ENTOMOLOGY-1-INSECT-Anatomy-and-Physiology-External-Structure.pdf

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS Insect Anatomy (External Structure)  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Three Body Regions of Insects  PROVINCIAL G...

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS Insect Anatomy (External Structure)  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Three Body Regions of Insects  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages A. Head – carries the brain , eyes, antennae and mouthparts  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The eyes a. Compound eyes hexagonal facets (ommatidia) Makes up of ommatidia b. Simple Eyes (Ocelli)  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Antennae – vary in length, shape, no. of segments. - serves as primarily sensory structures Functions: ❑ For smelling and tasting (flies) ❑ For hearing (grasshopper and mosquito) ❑ For finding food (ants) ❑ For locating mates (bees, ants) ❑ For communication (bees, ants)  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Antennae 3 Principle Parts of Antennae 1. Scape – basal segment 2. Pedicel – second segment - contains Johnson’s organs (sensory cell) 3. Flagellum or clavola – includes all segments beyond the pedicel PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages Types of Insect Antennae  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS Types of Insect Antennae 6. Monoliform Antennae – bead like shape E.g. 1. Aristate Antennae – pouch-like with a Termites lateral bristle. E.g. Housefly 7. Pectinate Antennae – comb-like shape E.g. 2. Capitate Antennae – abruptly clubbed at Fired-colored beetles and glow-worms. the end. E.g. Butterflies 8. Plumose Antennae – brush or feather-like 3. Clavate Antennae – gradually clubbed at shape. E.g. Moths and Mosquitoes. the end E.g. carrion beetles 9. Serrate Antennae – sawtoothed shape. E.g. 4. Filiform Antennae – thread-like shape. E.g. Click beetles Ground beetles and cockroaches 10. Setaceous Antennae – bristle-like shape. E.g. 5. Geniculate Antennae – hinged or bent like Dragon flies, Mayflies, stone flies. an elbow E.g. Ants & bees 11. Lamelate – flattened and plate-like. E.g. beetles  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Mouthparts This dictates the food they need and the way they eat. General Types 1. Mandibulate – biting and chewing 2. Haustellate - sucking  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Mouthparts Chewing Type – found in grasshopper, silverfish, crickets , earwigs, termites, booklice, beetles, weevils, ants, insect larvae, grubs, caterpillar etc. Essential features: ❑ Labrum (upper lip) ❑ Mandible (teeth) – chewing ❑ Maxillae – tear-off tissues ❑ Labium (lower lip) ❑ Hypopharynx (tongue) – bears the salivary glands.  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Mouthparts Piercing-sucking type Found in both bloodsucking and plant-feeding insect Characterized by the presence of tubular, usually jointed beak, or proboscis, enclosing several needlelike stylets. Example: Mosquito  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Mouthparts Sponging type E.g. housefly Utilizes liquid and semisolid food The end of proboscis is expanded into fleshy lobe line with a series of furrows or tiny channels  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Mouthparts Chewing-lapping type E.g. bee Labrum and mandibles- same structure as the chewing type Maxillae and the labium – elongated forming a sort of lapping types  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Head and It’s Appendages The Mouthparts Siphoning type Found in all adult moths and butterflies Galae – elongated and jointed to form slender hollow tube which is coiled up  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages B. Thorax 2nd main body region Composed of 3 segments: o Prothorax o Mesothorax o Metathorax  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages B. Thorax Prothorax – bears the first pair of legs(prothroracic legs/forelegs) Mesothorax – bears the second pair of leg (mesothoracic legs/middle legs) - bears the first pair of wings (mesothoracic wing or forewing) Metathorax – bears the third pair of legs (metathoracic legs or hindlegs) - bears the second pair of wings (metathoracic wing or hindwing)  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Wings Saclike outgrowth of the body wall Could be extremely large or small Venation could be simple to complex Functions: a. For flight b. For fanning the hive  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Wings Membranous Wings Found in flies, mosquitoes, dragon fly etc. Triangular or elliptical in shape Show distinct supporting structures called veins. ❖ Longitudinal veins – veins which run lengthwise across the wings ❖ Cross veins – form a brace to the longitudinal veins comprise the archetype venation of the wings ❖ Cells – spaces between the veins  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Wings Halteres or balancers second pair of wings of flies and mosquitoes Small knoblike and are almost hidden behind the front wings  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Wings Elytra (singular, electron) Found in beetle Front wings are hard and veinless  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Wings Hemilytra (singular, hemilectron) Found in true bags Basal portion is hard, the remainder membranous and with discernible veins  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Wings Tegmina (singular, tegmen) Leathery front wing of grasshopper and cockroaches  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Legs Some insects are apodous (legless) Example: Immatures of flies (fly maggots) : adult female scale insects  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages TYPES OF INSECT LEGS ❑ Cursorial –running (e.g. cockroach, carabid, beetle) ❑ Saltatorial type – hind legs are ❑ Gressorial – walking modified for jumping (e.g. Grasshopper, ❑ Fossorial type – forelegs are modified flea beetles) for burrowing or digging (e.g. mole ❑ Natatorial type – legs are modified for crickets, rhinmiceros beetle) swimming ❑ Raptorial type – front legs are modified ❑ Pollen basket – hind legs are modified for seizing and holding prey (e.g. for collecting pollens (e.g. bees) preying mantis, ambush bugs) PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages TYPES OF INSECT LEGS  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Parts of the Legs ❑ Sub coxa – true basal segment of the leg but it is either expanded or reduced in some insects to form the pleuron. ❑ Coxa – functional base of the legs which replaces the sub-coxa if greatly reduced. - the segment which articulate the thorax. ❑ Trochanter – the sclerites articulate with the coxa but is rigidly fixed to femur - also known as “hinge” ❑ Femur – largest division of the legs and is especially conspicuous in insects with saltatorial type leg. - also known as “thigh”  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Thorax and It’s Appendages Parts of the Legs ❑ Tibia – slender frequently equal or may exceed in length to that femur. - row of spines maybe found on the surface of tibia at distal end are movable spines called spur - also known as “shin”. ❑ Tarsus – divided into two to 5 subsegments - movement is affected by muscles arising from the tibia. ❑ Pretarsus – apex of tarsus sometimes considered by others as part of tarsus. - specific function: for clinging or attachment on a surface.  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Abdomen Abdomen Composed of 11 segments Tympanum (auditory organ or ear) – a depression which seen along the sides of the first abdominal segment Segments 2-8 – are annular in shape and size are basically similar with one another in size. - freely movable and separated with each other by intersegmental membranes (vertical and lateral conjuctivae)  PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ILOCOS SUR ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS The Abdomen Abdomen Spiracles – dot like structures in the anterior lower margins of the abdominal terga. - breathing organ for the grasshopper Segments 9-10 – narrow and partially fused Segment 11 – conical end plece consisting of dorsal plates called epiproct and two latero- ventral plates, the paraproct. - consist of cerci (singular cercus)- pair of slender, pointed structures.