Entrance Test Group 1 2023/2024 PDF

# Entrance test Group 1 2023/2024 ### Wednesday, December 6, 2023 4:40 PM ## Entrance Test Group 1 2023/2024 1. The lesser omentum forms between which structures? * The lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver * The stomach and the spleen * The spleen and the liver * The kidney and th...

# Entrance test Group 1 2023/2024 ### Wednesday, December 6, 2023 4:40 PM ## Entrance Test Group 1 2023/2024 1. The lesser omentum forms between which structures? * The lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver * The stomach and the spleen * The spleen and the liver * The kidney and the spleen * The liver and the body well 2. What do G cells which can be found in the pyloric mucosa secrete? * Gastric inhibitory peptide * Gastrin * Hydrogen ions * Pepsinogen * Histamine 3. The falciform ligament forms between which two structures? * The lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver * The spleen and the liver * The stomach and the spleen * The kidney and the spleen * The liver and the body wall 4. The caudal border of which muscle forms the inguinal ligament? * External abdominal oblique muscle * Internal abdominal oblique muscle * Rectus abdominis muscle * Cutaneous trunci muscle * Transversus abdominis muscle 5. Which lobe of the liver does the hepatorenal ligament attach? * Right medial * Right lateral * Caudate lobe * Quadrate * Left lateral 6. Fibers of the internal abdominal oblique muscle run in which direction? * Dorsocaudally * Cranioventrally * Dorsoventrally * Caudoventrally * Craniocaudally 7. A slit in the aponeurosis in which muscle forms the superficial inguinal ring? * Rectus abdominis muscle * Cutaneous trunci muscle * External abdominal oblique muscle * Internal abdominal oblique muscle * Transversus abdominis muscle 8. Which of the following organs is considered to be retroperitoneal? * Pancreas * Liver * Kidneys * Duodenum * Spleen 9. The omental bursa (lesser sac) is a space between which structures? * The greater omentum and the lesser omentum * The greater omentum and the stomach * The double layers of peritoneum forming the greater omentum * Lesser omentum and falciform ligament * The greater omentum and the supraomental recess 10. Which of the following layers is NOT incised through caesarean section? * Rectus abdominis muscle * Parietal peritoneum * Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle * Subcutaneous tissue * Aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique muscle ## Lesser Curvature - Lesser curvature = double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and to the first part of the duodenum * Hepatogastric ligament (medially) * Hepatoduodenal ligament (laterally) ## Gastrin - Source: * Produced by G cells in the stomach located mainly in antral region with apex projecting towards the lumen. ## Inguinal canal - Boundaries: * External abdominal oblique muscle * Internal oblique muscle * Transversalis fascia & transversalis abdominis muscle * Inguinal ligament & lacunar ligament - Roof: * Wound edges of fascia * Conjoint tendon * Internal spermatic fascia * Cremasteric fascia - Contents: * Spermatic cord (male) * Round ligament of the uterus (female) * Ilio-inguinal nerve * Genitofemoral nerve * Lymphatics ## Inguinal ligament Superior - Border = the external abdominal oblique muscle - Lateral border = imaginary line connecting the two anterior superior iliac spines - The dorsal border = iliopubic tract - The ventral border = lacunar ligament ## Internal Oblique - Direction: upward forward medially - Origin: lumbar fascia - Insertion: * Lower 2/3 rib cage * Linea alba (the costal and * pubic parts of the linea alba - Function: * Flexes abdomen * Compresses abdominal contents * Supports the inguinal region * Rotates trunk * Helps with deep inspiration and * exhalation * Raises pelvic girdle - Nerve Supply: * T7-T12 intercostal nerves * L1 iliohypogastric nerve * L1 subcostal nerve * L1 ilioinguinal nerve - Artery Supply: * Inferior epigastric artery * Deep circumflex iliac artery ## Inguinal Canal - Rings - The superficial inguinal ring: - aponeurosis of external oblique in the inguinal region, above the pubic tubercle, sometimes called external abdominal ring. * It is held by intercrural fibres at the apex of the ring. * Medial & lateral crura are attachment of * the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. - The deep inguinal ring: - oval opening in fascia transversalis, superior iliac spine and symphysis pubis (Mid-inguinal Point). Medial to it, there are inferior epigastric vessels. * Margins of the ring give attachment to internal spermatic fascia (or covering of round ligament of uterus). ## Kidneys are Retroperitoneal - Are located on the posterior abdominal wall ## Lesser Sac and Its Recesses - Lesser sac (Omental Bursa) * This is a large recess of the peritoneal cavity behind the stomach, the lesser omentum and the caudate lobe of the liver * it communicates with the greater omentum through the epiploic foramen - Gastrohepatic recess - Omental recess - Retroduodenal recess - Paracolic recess - Splenic recess - Inferior recess - Superior recess ## Incisional Layers of a Caesarean - Operation procedure - general… * The anatomical layers are: * Skin * Fat * Rectus sheath * Rectus abdominis * Abdominal peritoneum * Pelvic peritoneum * Uterine muscles ## Aponeurosis of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis form the rectus sheath - external oblique - Internal oblique - Transversus abdominis - parietal peritoneum - transversus abdominis - internal oblique - external oblique