5/2024 Herodotus writes: “Then the body is placed in natrum, covered entirely over”. Natron is a natural salt. This dehydrated (dried out) the body and stopped it rotting. This made sure the body was preserved. 79 Herodotus continues: “when this period is over, the body is washed” 80 81 27  9/5/2024 Herodotus says that the body is “then wrapped from head to foot in linen cut into strips and smeared with gum, which is often used by the Egyptians instead of glue.” Amulets were placed in the mummy wrappings. These were The body was like good luck charms and were wrapped very used to protect the body. carefully to look like a human figure. This shape could be used in the afterlife if the person’s body did not survive very well. 82 83 The family then took the coffin to the tomb with the hope that the dead person would reach the afterlife. tomb mummy family objects for the tomb 84 28  9/5/2024 85 ROME 86 87 29  9/5/2024 Ancient Medicine: Galen (131–201 CE) Greek physician On the Elements According to Hippocrates “Bodily humours” Two types of blood On the Use of the Parts of the Body 88 William Harvey (1578 – 1657) Discovered the heart acts as a pump circulating blood through the body ◼ Blood vessels 89 Breakthroughs in Medicine (and the human body) * William Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628) * The heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body – the same blood flows through veins and arteries… 90 30  9/5/2024 William Harvey (1578 –1657) and the circulation of the blood De Motu Cordis 1628 91 Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) Rejected theories of Galen Dissected human bodies to determine how the body functions On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543 ◼ Drawings of organs, bones, and muscles ◼ Most detailed examination of the human body 92 Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) De humani corporis fabrica…, 1543 On the fabric of the human body 93 31  9/5/2024 Medicine Before the Scientific Revolution Based on tradition Illustration depicting a The Church bloodletting, an accepted medical procedure before the Scientific Revolution 94 95 Invention of the Microscope 96 32  9/5/2024 A New Understanding English Scientist Discoveries lead to Robert Hooke c. 1675 doubt ◼ Columbus’ voyage Scholars challenge traditional thought ◼ Copernicus, Galileo, Vesalius Inventions ◼ Telescope and Microscope 97 File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg File:Leeuwenhoek Microscope.png File:Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes by Henry Baker.jpg 98 File:13 Portrait of Robert Hooke.JPG File:Hooke-microscope.png 99 33  9/5/2024 New Invention: The Microscope Hans Janssen Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Hooke’s drawing of a flea A Janssen microscope, c.1600 (from Micrographia) 100 101 102 34  9/5/2024 103 104 105 35  9/5/2024 Medieval Medicine: The Catholic Church Provided for care of the poor and the sick Minor clerics took on physician-like roles Eventually, university-trained Clerics treat a royal patient with leeches physicians displaced clerical physicians 106 The Scientific Revolution BIG Three Inventions Printing Press Microscope Telescope 107 108 36  9/5/2024 109 110 Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) Swedish botanist Classification and naming of flora and fauna 111 37  9/5/2024 112 113 114 38  9/5/2024 115 116 Background Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English scientist and mathematician famous for his discovery of the law of gravity also discovered the three laws of motion. Today these laws are known as Newton’s Laws of Motion and describe the motion of all objects on the scale we experience in our everyday lives. 117 39  9/5/2024 Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universal law of motion → every object in universe attracts every other object Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion. 118 Isaac Newton. With a single law, that of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton was able to explain all motion in the universe. His great synthesis of the work of his predecessors created a new picture of the universe, one in which the universe was viewed as a great machine operating according to natural laws. Enoch Seeman painted this portrait of Newton one year before his death. p. 498 119 Newton’s Laws of Motion First Law: Law of Inertia Second Law: Fundamental Law of Dynamics Third Law: Law of Reciprocal Actions 120 40  9/5/2024 Physics has some of the most famous names in science. If a poll were to be taken on who is the most famous scientist, many people would choose Albert Einstein … A PHYSICIST other people might choose… Isaac Newton A PHYSICIST 121 New Invention: The Pendulum Clock Invented by Christiaan Huygens, a 17th- century Dutch scientist Allowed scientists to more accurately measure time Huygens’s design for a pendulum clock 122 New Invention: Barometer Invented by 17th-century Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli The barometer measures air pressure Torricelli’s barometer experiment 123 41  9/5/2024 New Invention: Thermometer Invented in the 17th century by Santorio Santorio, an Italian scientist Ferdinand II Gabriel Fahrenheit Anders Celsius Santorio Santorio Illustration depicting Santorio’s thermometer 124 New Invention: Mechanical Calculator Invented by Wilhelm Schickard, a 17th- century German inventor Gottfried von Leibniz’s Wilhelm Schickard “Step A 1624 sketch Schickard Reckoner” made of his calculator 125 The Significance of the Scientific Revolution Abandonment of ancient and medieval systems Development of the scientific method The Enlightenment 126 42  9/5/2024 Matter & Energy sde Image: Sculpture of Albert Einstein & E=MC2, Wiki 127 The physics we will study was pioneered by the following four individuals: Other greats will be introduced when the time comes. Einstein Galileo Newton Relativity Kinematics Maxwell Calculus Dynamics Electrodynamics Classical Physics 128 129 43  9/5/2024 130 131 Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) 132 44  9/5/2024 Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) An Italian-born American physicist began bombarding elements with neutrons in 1934 In 1938, He came to America to escape the Fascist regime Created theory of beta decay Theory on the origin of cosmic rays 133 Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) designed the first atomic pile and produced the first nuclear chain reaction on Dec. 2, 1942 (birth of the reactor) Reactor under the football stands of the University of Chicago 134 135 45  9/5/2024 136 137 138 46  9/5/2024 139 140 141 47  9/5/2024 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICS & MEDICINE Dates back to the earliest period of History Physics was the foundation of scientific exploration of the function of the body Things like biomechanics, ophthalmology And Medical and physiologic questions – blood flow, medical physics MRI, CT 142 48